Amanita muscaria: Difference between revisions
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== | ==Psychoactive and cultural uses== | ||
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]] | |||
[[#5.|[5]]] | [[#5.|[5]]] | ||
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3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/ | 3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/ | ||
4. | 4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689. | ||
5. | 5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml | ||
6. | 6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6 |
Revision as of 12:21, 8 May 2023
Amanita muscaria, also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
Taxonomy
Kingdom: Fungi Phylum: Basidiomycota Class: Agaricomycetes Order: Agaricales family: Amanitaceae
Overview
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [3]
Image | Scientific name | Common name | Description | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amanita muscaria var. muscaria | Euro-Asian fly agaric | The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment. | ||
Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata | American fly agaric | The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia. | ||
Amanita muscaria var. guessowii | American fly agaric (yellow variant) | The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient. | ||
Amanita muscaria var. inzengae | Inzenga's fly agaric | The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem. |
Ecology
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[2]
Psychoactive and cultural uses
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[4][6] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[5]
References
1. xxx
2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.
3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/
4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689. 5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml 6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6