Yellow trout lily - Revision history

Kjburke2: grammer corrections

2025-04-03T17:04:53Z

grammer corrections

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 3 April 2025
Line 25:		Line 25:
	== Growth and Reproduction ==		== Growth and Reproduction ==

	The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> The yellow trout lily while it is immature will produce one singular basal leaf. When the plant reaches maturity, the yellow trout lily will grow a pair of basal leaves that appear on opposite sides of a newly developed flower stalk.<ref name="Morton"/> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers but reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> The flowering plants often take roughly 4-5 years after seed dispersal to become mature, and then go dormant again shortly after blooming in the early spring.<ref name="NCState">North Carolina State Cooperative Extension Plant Toolbox. "Erythronium americanum". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erythronium-americanum/</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow slower and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder temperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>		The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> The yellow trout lily, while it is immature, will produce one singular basal leaf. When the plant reaches maturity, the yellow trout lily will grow a pair of basal leaves that appear on opposite sides of a newly developed flower stalk.<ref name="Morton"/> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers but reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> The flowering plants often take roughly 4-5 years after seed dispersal to become mature, and then go dormant again shortly after blooming in the early spring.<ref name="NCState">North Carolina State Cooperative Extension Plant Toolbox. "Erythronium americanum". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erythronium-americanum/</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow slower and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder temperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>

	[[File:anthercolors.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]		[[File:anthercolors.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

Miltonsv: Invalid Crosslinks

2025-03-14T04:46:29Z

Invalid Crosslinks

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:46, 14 March 2025
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	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

	The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals\|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>		The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals\|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the Liliaceae family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a perennial that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
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	== Ecological Significance ==		== Ecological Significance ==
	The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> The plant forms a relationship with ants called myrmecochory. The seed of the yellow trout lily grows appendages called elaiosomes that are high in lipid content. The lipid content of the seeds attracts ants. The ants feed on the elaiosomes and disperse the seeds for plant reproduction.<ref name="Morton">The Morton Arboretum. (26 December 2024). Yellow Trout Lily. https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/yellow-trout-lily/#more-information</ref><ref name="Myrmecochory">Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. (11 July 2024). Myrmecochory: How Ants Shape Plant Communities. https://www.xerces.org/blog/myrmecochory-how-ants-shape-plant-communities#:~:text=This%20seed%2Dcarrying%20partnership%20between,their%20exterior%20called%20an%20elaiosome.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling\|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrhizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrhizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrhizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>		The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, butterflies, flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> The plant forms a relationship with ants called myrmecochory. The seed of the yellow trout lily grows appendages called elaiosomes that are high in lipid content. The lipid content of the seeds attracts ants. The ants feed on the elaiosomes and disperse the seeds for plant reproduction.<ref name="Morton">The Morton Arboretum. (26 December 2024). Yellow Trout Lily. https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/yellow-trout-lily/#more-information</ref><ref name="Myrmecochory">Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. (11 July 2024). Myrmecochory: How Ants Shape Plant Communities. https://www.xerces.org/blog/myrmecochory-how-ants-shape-plant-communities#:~:text=This%20seed%2Dcarrying%20partnership%20between,their%20exterior%20called%20an%20elaiosome.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling\|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrhizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrhizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrhizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

Kadencam: Fixed spelling errors, and added more information into the sections titled "Ecological Significance" and "Growth and Reproduction"

2025-03-10T08:28:32Z

Fixed spelling errors, and added more information into the sections titled "Ecological Significance" and "Growth and Reproduction"

← Older revision		Revision as of 04:28, 10 March 2025
Line 25:		Line 25:
	== Growth and Reproduction ==		== Growth and Reproduction ==

	The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers ~~and~~ reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow ~~more slowly~~ and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder ~~termperatures~~ is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>		The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> The yellow trout lily while it is immature will produce one singular basal leaf. When the plant reaches maturity, the yellow trout lily will grow a pair of basal leaves that appear on opposite sides of a newly developed flower stalk.<ref name="Morton"/> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers but reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> The flowering plants often take roughly 4-5 years after seed dispersal to become mature, and then go dormant again shortly after blooming in the early spring.<ref name="NCState">North Carolina State Cooperative Extension Plant Toolbox. "Erythronium americanum". https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erythronium-americanum/</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow slower and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder temperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>

	[[File:anthercolors.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]		[[File:anthercolors.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

	== Ecological Significance ==		== Ecological Significance ==
	The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling\|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> ~~Mycorrizae~~ decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, ~~mycorrizal~~ fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without ~~mycorrizae~~. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>		The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> The plant forms a relationship with ants called myrmecochory. The seed of the yellow trout lily grows appendages called elaiosomes that are high in lipid content. The lipid content of the seeds attracts ants. The ants feed on the elaiosomes and disperse the seeds for plant reproduction.<ref name="Morton">The Morton Arboretum. (26 December 2024). Yellow Trout Lily. https://mortonarb.org/plant-and-protect/trees-and-plants/yellow-trout-lily/#more-information</ref><ref name="Myrmecochory">Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation. (11 July 2024). Myrmecochory: How Ants Shape Plant Communities. https://www.xerces.org/blog/myrmecochory-how-ants-shape-plant-communities#:~:text=This%20seed%2Dcarrying%20partnership%20between,their%20exterior%20called%20an%20elaiosome.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling\|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrhizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrhizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrhizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{reflist}}		{{reflist}}

Lucywill at 18:06, 12 May 2023

2023-05-12T18:06:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:06, 12 May 2023
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	\| Plantae		\| Plantae
	\| Tracheophyta		\| Tracheophyta
	\| ~~[[Angiosperms]]~~		\| Liliopsida
	\| Liliales		\| Liliales
	\| Liliaceae		\| Liliaceae

Lucywill at 18:05, 12 May 2023

2023-05-12T18:05:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 12 May 2023
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	[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lilies.]]		[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lilies.]]
	~~[[File:e americanum range.png\|800px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]~~

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==
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	\| Liliaceae		\| Liliaceae
	\|}		\|}
			[[File:e americanum range.png\|800px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]
	== Growth and Reproduction ==		== Growth and Reproduction ==

Lucywill at 18:02, 12 May 2023

2023-05-12T18:02:08Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 12 May 2023
Line 5:		Line 5:

	The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals\|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>		The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals\|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

			==Taxonomy==
			{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"\|
			\|-
			\|
			! scope="col" \| Kingdom
			! scope="col" \| Phylum
			! scope="col" \| Class
			! scope="col" \| Order
			! scope="col" \| Family
			\|-
			! scope="row" \| Classification
			\| Plantae
			\| Tracheophyta
			\| [[Angiosperms]]
			\| Liliales
			\| Liliaceae
			\|}

	== Growth and Reproduction ==		== Growth and Reproduction ==

Lucywill at 18:23, 10 May 2023

2023-05-10T18:23:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 10 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lilies.]]		[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lilies.]]
	[[File:e americanum range.png\|~~700px~~\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]		[[File:e americanum range.png\|800px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

Lucywill at 18:23, 10 May 2023

2023-05-10T18:23:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 10 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lilies.]]		[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lilies.]]
	[[File:e americanum range.png\|~~500px~~\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]		[[File:e americanum range.png\|700px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

Lucywill at 18:23, 10 May 2023

2023-05-10T18:23:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:23, 10 May 2023
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	[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lilies.]]		[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lilies.]]
	[[File:e americanum range.png\|~~300px~~\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]		[[File:e americanum range.png\|500px\|thumb\|right\|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

	== Overview ==		== Overview ==

Lucywill at 18:22, 10 May 2023

2023-05-10T18:22:17Z

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	The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>		The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
	[[File:anthercolors.jpg\|~~500px~~\|thumb\|left\|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]		[[File:anthercolors.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

	== Ecological Significance ==		== Ecological Significance ==