Japanese Beetle
The Japanese Beetle (Popillia japonica) is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.
Description
Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6" (15mm) in length and 0.4" (10mm) in width.
Lifecycle
The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.
Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.
Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.
Range
Popillia japonica is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America. The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.
P. japonica have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.
Control methods
Hostplants
List of adult beetle hostplant genera
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- Abelmoschus
- Acer (genus)|Acer (maple)
- Aesculus (horse chestnut)
- Alcea
- Aronia
- Asimina (pawpaw)
- Asparagus
- Aster (genus)|Aster
- Buddleja
- Calluna
- Caladium
- Canna (plant)|Canna
- Cannabis sativa
- Chaenomeles
- Castanea (plant)|Castanea]] (sweet chestnut)
- Cirsium (thistle)
- Cosmos (flower)|Cosmos
- Dahlia
- Daucus (carrot)
- Dendranthema
- Digitalis
- Dolichos (plant)|Dolichos
- Echinacea (coneflower)
- Hemerocallis
- Heuchera
- Hibiscus
- Humulus (hop)
- Hydrangea
- Ilex (holly)
- Impatiens
- Ipomoea (morning glory)
- Iris (plant)|Iris
- Juglans (walnut)
- Lagerstroemia
- Liatris
- Ligustrum (privet)
- Malus (apple, crabapple)
- Malva (mallow)
- Mentha (mint)
- Myrica
- Ocimum (basil)
- Oenothera (evening primrose)
- Parthenocissus
- Phaseolus
- Phlox
- Physocarpus
- Pistacia
- Platanus (plane)
- Polygonum (Japanese knotweed)
- Populus (poplar)
- Prunus (plum, peach)
- Quercus (oak)
- Ribes (gooseberry, currants, etc.)
- Rheum
- Rhododendron
- Rosa (plant)|Rosa (rose)
- Rubus (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)
- Salix (willows)
- Sambucus (elder)
- Sassafras
- Solanum (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)
- Spinacia (spinach)
- Syringa (lilac)
- Thuja (arborvitae)
- Tilia (basswood, linden, UK: lime)
- Toxicodendron (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)
- Ulmus (elm)
- Vaccinium (blueberry)
- Viburnum
- Vitis (grape)
- Weigelia
- Wisteria
- Zea (plant)|Zea
- Zinnia