Testate amoebae - Revision history

Gracecos: /* Significance */

2021-05-06T23:29:49Z

Significance

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:29, 6 May 2021
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	Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would only be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas in bog environments, there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows testacea as useful bioindicators [2].		Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would only be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas in bog environments, there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows testacea as useful bioindicators [2].

	Due to their variability from small changes in pH, water table depth, and other environmental gradients, testate amoeba have become a valuable bioindicator. They are particularly useful as bioindicators for the evaluation of peatlands, lake trophic status, and water quality as a whole ~~[5]~~[6].		Due to their variability from small changes in pH, water table depth, and other environmental gradients, testate amoeba have become a valuable bioindicator. They are particularly useful as bioindicators for the evaluation of peatlands, lake trophic status, and water quality as a whole [6].

	=Habitat & Dietary Processes=		=Habitat & Dietary Processes=

Gracecos at 23:29, 6 May 2021

2021-05-06T23:29:00Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:29, 6 May 2021
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	==Significance==		==Significance==
	The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with ~~Testacea~~ sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.		The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the [[amoeba]] has died. This characteristic combined with testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.

	Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would only be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas in bog environments, there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows testacea as useful bioindicators [2].		Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would only be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas in bog environments, there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows testacea as useful bioindicators [2].
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	=Habitat & Dietary Processes=		=Habitat & Dietary Processes=

	This group of free-living [[microorganisms]] inhabit aquatic to moist habitats including: estuaries, lakes, rivers, wetlands, soils, litter, and [[moss]] habitats. They are able to live in both fresh and marine water, however, compared to [[naked amoeba]], testate amoebae are less abundant in most soils.		This group of free-living [[microorganisms]] inhabit aquatic to moist habitats including: estuaries, lakes, rivers, wetlands, [[soils]], litter, and [[moss]] habitats. They are able to live in both fresh and marine water, however, compared to [[naked amoeba]], testate amoebae are less abundant in most soils.
	They thrive in [[soil]] environments that are moist and within forested systems.		They thrive in [[soil]] environments that are moist and within forested systems.

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	Similar to [[naked amoeba]], testate amoeba also have pseudopodia which they use to consume other organisms and manipulate their environment. However, differing from [[Naked Amoeba\|naked amoeba]], testacea have a aperture from which the pseudopodia emerge. This allows for greater protection of the protist from predators and harmful environmental conditions.		Similar to [[naked amoeba]], testate amoeba also have pseudopodia which they use to consume other organisms and manipulate their environment. However, differing from [[Naked Amoeba\|naked amoeba]], testacea have a aperture from which the pseudopodia emerge. This allows for greater protection of the protist from predators and harmful environmental conditions.

			=Reproduction=
			Testate amoeba, like other [[protozoans]], can reproduce via asexual or budding/division reproduction.
			When reproducing via division, the testate exudes the daughter from the aperture of the cell. Many testate amoeba, when developing a new cell, will not fully divide until a new test has been formed around the daughter cell. [5]

	=References=		=References=
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	[4] Mitchell, Edward A. D.; Charman, Daniel J.; Warner, Barry G. 2008. "Testate amoebae analysis in ecological and paleoecological studies of wetlands: past, present and future" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 17 (9): 2115–2137. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9221-3. ISSN 0960-3115.		[4] Mitchell, Edward A. D.; Charman, Daniel J.; Warner, Barry G. 2008. "Testate amoebae analysis in ecological and paleoecological studies of wetlands: past, present and future" (PDF). Biodiversity and Conservation. 17 (9): 2115–2137. doi:10.1007/s10531-007-9221-3. ISSN 0960-3115.

			[5] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. "Testacean". Encyclopedia Britannica, 7 Nov. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/science/testacean. Accessed 6 May 2021.

			[6] Patterson, R.T., Lamoureux, E.D.R., Neville, L.A. et al. Arcellacea (Testate Lobose Amoebae) as pH Indicators in a Pyrite Mine-Acidified Lake, Northeastern Ontario, Canada. Microb Ecol 65, 541–554 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00248-012-0108-9

Gracecos at 22:48, 6 May 2021

2021-05-06T22:48:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:48, 6 May 2021
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	'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 2. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 3.		'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 2. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 3.
	[[File: Arcella_discoides.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|left\|Figure 2: The ''autogenic'' test of Arcella discoides, made up of organic plates..]]		[[File: Arcella_discoides.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|left\|Figure 2: The ''autogenic'' test of Arcella discoides, made up of organic plates..]]
	[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 3: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]		[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|left\|Figure 3: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]

	==Significance==		==Significance==

Gracecos at 22:48, 6 May 2021

2021-05-06T22:48:03Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:48, 6 May 2021
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	= Overview =		= Overview =
	'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 2. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 3.		'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 2. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 3.
	[[File: Arcella_discoides.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Figure 2: The ''autogenic'' test of Arcella discoides, made up of organic plates..]]		[[File: Arcella_discoides.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|left\|Figure 2: The ''autogenic'' test of Arcella discoides, made up of organic plates..]]
	[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 3: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]		[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 3: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]

Gracecos: /* Significance */

2021-05-06T22:47:25Z

Significance

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:47, 6 May 2021
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	The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with Testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.		The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with Testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.

	Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would ~~solely~~ be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas, in bog environments there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows ~~Testacea~~ as useful bioindicators [2].		Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would only be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas in bog environments, there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows testacea as useful bioindicators [2].

			Due to their variability from small changes in pH, water table depth, and other environmental gradients, testate amoeba have become a valuable bioindicator. They are particularly useful as bioindicators for the evaluation of peatlands, lake trophic status, and water quality as a whole [5][6].

	=Habitat & Dietary Processes=		=Habitat & Dietary Processes=

Gracecos at 22:16, 6 May 2021

2021-05-06T22:16:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:16, 6 May 2021
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	[[File:Cyphoderia ampulla - Testate amoeba.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Shell of ''Cyphoderia ampulla'', composed of circular, siliceous plates produced by the amoeba.]]		[[File:Cyphoderia ampulla - Testate amoeba.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Figure 1: Shell of ''Cyphoderia ampulla'', composed of circular, siliceous plates produced by the amoeba.]]
	= Overview =		= Overview =
	'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 1. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 2.		'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 2. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 3.
	[[File: Arcella_discoides.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Figure 1: ~~the~~ ''autogenic'' test of Arcella discoides, made up of organic plates..]]		[[File: Arcella_discoides.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Figure 2: The ''autogenic'' test of Arcella discoides, made up of organic plates..]]
	[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 2: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]		[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 3: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]

	==Significance==		==Significance==

Gracecos at 22:14, 6 May 2021

2021-05-06T22:14:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:14, 6 May 2021
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	[[File:Cyphoderia ampulla - Testate amoeba.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Shell of ''Cyphoderia ampulla'', composed of circular, siliceous plates produced by the amoeba.]]		[[File:Cyphoderia ampulla - Testate amoeba.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Shell of ''Cyphoderia ampulla'', composed of circular, siliceous plates produced by the amoeba.]]
	== Overview ==		= Overview =
	'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 1. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 2.		'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 1. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 2.
	[[File: Arcella_discoides.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Figure 1: the ''autogenic'' test of Arcella discoides, made up of organic plates..]]		[[File: Arcella_discoides.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Figure 1: the ''autogenic'' test of Arcella discoides, made up of organic plates..]]
	[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 2: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]		[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 2: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]

	= Significance =		==Significance==
	The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with Testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.		The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with Testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.

	Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would solely be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas, in bog environments there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows ~~testacea~~ as useful bioindicators [2].		Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would solely be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas, in bog environments there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows Testacea as useful bioindicators [2].

	== Habitat & Dietary Processes ==		=Habitat & Dietary Processes=

	This group of free-living [[microorganisms]] inhabit aquatic to moist habitats including: estuaries, lakes, rivers, wetlands, soils, litter, and [[moss]] habitats. They are able to live in both fresh and marine water, however, compared to [[naked amoeba]], testate amoebae are less abundant in most soils.		This group of free-living [[microorganisms]] inhabit aquatic to moist habitats including: estuaries, lakes, rivers, wetlands, soils, litter, and [[moss]] habitats. They are able to live in both fresh and marine water, however, compared to [[naked amoeba]], testate amoebae are less abundant in most soils.
Line 20:		Line 20:
	Similar to [[naked amoeba]], testate amoeba also have pseudopodia which they use to consume other organisms and manipulate their environment. However, differing from [[Naked Amoeba\|naked amoeba]], testacea have a aperture from which the pseudopodia emerge. This allows for greater protection of the protist from predators and harmful environmental conditions.		Similar to [[naked amoeba]], testate amoeba also have pseudopodia which they use to consume other organisms and manipulate their environment. However, differing from [[Naked Amoeba\|naked amoeba]], testacea have a aperture from which the pseudopodia emerge. This allows for greater protection of the protist from predators and harmful environmental conditions.

	== References ==		=References=
	[1] Coleman, D.J., Callaham, M. A., Jr., Crossley, D.A.. November 2017. 'The Fundamentals of Soil [[Ecology]]'. Third Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.		[1] Coleman, D.J., Callaham, M. A., Jr., Crossley, D.A.. November 2017. 'The Fundamentals of Soil [[Ecology]]'. Third Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.

Gracecos: /* Significance */

2021-05-06T22:13:39Z

Significance

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:13, 6 May 2021
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	[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 2: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]		[[File:Difflugia_acuminata.jpg\|thumb\|300x360px\|Figure 2: An ''xenogenic test'' of a Difflugia acuminata. Depicts an agglutinated test made up of mineral particles glued together with secretions from within the cell.]]

	== Significance ==		= Significance =
	The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with Testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.		The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with Testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.

Gracecos: /* Significance */

2021-05-06T22:13:15Z

Significance

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:13, 6 May 2021
Line 8:		Line 8:
	The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with Testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.		The shells which these [[protozoa]] develop are able to be preserved long after the amoeba has died. This characteristic combined with Testacea sensitivity to environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, etc., has shown their usefulness as bioindicators and paleoclimate proxies.

	Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments ~~(Creevy et al, 2018)~~. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would solely be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas, in bog environments there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows testacea as useful bioindicators [2].		Their use as bioindicators have been researched and discussed in a variety of scientific papers. One in particular looked at the testate amoeba as indicators for the transition between bog and forested environments [2]. Differences could be seen when looking at forested areas, where there would solely be smaller and bacterivorous testate amoeba with smaller aperture sizes. Whereas, in bog environments there were large numbers of bigger, mixotrophic testate amoeba, which were absent in the forested environment. This change in environment leads to a decrease in mixotrophic productivity and shows testacea as useful bioindicators [2].

	== Habitat & Dietary Processes ==		== Habitat & Dietary Processes ==

Gracecos at 22:11, 6 May 2021

2021-05-06T22:11:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:11, 6 May 2021
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	[[File:Cyphoderia ampulla - Testate amoeba.jpg\|thumb\|~~300x100px~~\|Shell of ''Cyphoderia ampulla'', composed of circular, siliceous plates produced by the amoeba.]]		[[File:Cyphoderia ampulla - Testate amoeba.jpg\|thumb\|300x300px\|Shell of ''Cyphoderia ampulla'', composed of circular, siliceous plates produced by the amoeba.]]
	== Overview ==		== Overview ==
	'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 1. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 2.		'''Testate amoeba''' (Testacea, or Hyalosphenia) are amoeboid protists, differing from [[naked amoebae\|naked amoeba]] in that they inhabit a test, or shell. The '''test''' of the testate can be created entirely by the [[amoeba]], in which it would create an organic, siliceous, or calcareous shell depending on the species of testate amoeba. These tests created entirely by the amoeba are known as '''autogenic tests''', as seen in Figure 1. An '''xenogenic test''' is made up of particles of sediment collected by the amoeba which are then agglutinated together by secretions within the cell, as seen in Figure 2.