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== Physical Description ==


[[File:Blue-Spotted_Salamander.jpeg|thumb|Blue-Spotted Salamander in the late fall [3]]]
== '''General Description '''==
The Blue-spotted Salamander is black with blue spots and specks all over the body, sides, arms, and tail. They have 12-14 costal grooves. Costal grooves are creases that run vertically on their bodies, they help to increase water collection on their body by increasing the skins surface area. Salamanders must keep their skin wet so this is a very important attribute [5].  Adults grow to be 3-5 inches ( 7.6-14 cm), females are slightly larger than males [1].


[[File:Blue-Spotted_Salamander.jpeg| 500 px | thumb | Blue-Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) in the late fall [3]]]
The Blue-spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterlae) is classified in the Ambystomitidae family. It is black with blue spots and specks all over the body, sides, arms, and tail. A total of 12-14 costal grooves run from the tip of the head to the end of the body. In addition, costal grooves are vertical creases that run along their bodies and have the effect of increasing the skins surface area to increase water absorption. [[Salamanders]] cannot live without having wet skin, so this attribute is of great importance [5]. Adults grow to be 3-5 inches ( 7.6-14 cm), females are slightly larger than males [1]. Additionally, they have five toes on both of their back feet and four on each of their front feet.


== '''Geographic Distribution & Habitat''' ==


== Geographic Distribution & Habitat ==
The geographic range of this species extends north from the New England area to as far west as Wisconsin and Minnesota. Tolerant of cold temperatures, these Blue-spotted Salamanders are found in both deciduous timbers and coniferous forests with moist woodlands. The existence of [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]] that maintain water all the way through summer is essential to the sustainability of their habitat. Most likely, they would be found in the leaf litter and logs located along the [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]] from early spring to mid-fall. During the warmer months, they may even venture out in the open during rain showers [1].


Like many amphibian species, their habitat is threatened by human development. Commercial, residential, and industrial construction all have a negative impact on their populations and habitats. Blue-spotted Salamanders have been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List [2].


Their distribution range spreads from the north of the New England area to as far west as Wisconsin and Minnesota. These salamanders are cold tolerant and live in both deciduous and coniferous forests with moist woodlands. The presence of [[Vernal Pools]] that retain water into the mid-summer is essential for their habitat. One would most likely find them underneath the leaf litter and logs. During the warmer months they may even move about in the open during rain showers [1]. 
[[File:Blue-spotted_Salamander_Distribution_Map.jpg|400 px | thumb|left|Distrubtion map of Blue-spotted Salamander [4]]]


Similar to many amphibian species, their habitat is being threatened by human development. Commercial, residential, and industrial construction all have negative impacts upon their populations and habitat. Blue-spotted Salamanders are listed as "Least Concern" by the IUCN Red List [2].
== '''Ecology''' ==
[[File:Blue-spotted_Salamander_Distribution_Map.jpg|thumb|left|Distrubtion map of Blue-spotted Salamander [4]]]


== Ecology ==
Their diet consists primarily of small [[invertebrates]] such as snails, earthworms, centipedes, and spiders. Moreover, salamanders may eat aquatic [[insects]] such as water fleas and copepods, especially if they are in breeding pools. When not breeding in the [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]], they prefer to stay hidden in darkness under logs and fallen leaves. During the night or in the process of a storm, they will go out a lot more because of the abundant moisture that they are provided. If danger exists, these salamanders are capable of producing toxic secretions as a form of defense. [1] The poisonous secretions are part of their defense mechanism for protecting themselves from predators. The unappealing taste deters predators from consuming them.


Their diet consists of mostly small invertebrates such as snails, earthworms, centipedes, and spiders. When the salamanders are in the breeding pools they can also eat aquatic invertebrates like water fleas and copepods. They prefer to spend most of their time hidden in darkness under logs and fallen leaves. When darkness or rain comes they will venture out in the open. If danger presents itself these salamanders are capable of producing noxious secretions as a form of defensive measures. [1] These are used to scare away predators who may be trying to eat them.


== Reproduction ==  
== '''Reproduction''' ==  


Breeding season begins in late March to early April with the salamanders migrating to the vernal pools. Courtship ensues with the male using his snout to nuzzle and nudge the female. He then mounts the female, using his front legs to hold her body, and then rubs his chin on her head. This can continue for several hours with the pair periodically coming to the surface for air and then returning underwater.  
Breeding season occurs from late March to early April, when salamanders migrate to the [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]]. Both male and female Blue-spotted salamanders reach sexual maturity at the age of two years old. In a display of courtship, the male uses its snout to nuzzle and nudge the female. He then mounts the female by using his front legs to hold her body, but then rubs his chin on her head. Breeding sessions can last several hours with the pair periodically coming to the surface for air and afterwards resuming their underwater activity.


After the courtship the male releases the female and deposits a [[spermatophore]] in front of her. If all goes well the female will move over the spermatophore and take it into her cloaca. Males are able to produce 10-40 spermatophores during one breeding season, although many of these are not used by females. Females lay 1-12 eggs per clutch, which are laid in a gelatinous mass usually on sticks, leaves, or rocks underneath the water. Eggs will hatch in three to five weeks. The larvae go through their metamorphosis in the late summer and will continue their life cycle on land [1].
After the courting, the male releases the female and deposits a [[spermatophore]] in front of her. If everything goes as planned, the female will move over the spermatophore and take it into her cloaca. The males can produce 10-40 spermatophores in one breeding season, but most are not utilized by the females. Females lay 1-12 eggs per clutch, which are laid in a gelatinous mass usually on leaves, sticks or rocks below the surface of the water. Hatching usually takes about 3 to 5 weeks for these eggs. The larva undergoes metamorphosis in late summer and lives an independent life cycle on land [1].


== Relations with Jefferson's Salamander ==


{{Taxobox
[[File:AmbystomaComplex.jpg |400 px | thumb | right | Unisex mole complex [6]]]
| name             
 
=
== '''Relations with Jefferson's Salamander''' ==  
| image           
 
=
Blue-spotted salamanders are known to cross breed with the Jefferson's salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum). This species is commonly known as the Unisex mole complex (Ambystoma unisex complex) since all the members of this complex are female, as they have multiple sets of chromosomes. As a result of their similar physical appearances, these salamanders can often be difficult to correctly identify [7].
| image_alt         
 
=
| image_caption     
=
| regnum           
= [[Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio 
= [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis 
=  
| unranked_ordo   
=  
| ordo             
=  
| familia         
=  
| genus           
=
| species          
=
| binomial         
=
| binomial_authority
=
}}




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[5] "Critter Connections" Youth Magazine of the Texas Wildlife Association, September 2019
[5] "Critter Connections" Youth Magazine of the Texas Wildlife Association, September 2019
[6] Unisex mole salamander photographed by Josh Vandermeulen on April 7th, 2010 in Ontario, CA, from iNaturalist
[7] "Jefferson/Bluespotted complex" Cortland Herptology Connection, Cramer, C. & Ducey, P. State University of New York College at Cortland.

Latest revision as of 17:01, 29 April 2022

General Description

Blue-Spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterale) in the late fall [3]

The Blue-spotted Salamander (Ambystoma laterlae) is classified in the Ambystomitidae family. It is black with blue spots and specks all over the body, sides, arms, and tail. A total of 12-14 costal grooves run from the tip of the head to the end of the body. In addition, costal grooves are vertical creases that run along their bodies and have the effect of increasing the skins surface area to increase water absorption. Salamanders cannot live without having wet skin, so this attribute is of great importance [5]. Adults grow to be 3-5 inches ( 7.6-14 cm), females are slightly larger than males [1]. Additionally, they have five toes on both of their back feet and four on each of their front feet.

Geographic Distribution & Habitat

The geographic range of this species extends north from the New England area to as far west as Wisconsin and Minnesota. Tolerant of cold temperatures, these Blue-spotted Salamanders are found in both deciduous timbers and coniferous forests with moist woodlands. The existence of vernal pools that maintain water all the way through summer is essential to the sustainability of their habitat. Most likely, they would be found in the leaf litter and logs located along the vernal pools from early spring to mid-fall. During the warmer months, they may even venture out in the open during rain showers [1].

Like many amphibian species, their habitat is threatened by human development. Commercial, residential, and industrial construction all have a negative impact on their populations and habitats. Blue-spotted Salamanders have been classified as Least Concern by the IUCN Red List [2].

Distrubtion map of Blue-spotted Salamander [4]

Ecology

Their diet consists primarily of small invertebrates such as snails, earthworms, centipedes, and spiders. Moreover, salamanders may eat aquatic insects such as water fleas and copepods, especially if they are in breeding pools. When not breeding in the vernal pools, they prefer to stay hidden in darkness under logs and fallen leaves. During the night or in the process of a storm, they will go out a lot more because of the abundant moisture that they are provided. If danger exists, these salamanders are capable of producing toxic secretions as a form of defense. [1] The poisonous secretions are part of their defense mechanism for protecting themselves from predators. The unappealing taste deters predators from consuming them.


Reproduction

Breeding season occurs from late March to early April, when salamanders migrate to the vernal pools. Both male and female Blue-spotted salamanders reach sexual maturity at the age of two years old. In a display of courtship, the male uses its snout to nuzzle and nudge the female. He then mounts the female by using his front legs to hold her body, but then rubs his chin on her head. Breeding sessions can last several hours with the pair periodically coming to the surface for air and afterwards resuming their underwater activity.

After the courting, the male releases the female and deposits a spermatophore in front of her. If everything goes as planned, the female will move over the spermatophore and take it into her cloaca. The males can produce 10-40 spermatophores in one breeding season, but most are not utilized by the females. Females lay 1-12 eggs per clutch, which are laid in a gelatinous mass usually on leaves, sticks or rocks below the surface of the water. Hatching usually takes about 3 to 5 weeks for these eggs. The larva undergoes metamorphosis in late summer and lives an independent life cycle on land [1].


Unisex mole complex [6]

Relations with Jefferson's Salamander

Blue-spotted salamanders are known to cross breed with the Jefferson's salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum). This species is commonly known as the Unisex mole complex (Ambystoma unisex complex) since all the members of this complex are female, as they have multiple sets of chromosomes. As a result of their similar physical appearances, these salamanders can often be difficult to correctly identify [7].


References

[1] Harding, J. & Mifsud, D. "Amphibians & Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region". University of Michigan Press, 2017. pg 58-62

[2] "Ambystoma laterale" IUCN Red List of Threatended Species. 2004.

[3] Blue-spotted salamander photographed at Letchworth Woods, University at Buffalo on 25th October 2020 by Nikolai Harper

[4] Photograph of distribution from Harding, J. & Mifsud, D. "Amphibians & Reptiles of the Great Lakes Region". University of Michigan Press, 2017. pg 60

[5] "Critter Connections" Youth Magazine of the Texas Wildlife Association, September 2019

[6] Unisex mole salamander photographed by Josh Vandermeulen on April 7th, 2010 in Ontario, CA, from iNaturalist

[7] "Jefferson/Bluespotted complex" Cortland Herptology Connection, Cramer, C. & Ducey, P. State University of New York College at Cortland.

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