Beechdrops

Beechdrops (Epifagus virginiana) is an obligate parasitic plant, lacking chlorophyll, that obtains nutrients solely from the roots of American beech trees. The name Epifagus originates from the Greek prefix "epi", translating to "upon", while "Fagus" is the genus name of beech.

Beechdrop plant with bloomed flowers.

Taxonomy

	Kingdom	Phylum	Class	Order	Family	Genus	Species
Classification	Plantae	Angiosperms	Magnoliopsida	Lamiales	Orobanchaceae	Epifagus, Nutt.	E. virginiana

• The genus Epifagus is monotypic, only containing E. virginiana within it.

Description and Characteristics

Cluster of brown beechdrops; appear similar to woody plants.

Beechdrops averagely reach heights of 6-20 inches (15-50 cm.) at maturity. The plants are generally brown in coloration, commonly being mistaken as woody plants. Beechdrops are herbaceous, however. The stems and branches are skinny; ranging in color from yellow to darker reddish shades of brown, with vertical purple stripes that may darken with age. The leaves are underdeveloped and difficult to distinguish, appearing similar to small scales [2]. The flowers are small and tubular, growing alternately along the stems. After blooming in early autumn, between August and October, the flowers are a mixture of deep burgundy and white [3]. The upper flowers are so-called chasmogamous, or showy flowers, and are one inch long and often sterile. The lower, smaller flowers do not open. They are self-fertile and are called secret or cleistogomous flowers. Research points to possibly bumblebees or ants as pollinators of the chasmogamous flowers. These flowers may even develop underground.

Hosts

Beechdrop plants can be found emerging at the base of American beech tree trunks. Beechdrops develop haustorium structures, allowing them to penetrate and grow into beech roots. This is necessary for the purpose of extracting nutrients, as the plants are not able to photosynthesize or produce food without the presence of chlorophyll. Therefore, these parasitic plants depend entirely on beech trees for survival.

Fortunately beechdrops are an annual flower that completely die off every fall, so their parasitism does no serious damage to the tree.

Cluster of beechdrops growing on an American beech.

Life Cycle

A fairly inconspicuous brown stem produces two types of flowers, cleistogamous flowers that self-pollinate without ever opening, and chasmogamous flowers that open, but are often sterile [1]. The roots of the host release a chemical that trigger the germination of E. virginiana. It is believed that the older the host tree, the more this chemical is released. Seeds from E. virginiana are small and are dispersed by rainwater. Between dispersal and germination, seeds experience a cellular change, the embryo changes colors and its cells develop granules.

Habitats and Range

This parasitic plant is native to North America and can commonly be found along the edges of temperate forests.

Sources

[1] Native Plant Trust: Go Botany. Epifagus virginiana — beech-drops. (nd.). https://gobotany.nativeplanttrust.org/species/epifagus/virginiana/

[2] Beechdrops, Epifagus virginiana, Broomrape family (Orobanchaceae). (nd.). https://illinoiswildflowers.info/woodland/plants/beechdrops.htm

[3] Smith, Hanna. Beechdrops – A Native Parasitic Plant. 2020, October 15. https://guilford.ces.ncsu.edu/2020/10/beechdrops-a-native-parasitic-plant/?msclkid=99aa5e85c80a11ec954348e12a6e822c

[4] Virginia Native Plant Society. A Parasitic Lifestyle: Beechdrops and Their Relatives. 2020, December 16. https://vnps.org/a-parasitic-lifestyle-beechdrops-and-their-relatives/?msclkid=5bd24179c80f11ec9c562ee1da7a1db1