Stinkwort (Dittrichia graveolens) - Revision history

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2023-03-31T18:31:11Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:31, 31 March 2023
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	==Habitat==		==Habitat==
	Stinkwort can be found in a variety of habitats in its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.		Stinkwort can be found in a variety of habitats in its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, [[gravel]] mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.

	==Seed Dispersal==		==Seed Dispersal==

Jsebesta at 15:29, 2 May 2022

2022-05-02T15:29:27Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:29, 2 May 2022
Line 15:		Line 15:

	==Description==		==Description==
	''Dittrichia graveolens'' or stinkwort belongs to the Asteraceae family which consist of flowering plants [1]. Stinkwort is an invasive species that has found its way into many areas. It is ~~also~~ considered a ~~noxious weed~~ since it has the potential to harm horticultural crops, natural habitats, ecosytems, humans, and livestock [1,2,4,5]. Annually flowering in the fall, stinkwort is erect growing up to 2.5 feet [1,2,3,4,5]~~. Sticky~~ glandular hairs ~~of the stinkwort~~ give off strong aromatic odor that is easily recognizable [1,2,4]. Stinkwort has flowers ~~that have~~ short yellow rays on the outer edge and yellow to red disk flowers in the center [1,2,4]. Stinkwort which is native to the Mediterranean is rapidly invading other areas~~. It~~ has found its way into many other areas including Central Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the United States [1].		''Dittrichia graveolens'' or stinkwort belongs to the Asteraceae family which consist of flowering plants [1]. Stinkwort is an invasive species that has found its way into many areas. It is considered a highly invasive plant since it has the potential to harm horticultural crops, natural habitats, ecosytems, humans, and livestock [1,2,4,5]. Annually flowering in the fall, stinkwort is erect growing up to 2.5 feet [1,2,3,4,5] with sticky glandular hairs that give off a strong aromatic odor that is easily recognizable [1,2,4]. Stinkwort has flowers with short yellow rays on the outer edge and yellow to red disk flowers in the center [1,2,4]. Stinkwort which is native to the Mediterranean is rapidly invading other areas; it has found its way into many other areas including Central Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the United States [1].

	[[File:stinkwort PM.png\|thumb\|\|left\| a. Stinkwort b. Zoomed in stinkwort c. Flower head d. Habitat along a road [3]]]		[[File:stinkwort PM.png\|thumb\|\|left\| a. Stinkwort b. Zoomed in stinkwort c. Flower head d. Habitat along a road [3]]]

	==Habitat==		==Habitat==
	Stinkwort can be found in a variety of ~~places located around~~ its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.		Stinkwort can be found in a variety of habitats in its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.

	==Seed Dispersal==		==Seed Dispersal==
	There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].		There are a few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].

	==Negative Impacts==		==Negative Impacts==
	Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to mortality ~~in some cases~~ [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but also humans. When stinkwort is ~~flowered~~ and ~~then handled by~~ bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].		Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to increased mortality rates [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed can induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but it is also problematic for humans. When stinkwort is flowering and makes contact with bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].

	==Control==		==Control==
	There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices ~~can be used. This involves~~ pulling, hoeing, and mowing [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control~~. It~~ should be done late in the season ~~and multiple times~~ [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used~~. The two types being~~ either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].		There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices like pulling, hoeing, and mowing can be used [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control and should be done multiple times late in the season [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used, either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].

	==References==		==References==

Leannesc: /* References */

2022-04-11T15:12:47Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 11 April 2022
Line 31:		Line 31:
	There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices can be used. This involves pulling, hoeing, and mowing [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control. It should be done late in the season and multiple times [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used. The two types being either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].		There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices can be used. This involves pulling, hoeing, and mowing [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control. It should be done late in the season and multiple times [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used. The two types being either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].

	===References===		==References==
	[1] Brownsey, R., Kyser, G.B., DiTomaso, J.M., 2013. Stinkwort is rapidly expanding its range in California. Cal Ag 67, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v067n02p110		[1] Brownsey, R., Kyser, G.B., DiTomaso, J.M., 2013. Stinkwort is rapidly expanding its range in California. Cal Ag 67, 110–115. https://doi.org/10.3733/ca.v067n02p110

Leannesc: /* Control */

2022-04-11T15:12:36Z

Control

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 11 April 2022
Line 28:		Line 28:
	Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to mortality in some cases [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but also humans. When stinkwort is flowered and then handled by bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].		Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to mortality in some cases [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but also humans. When stinkwort is flowered and then handled by bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].

	===Control===		==Control==
	There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices can be used. This involves pulling, hoeing, and mowing [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control. It should be done late in the season and multiple times [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used. The two types being either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].		There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices can be used. This involves pulling, hoeing, and mowing [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control. It should be done late in the season and multiple times [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used. The two types being either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].

Leannesc: /* Negative Impacts */

2022-04-11T15:12:26Z

Negative Impacts

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 11 April 2022
Line 25:		Line 25:
	There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].		There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].

	===Negative Impacts===		==Negative Impacts==
	Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to mortality in some cases [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but also humans. When stinkwort is flowered and then handled by bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].		Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to mortality in some cases [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but also humans. When stinkwort is flowered and then handled by bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].

Leannesc: /* Seed Dispersal */

2022-04-11T15:12:13Z

Seed Dispersal

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 11 April 2022
Line 22:		Line 22:
	Stinkwort can be found in a variety of places located around its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.		Stinkwort can be found in a variety of places located around its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.

	===Seed Dispersal===		==Seed Dispersal==
	There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].		There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].

Leannesc: /* Habitat */

2022-04-11T15:12:02Z

Habitat

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:12, 11 April 2022
Line 19:		Line 19:
	[[File:stinkwort PM.png\|thumb\|\|left\| a. Stinkwort b. Zoomed in stinkwort c. Flower head d. Habitat along a road [3]]]		[[File:stinkwort PM.png\|thumb\|\|left\| a. Stinkwort b. Zoomed in stinkwort c. Flower head d. Habitat along a road [3]]]

	===Habitat===		==Habitat==
	Stinkwort can be found in a variety of places located around its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.		Stinkwort can be found in a variety of places located around its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.

Jwrath: /* Seed Dispersal */

2022-03-14T17:27:16Z

Seed Dispersal

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:27, 14 March 2022
Line 23:		Line 23:

	===Seed Dispersal===		===Seed Dispersal===
	There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which ~~allows~~ for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].		There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allow for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].

	===Negative Impacts===		===Negative Impacts===

Jwrath: /* Seed Dispersal */

2022-03-14T17:26:35Z

Seed Dispersal

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:26, 14 March 2022
Line 23:		Line 23:

	===Seed Dispersal===		===Seed Dispersal===
	There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The fine hairs ~~of the seeds~~ allows for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].		There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The seeds have small fine hairs which allows for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].

	===Negative Impacts===		===Negative Impacts===

Jwrath: /* Description */

2022-03-14T17:21:20Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:21, 14 March 2022
Line 15:		Line 15:

	==Description==		==Description==
	''Dittrichia graveolens'' or stinkwort belongs to the Asteraceae family which consist of flowering plants [1]. Stinkwort is an invasive species that has found its way into many areas. It is also considered a noxious weed since it has the potential to harm horticultural crops, natural habitats, ecosytems, humans, and livestock [1,2,4,5]. Annually flowering in the fall, stinkwort is erect growing up to 2.5 feet [1,2,3,4,5]. Sticky glandular hairs of the stinkwort give off strong aromatic odor that is easily recognizable [1,2,4]. Stinkwort has flowers that have short yellow rays on the outer edge and yellow to ~~reddish~~ disk flowers in the center [1,2,4] Stinkwort which is native to the Mediterranean is rapidly invading other areas. It has found its way many other areas including Central Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the United States [1].		''Dittrichia graveolens'' or stinkwort belongs to the Asteraceae family which consist of flowering plants [1]. Stinkwort is an invasive species that has found its way into many areas. It is also considered a noxious weed since it has the potential to harm horticultural crops, natural habitats, ecosytems, humans, and livestock [1,2,4,5]. Annually flowering in the fall, stinkwort is erect growing up to 2.5 feet [1,2,3,4,5]. Sticky glandular hairs of the stinkwort give off strong aromatic odor that is easily recognizable [1,2,4]. Stinkwort has flowers that have short yellow rays on the outer edge and yellow to red disk flowers in the center [1,2,4]. Stinkwort which is native to the Mediterranean is rapidly invading other areas. It has found its way into many other areas including Central Europe, Australia, South Africa, and the United States [1].

	[[File:stinkwort PM.png\|thumb\|\|left\| a. Stinkwort b. Zoomed in stinkwort c. Flower head d. Habitat along a road [3]]]		[[File:stinkwort PM.png\|thumb\|\|left\| a. Stinkwort b. Zoomed in stinkwort c. Flower head d. Habitat along a road [3]]]

	===Habitat===		===Habitat===
	Stinkwort can be found in a variety of places in its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is ~~it's~~ preferred area, but grows well ~~outside~~ of wetlands.		Stinkwort can be found in a variety of places located around its native area. It is known to be prevalent in riparian woodlands, margins of tidal marshes, [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]], and alluvial floodplains [1]. However, in areas where stinkwort is not native, it grows in disturbed areas such as overgrazed rangelands, roadsides, pastures, wastelands, vineyard edges, gravel mines, levees, washes, and mining sites [1,2]. Well-drained, sandy and gravelly soils are where Stinkwort thrives. Hot and dry climate is its preferred area, but grows well on the outskirts of wetlands.

	===Seed Dispersal===		===Seed Dispersal===
	There a few different ways in which stinkwort seeds ~~are~~ dispersed. The fine hairs of the seeds ~~allow~~ for wind dispersal [3]. It also ~~sticks~~ to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability~~. About~~ 90% of the seeds ~~are~~ capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].		There are few different ways in which stinkwort seeds can be dispersed. The fine hairs of the seeds allows for wind dispersal [3]. The fine hairs also stick to clothing, wool, hair, and machinery [3]. Stinkwort seeds have high viability with about 90% of the seeds being capable of germination at the time of dispersal [1].

	===Negative Impacts===		===Negative Impacts===
	Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to mortality in some cases [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but also humans. When stinkwort is flowered and handled by bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].		Stinkwort is not an edible species so it can cause problems within livestock. If consumed by livestock, stinkwort can poison them leading to mortality in some cases [1,4]. The fine hairs of the seed induce enterotoxaemia (pulpy kidney) or release fatal bacterium if the livestock have chosen to graze on it [4]. Not only does it cause problems in [[animals]], but also humans. When stinkwort is flowered and then handled by bare skin, it can cause severe dermatitis [4,5].

	===Control===		===Control===
	There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions mechanical practices can be used. This involves pulling, hoeing, and mowing [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control. ~~Mowing~~ should be done late in the season and multiple times [1]. The buds remaining may grow back ~~however~~ which is why this should be ~~conducted~~ more than once [1]. For larger areas herbicides can be used. ~~There is~~ either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds germinate [1].		There are several different ways in which stinkwort can be controlled. For smaller areas of invasions, mechanical practices can be used. This involves pulling, hoeing, and mowing [1,4]. When hand pulling and hoeing, gloves should be worn to avoid dermatitis. Mowing is only a partial control. It should be done late in the season and multiple times [1]. The buds remaining may grow back, which is why this should be repeated more than once [1]. For larger areas two different types of herbicides can be used. The two types being either post or preemergence herbicides. Postemergence herbicides are applied to young plants and target visibly infested areas [1]. Preemergence herbicides are used for larger areas before seeds are allowed to germinate [1].

	===References===		===References===