Stinkwort (Dittrichia graveolens): Difference between revisions

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[[File:Screen Shot 2021-05-03 at 9.37.50 PM.png|thumb||right| Stinkwort (''Dittrichia graveolens'') [1]]]
 
==Taxonomy==
 
  '''Domain:''' Eukaryota
    '''Kingdom:''' Planteae
      '''Phylum:''' Tracheophyta
        '''Subphylum:''' [[Angiosperms]]
          '''Class:''' Magnoliopsida
            '''Order:''' Asterales
              '''Family:''' Asterceae
                '''Subfamily:''' Asteroideae
                  '''Genus:''' ''Dittrichia''
                    '''Species:''' ''D. graveolens''


==Description==
==Description==
''Dittrichia graveolens'' or stinkwort belongs to the Asteraceae family which consist of flowering plants [1]. Annually flowering in the fall stinkwort is erect growing up to 2.5 feet [1,2,3,4,5]. Sticky glandular hairs of the stinkwort give off strong aromatic odor that is easily recognizable [1,2,4]. Stinkwort has flowers that have short yellow rays on the outer edge and a yellow to reddish disk flowers in the center [1,2,4] Stinkwort which is native to the Mediterranean is rapidly invading other areas. It has found its way many other areas including Central Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the United States [1].
''Dittrichia graveolens'' or stinkwort belongs to the Asteraceae family which consist of flowering plants [1]. Stinkwort is an invasive species that has found its way into many areas. It is considered a highly invasive plant since it has the potential to harm horticultural crops, natural habitats, ecosytems, humans, and livestock [1,2,4,5]. Annually flowering in the fall, stinkwort is erect growing up to 2.5 feet [1,2,3,4,5] with sticky glandular hairs that give off a strong aromatic odor that is easily recognizable [1,2,4]. Stinkwort has flowers with short yellow rays on the outer edge and yellow to red disk flowers in the center [1,2,4]. Stinkwort which is native to the Mediterranean is rapidly invading other areas; it has found its way into many other areas including Central Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the United States [1].


[[File:Screen Shot 2021-05-03 at 9.37.50 PM.png|thumb||left| Stinkwort (''Dittrichia graveolens'') [1]]]
[[File:stinkwort PM.png|thumb||left| a. Stinkwort b. Zoomed in stinkwort c. Flower head d. Habitat along a road [3]]]


==Habitat==
==Habitat==
Stinkwort can be found in a variety of places in its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2].
Stinkwort can be found in a variety of habitats in its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, [[gravel]] mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.


==Seed Dispersal==  
==Seed Dispersal==
There a few different ways in which stinkwort seeds are dispersed. The fine hairs of the seeds allow for wind dispersal [3]. It also sticks to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability. About 90% of the seeds are capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].  
There are a few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].


==Negative Impacts==
==Negative Impacts==
Stinkwort is not a palatable species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock stinkwort can poison them leading to mortality in some cases [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed induce pulpy kidney or a fatal bacterium if grazed by livestock [4]. It does not only cause problems in [[animals]], but also humans. When stinkwort is flowered if it is handled by bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5]
Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to increased mortality rates [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed can induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but it is also problematic for humans. When stinkwort is flowering and makes contact with bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].


==Control==
==Control==
There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions mechanical practices can be used. This involves pulling, hoeing, and mowing [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control. Mowing should be done late in the season and multiple times [1]. The buds remaining may grow back however which is why this should be conducted more than once [1]. For larger areas herbicides can be used. There is either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds germinate [1].
There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices like pulling, hoeing, and mowing can be used [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control and should be done multiple times late in the season [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used, either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].


==References==  
==References==
[1] Brownsey, R., Kyser, G.B., DiTomaso, J.M., 2013. Stinkwort is rapidly expanding its range in California. Cal Ag 67, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v067n02p110
[1] Brownsey, R., Kyser, G.B., DiTomaso, J.M., 2013. Stinkwort is rapidly expanding its range in California. Cal Ag 67, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v067n02p110


Latest revision as of 13:31, 31 March 2023

Stinkwort (Dittrichia graveolens) [1]

Taxonomy

 Domain: Eukaryota
   Kingdom: Planteae
     Phylum: Tracheophyta 
       Subphylum: Angiosperms
         Class: Magnoliopsida 
           Order: Asterales
             Family: Asterceae
               Subfamily: Asteroideae
                 Genus: Dittrichia
                   Species: D. graveolens

Description

Dittrichia graveolens or stinkwort belongs to the Asteraceae family which consist of flowering plants [1]. Stinkwort is an invasive species that has found its way into many areas. It is considered a highly invasive plant since it has the potential to harm horticultural crops, natural habitats, ecosytems, humans, and livestock [1,2,4,5]. Annually flowering in the fall, stinkwort is erect growing up to 2.5 feet [1,2,3,4,5] with sticky glandular hairs that give off a strong aromatic odor that is easily recognizable [1,2,4]. Stinkwort has flowers with short yellow rays on the outer edge and yellow to red disk flowers in the center [1,2,4]. Stinkwort which is native to the Mediterranean is rapidly invading other areas; it has found its way into many other areas including Central Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the United States [1].

a. Stinkwort b. Zoomed in stinkwort c. Flower head d. Habitat along a road [3]

Habitat

Stinkwort can be found in a variety of habitats in its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, vernal pools, and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.

Seed Dispersal

There are a few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].

Negative Impacts

Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to increased mortality rates [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed can induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in animals, but it is also problematic for humans. When stinkwort is flowering and makes contact with bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].

Control

There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices like pulling, hoeing, and mowing can be used [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control and should be done multiple times late in the season [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used, either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].

References

[1] Brownsey, R., Kyser, G.B., DiTomaso, J.M., 2013. Stinkwort is rapidly expanding its range in California. Cal Ag 67, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v067n02p110

[2] Brownsey, R.N., Kyser, G.B., DiTomaso, J.M., 2014. Growth and phenology of Dittrichia graveolens, a rapidly spreading invasive plant in California. Biol Invasions 16, 43–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-013-0501-4

[3] Kocián, P., 2015. Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter – a new alien species in Poland. Acta Musei Silesiae, Scientiae Naturales 64, 193–197. https://doi.org/10.1515/cszma-2015-0027

[4] Stinkwort Guide [WWW Document], n.d. . HerbiGuide. URL http://www.herbiguide.com.au/Descriptions/hg_Stinkwort.htm

[5] Thong, H.-Y., Yokota, M., Kardassakis, D., Maibach, H.I., 2007. Allergic contact dermatitis from Dittrichia graveolens (L.) Greuter (stinkwort). Contact Dermatitis 58, 51–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01154.x

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