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Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are a group of substances exuded by microorganisms in order to form biofilms. The major components are extracellular polysacharides (also called EPS), protiens, DNA, enzymes, lipids, and other biopolymers.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2415| issn = 1740-1526, 1740-1534| volume = 8| issue = 9| pages = 623–633| last1 = Flemming| first1 = Hans-Curt| last2 = Wingender| first2 = Jost| title = The biofilm matrix| journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology| date = 2010-09| url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro2415}}</ref> EPS accounts for 90% of biofilm drymass and constitutes the matrix of the biofilm.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2415| issn = 1740-1526, 1740-1534| volume = 8| issue = 9| pages = 623–633| last1 = Flemming| first1 = Hans-Curt| last2 = Wingender| first2 = Jost| title = The biofilm matrix| journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology| date = 2010-09| url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro2415}}</ref> Biofilms are microhabitats that keep microbes attached to a substrate<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/08927010009378430| issn = 0892-7014, 1029-2454| volume = 16| issue = 1| pages = 59–67| last1 = Azeredo| first1 = J| last2 = Oliveira| first2 = R| title = The role of exopolymers in the attachment of <i>sphingomonas paucimobilis</i>| journal = Biofouling| date = 2000-10| url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08927010009378430}}</ref>, provide protection from desiccation<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1128/AEM.71.11.7327-7333.2005| issn = 0099-2240, 1098-5336| volume = 71| issue = 11| pages = 7327–7333| last1 = Tamaru| first1 = Yoshiyuki| last2 = Takani| first2 = Yayoi| last3 = Yoshida| first3 = Takayuki| last4 = Sakamoto| first4 = Toshio| title = Crucial Role of Extracellular Polysaccharides in Desiccation and Freezing Tolerance in the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune| journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology| accessdate = 2021-03-07| date = 2005-11| url = https://AEM.asm.org/content/71/11/7327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1128/AEM.58.4.1284-1291.1992| issn = 0099-2240, 1098-5336| volume = 58| issue = 4| pages = 1284–1291| last1 = Roberson| first1 = Emily B.| last2 = Firestone| first2 = Mary K.| title = Relationship between Desiccation and Exopolysaccharide Production in a Soil Pseudomonas sp| journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology| accessdate = 2021-04-08| date = 1992| url = https://AEM.asm.org/content/58/4/1284}}</ref> | Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are a group of substances exuded by microorganisms in order to form biofilms. The major components are extracellular polysacharides (also called EPS), protiens, DNA, enzymes, lipids, and other biopolymers.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2415| issn = 1740-1526, 1740-1534| volume = 8| issue = 9| pages = 623–633| last1 = Flemming| first1 = Hans-Curt| last2 = Wingender| first2 = Jost| title = The biofilm matrix| journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology| date = 2010-09| url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro2415}}</ref> EPS accounts for 90% of biofilm drymass and constitutes the matrix of the biofilm.<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nrmicro2415| issn = 1740-1526, 1740-1534| volume = 8| issue = 9| pages = 623–633| last1 = Flemming| first1 = Hans-Curt| last2 = Wingender| first2 = Jost| title = The biofilm matrix| journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology| date = 2010-09| url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro2415}}</ref> Biofilms are microhabitats that keep microbes attached to a substrate<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/08927010009378430| issn = 0892-7014, 1029-2454| volume = 16| issue = 1| pages = 59–67| last1 = Azeredo| first1 = J| last2 = Oliveira| first2 = R| title = The role of exopolymers in the attachment of <i>sphingomonas paucimobilis</i>| journal = Biofouling| date = 2000-10| url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08927010009378430}}</ref>, provide protection from desiccation<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1128/AEM.71.11.7327-7333.2005| issn = 0099-2240, 1098-5336| volume = 71| issue = 11| pages = 7327–7333| last1 = Tamaru| first1 = Yoshiyuki| last2 = Takani| first2 = Yayoi| last3 = Yoshida| first3 = Takayuki| last4 = Sakamoto| first4 = Toshio| title = Crucial Role of Extracellular Polysaccharides in Desiccation and Freezing Tolerance in the Terrestrial Cyanobacterium Nostoc commune| journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology| accessdate = 2021-03-07| date = 2005-11| url = https://AEM.asm.org/content/71/11/7327}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1128/AEM.58.4.1284-1291.1992| issn = 0099-2240, 1098-5336| volume = 58| issue = 4| pages = 1284–1291| last1 = Roberson| first1 = Emily B.| last2 = Firestone| first2 = Mary K.| title = Relationship between Desiccation and Exopolysaccharide Production in a Soil Pseudomonas sp| journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology| accessdate = 2021-04-08| date = 1992| url = https://AEM.asm.org/content/58/4/1284}}</ref> | ||
, and play a key role in nutrient cycling<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94| issn = 1740-1526, 1740-1534| volume = 14| issue = 9| pages = 563–575| last1 = Flemming| first1 = Hans-Curt| last2 = Wingender| first2 = Jost| last3 = Szewzyk| first3 = Ulrich| last4 = Steinberg| first4 = Peter| last5 = Rice| first5 = Scott A.| last6 = Kjelleberg| first6 = Staffan| title = Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life| journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology| date = 2016-09| url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2016.94}}</ref>. Biofilms are also known to alter the structure <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/08927010009378430| issn = 0892-7014, 1029-2454| volume = 16| issue = 1| pages = 59–67| last1 = Azeredo| first1 = J| last2 = Oliveira| first2 = R| title = The role of exopolymers in the attachment of <i>sphingomonas paucimobilis</i>| journal = Biofouling| date = 2000-10| url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08927010009378430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.10.001| issn = 01401963| volume = 75| issue = 2| pages = 91–97| last1 = Mager| first1 = D.M.| last2 = Thomas| first2 = A.D.| title = Extracellular polysaccharides from cyanobacterial soil crusts: A review of their role in dryland soil processes| journal = Journal of Arid Environments| accessdate = 2021-04-08| date = 2011-02| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196310002673}}</ref>, hydrology <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1128/AEM.58.4.1284-1291.1992| issn = 0099-2240, 1098-5336| volume = 58| issue = 4| pages = 1284–1291| last1 = Roberson| first1 = Emily B.| last2 = Firestone| first2 = Mary K.| title = Relationship between Desiccation and Exopolysaccharide Production in a Soil Pseudomonas sp| journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology| accessdate = 2021-04-08| date = 1992| url = https://AEM.asm.org/content/58/4/1284}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.048| issn = 00221694| volume = 393| issue = 1-2| pages = 29–36| last1 = Morales| first1 = Verónica L.| last2 = Parlange| first2 = J.-Yves| last3 = Steenhuis| first3 = Tammo S.| title = Are preferential flow paths perpetuated by microbial activity in the soil matrix? A review| journal = Journal of Hydrology| date = 2010-10| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169409008427}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2136/vzj2006.0080| issn = 1539-1663| volume = 6| issue = 2| pages = 298–305| last1 = Or| first1 = Dani| last2 = Phutane| first2 = Sachin| last3 = Dechesne| first3 = Arnaud| title = Extracellular Polymeric Substances Affecting Pore-Scale Hydrologic Conditions for Bacterial Activity in Unsaturated Soils| journal = Vadose Zone Journal| accessdate = 2020-10-20| date = 2007| url = https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/vzj2006.0080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.12.006| issn = 0038-0717| volume = 83| pages = 116–124| last1 = Deng| first1 = Jinzi| last2 = Orner| first2 = Erika P.| last3 = Chau| first3 = Jessica Furrer| last4 = Anderson| first4 = Emily M.| last5 = Kadilak| first5 = Andrea L.| last6 = Rubinstein| first6 = Rebecca L.| last7 = Bouchillon| first7 = Grant M.| last8 = Goodwin| first8 = Reed A.| last9 = Gage| first9 = Daniel J.| last10 = Shor| first10 = Leslie M.| title = Synergistic effects of soil microstructure and bacterial EPS on drying rate in emulated soil micromodels| journal = Soil Biology and Biochemistry| accessdate = 2020-10-20| date = 2015-04-01| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071714004209}}</ref>, and composition <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.10.001| issn = 01401963| volume = 75| issue = 2| pages = 91–97| last1 = Mager| first1 = D.M.| last2 = Thomas| first2 = A.D.| title = Extracellular polysaccharides from cyanobacterial soil crusts: A review of their role in dryland soil processes| journal = Journal of Arid Environments| accessdate = 2021-04-08| date = 2011-02| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196310002673}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.021| issn = 00380717| volume = 90| pages = 87–100| last1 = Gunina| first1 = Anna| last2 = Kuzyakov| first2 = Yakov| title = Sugars in soil and sweets for microorganisms: Review of origin, content, composition and fate| journal = Soil Biology and Biochemistry| date = 2015-11| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071715002631}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107916| issn = 00380717| volume = 148| pages = 107916| last1 = Costa| first1 = Ohana Y.A.| last2 = Pijl| first2 = Agata| last3 = Kuramae| first3 = Eiko E.| title = Dynamics of active potential bacterial and fungal interactions in the assimilation of acidobacterial EPS in soil| journal = Soil Biology and Biochemistry| date = 2020-09| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071720302133}}</ref>of soils. | , and play a key role in nutrient cycling<ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1038/nrmicro.2016.94| issn = 1740-1526, 1740-1534| volume = 14| issue = 9| pages = 563–575| last1 = Flemming| first1 = Hans-Curt| last2 = Wingender| first2 = Jost| last3 = Szewzyk| first3 = Ulrich| last4 = Steinberg| first4 = Peter| last5 = Rice| first5 = Scott A.| last6 = Kjelleberg| first6 = Staffan| title = Biofilms: an emergent form of bacterial life| journal = Nature Reviews Microbiology| date = 2016-09| url = http://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro.2016.94}}</ref>. Biofilms are also known to alter the structure <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1080/08927010009378430| issn = 0892-7014, 1029-2454| volume = 16| issue = 1| pages = 59–67| last1 = Azeredo| first1 = J| last2 = Oliveira| first2 = R| title = The role of exopolymers in the attachment of <i>sphingomonas paucimobilis</i>| journal = Biofouling| date = 2000-10| url = http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/08927010009378430}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.10.001| issn = 01401963| volume = 75| issue = 2| pages = 91–97| last1 = Mager| first1 = D.M.| last2 = Thomas| first2 = A.D.| title = Extracellular polysaccharides from cyanobacterial soil crusts: A review of their role in dryland soil processes| journal = Journal of Arid Environments| accessdate = 2021-04-08| date = 2011-02| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196310002673}}</ref>, hydrology <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1128/AEM.58.4.1284-1291.1992| issn = 0099-2240, 1098-5336| volume = 58| issue = 4| pages = 1284–1291| last1 = Roberson| first1 = Emily B.| last2 = Firestone| first2 = Mary K.| title = Relationship between Desiccation and Exopolysaccharide Production in a Soil Pseudomonas sp| journal = Applied and Environmental Microbiology| accessdate = 2021-04-08| date = 1992| url = https://AEM.asm.org/content/58/4/1284}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2009.12.048| issn = 00221694| volume = 393| issue = 1-2| pages = 29–36| last1 = Morales| first1 = Verónica L.| last2 = Parlange| first2 = J.-Yves| last3 = Steenhuis| first3 = Tammo S.| title = Are preferential flow paths perpetuated by microbial activity in the soil matrix? A review| journal = Journal of Hydrology| date = 2010-10| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0022169409008427}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.2136/vzj2006.0080| issn = 1539-1663| volume = 6| issue = 2| pages = 298–305| last1 = Or| first1 = Dani| last2 = Phutane| first2 = Sachin| last3 = Dechesne| first3 = Arnaud| title = Extracellular Polymeric Substances Affecting Pore-Scale Hydrologic Conditions for Bacterial Activity in Unsaturated Soils| journal = Vadose Zone Journal| accessdate = 2020-10-20| date = 2007| url = https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2136/vzj2006.0080}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.12.006| issn = 0038-0717| volume = 83| pages = 116–124| last1 = Deng| first1 = Jinzi| last2 = Orner| first2 = Erika P.| last3 = Chau| first3 = Jessica Furrer| last4 = Anderson| first4 = Emily M.| last5 = Kadilak| first5 = Andrea L.| last6 = Rubinstein| first6 = Rebecca L.| last7 = Bouchillon| first7 = Grant M.| last8 = Goodwin| first8 = Reed A.| last9 = Gage| first9 = Daniel J.| last10 = Shor| first10 = Leslie M.| title = Synergistic effects of soil microstructure and bacterial EPS on drying rate in emulated soil micromodels| journal = Soil Biology and Biochemistry| accessdate = 2020-10-20| date = 2015-04-01| url = http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0038071714004209}}</ref>, and composition <ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2010.10.001| issn = 01401963| volume = 75| issue = 2| pages = 91–97| last1 = Mager| first1 = D.M.| last2 = Thomas| first2 = A.D.| title = Extracellular polysaccharides from cyanobacterial soil crusts: A review of their role in dryland soil processes| journal = Journal of Arid Environments| accessdate = 2021-04-08| date = 2011-02| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140196310002673}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.soilbio.2015.07.021| issn = 00380717| volume = 90| pages = 87–100| last1 = Gunina| first1 = Anna| last2 = Kuzyakov| first2 = Yakov| title = Sugars in soil and sweets for microorganisms: Review of origin, content, composition and fate| journal = Soil Biology and Biochemistry| date = 2015-11| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071715002631}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1016/j.soilbio.2020.107916| issn = 00380717| volume = 148| pages = 107916| last1 = Costa| first1 = Ohana Y.A.| last2 = Pijl| first2 = Agata| last3 = Kuramae| first3 = Eiko E.| title = Dynamics of active potential bacterial and fungal interactions in the assimilation of acidobacterial EPS in soil| journal = Soil Biology and Biochemistry| date = 2020-09| url = https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0038071720302133}}</ref>of soils. | ||
EPS acts as an interface between soil and plants interactions with microbes. At the soil interface EPS facilitates chemical reactions and transportation of nutrients. At the plant interface EPS acts as the exchange media through which plant exudates and microbial secretions can be exchanged. | |||
= Functions = | = Functions = | ||
Revision as of 18:18, 12 April 2021
theoretical functions of soil EPS[1]
Overview
Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) are a group of substances exuded by microorganisms in order to form biofilms. The major components are extracellular polysacharides (also called EPS), protiens, DNA, enzymes, lipids, and other biopolymers.[2] EPS accounts for 90% of biofilm drymass and constitutes the matrix of the biofilm.[3] Biofilms are microhabitats that keep microbes attached to a substrate[4], provide protection from desiccation[5][6] , and play a key role in nutrient cycling[7]. Biofilms are also known to alter the structure [8][9], hydrology [10][11][12][13], and composition [14][15][16]of soils.
EPS acts as an interface between soil and plants interactions with microbes. At the soil interface EPS facilitates chemical reactions and transportation of nutrients. At the plant interface EPS acts as the exchange media through which plant exudates and microbial secretions can be exchanged.
Functions
EPS works at the smallest levels of soil aggregate formation[17]
Habitat stability
The suspected primary role of EPS is to create stable habitat bound to a desired substrate[]. Very common substrates are soil particles within the soil pore matrix however, many surfaces can be used to create biofilms with EPS. Biofilms are very effective at retaining water in soils even with very negative water potentials.[]
Chemical reactions
EPS provides a stable interface for soil microbes to chemically work on attached substrate and suspended materials. In addition EPS itself is a store of carbon and other nutrients. The binding nature of EPS also helps reduce nutrient loss in soils from runoff.[]
Hydrology
EPS resists evaporation by binding the water tightly[]. The biofilms formed with EPS can cause bioclogging of pores which resists evaporation and mass flow of water by reducing the hydraulic conductivity[]. This slows the rate of change in soil moisture content.
Soil structure
EPS production fills soil pore space which reduces the effective average pore size[]. For the potential impacts of this see [porosity]. Also, the swelling shrinking actions of EPS water intake and loss can alter the pore space but there remains a lack of literature differentiating this effect in bulk soil[]. EPS plays a key role in soil aggregate formation by working as a cementing agent. This has the added effect of reducing soil slaking and increasing overall stability. This added stability can lower erosion rates and decrease nutrient runoff.
Plants
EPS holds microbes onto roots and acts as the medium for free living diazatrophs and other moderately symbiotic microbes to exchange nutrients in exchange for root exudates[]. There is also evidence to suggest EPS assists in salinity tolerance for some plants.[(Ashraf et al. 2004)]
Agriculture
There is growing interest in using EPS producing bacteria because they improve soil particle aggregation which improves agricultural soil health.[(Costa et al. 2018)]
Analysis methods
Cation exchange resin (CER) is currently considered the best method for accurately estimating EPS composition in soil.[(Redmile-Gordon et al. 2014)]
References
- ↑ <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01636">Costa et al.</a>,<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>, via Frontiers in Microbiology
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- ↑ |<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01636">Costa et al.</a>,<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0">CC BY 4.0</a>, via Frontiers in Microbiology