Springtail - Revision history

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2025-05-01T18:46:20Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:46, 1 May 2025
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	[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]		[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]

	They are one of the most abundant macroscopic [[animals]] in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].		They are one of the most abundant macroscopic [[animals]] in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the [[snow flea]] [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].

	Overall, springtails are very susceptible to desiccation due to the structure of their respiratory system, although sensitivity to drought varies from species to species [11].		Overall, springtails are very susceptible to desiccation due to the structure of their respiratory system, although sensitivity to drought varies from species to species [11].

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2021-04-29T17:05:47Z

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Nkstepha: /* Evolution */

2018-05-11T03:07:21Z

Evolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:07, 10 May 2018
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	== Evolution ==		== Evolution ==

	Springtails have been found as far back as the Early Devonian in the fossil record. The fossil of Rhyniella praecursor, the oldest terrestrial arthropod, was found in the Rhynie chert of Scotland and is over 400 million years old [14]. Fossil collembola are very rare, and most are preserved in amber. Even these are rare, and all but one of the fossils from the Cretaceous belongs to extinct genera [15].		Springtails have been found as far back as the Early Devonian in the fossil record. The fossil of Rhyniella praecursor, the oldest terrestrial arthropod, was found in the Rhynie chert of Scotland and is over 400 million years old [14]. Fossil [[collembola]] are very rare, and most are preserved in amber. Even these are rare, and all but one of the fossils from the Cretaceous belongs to extinct genera [15].

	[[File:Springtail2.jpg\|thumb\|[22]]]		[[File:Springtail2.jpg\|thumb\|[22]]]

Nkstepha: /* Description */

2018-05-11T03:05:45Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:05, 10 May 2018
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	[[File:Springtail.jpg\|thumb\|Springtail [20]]]		[[File:Springtail.jpg\|thumb\|Springtail [20]]]

	Springtails are members of the Collembola family and are relatively small (typically less than 6 millimeters in length), with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].		Springtails are members of the [[Collembola]] family and are relatively small (typically less than 6 millimeters in length), with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the [[collembola]] when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].

	Collembola that live in the upper soil layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the springtail into the air [4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].		[[Collembola]] that live in the upper soil layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the springtail into the air [4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].

	Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the [[organisms]] [5].		Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the [[organisms]] [5].

Nkstepha: /* Habitat & Distribution */

2018-05-11T03:04:00Z

Habitat & Distribution

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:04, 10 May 2018
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	Springtails are typically found in leaf litter and other decaying organic material [6]. They mainly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but can also consume bacteria, plant material and pollen, minerals, and animal remains [7].		Springtails are typically found in leaf litter and other decaying organic material [6]. They mainly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but can also consume bacteria, plant material and pollen, minerals, and animal remains [7].

	[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|~~frame~~\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]		[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]

	They are one of the most abundant macroscopic animals in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].		They are one of the most abundant macroscopic animals in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].

Nkstepha: /* Habitat & Distribution */

2018-05-11T03:03:19Z

Habitat & Distribution

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:03, 10 May 2018
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	Springtails are typically found in leaf litter and other decaying organic material [6]. They mainly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but can also consume bacteria, plant material and pollen, minerals, and animal remains [7].		Springtails are typically found in leaf litter and other decaying organic material [6]. They mainly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but can also consume bacteria, plant material and pollen, minerals, and animal remains [7].

	[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|~~thumb~~\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]		[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|frame\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]

	They are one of the most abundant macroscopic animals in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].		They are one of the most abundant macroscopic animals in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].

Nkstepha: /* Evolution */

2018-05-09T12:54:36Z

Evolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:54, 9 May 2018
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	Springtails have been found as far back as the Early Devonian in the fossil record. The fossil of Rhyniella praecursor, the oldest terrestrial arthropod, was found in the Rhynie chert of Scotland and is over 400 million years old [14]. Fossil collembola are very rare, and most are preserved in amber. Even these are rare, and all but one of the fossils from the Cretaceous belongs to extinct genera [15].		Springtails have been found as far back as the Early Devonian in the fossil record. The fossil of Rhyniella praecursor, the oldest terrestrial arthropod, was found in the Rhynie chert of Scotland and is over 400 million years old [14]. Fossil collembola are very rare, and most are preserved in amber. Even these are rare, and all but one of the fossils from the Cretaceous belongs to extinct genera [15].

	[[File:Springtail2.jpg\|thumb\|~~Reference~~ 22]]		[[File:Springtail2.jpg\|thumb\|[22]]]

	In total, there are around 3,600 different species of springtail [16].		In total, there are around 3,600 different species of springtail [16].

Nkstepha: /* Habitat & Distribution */

2018-05-09T12:54:18Z

Habitat & Distribution

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:54, 9 May 2018
Line 13:		Line 13:
	Springtails are typically found in leaf litter and other decaying organic material [6]. They mainly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but can also consume bacteria, plant material and pollen, minerals, and animal remains [7].		Springtails are typically found in leaf litter and other decaying organic material [6]. They mainly consume fungal hyphae and spores, but can also consume bacteria, plant material and pollen, minerals, and animal remains [7].

	[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Snow Flea~~, reference~~ 21]]		[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]

	They are one of the most abundant macroscopic animals in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].		They are one of the most abundant macroscopic animals in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].

Nkstepha: /* Description */

2018-05-09T12:54:01Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:54, 9 May 2018
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	== Description ==		== Description ==

	[[File:Springtail.jpg\|thumb\|Springtail~~, reference~~ 20]]		[[File:Springtail.jpg\|thumb\|Springtail [20]]]

	Springtails are members of the Collembola family and are relatively small (typically less than 6 millimeters in length), with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].		Springtails are members of the Collembola family and are relatively small (typically less than 6 millimeters in length), with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].

Nkstepha: /* References */

2018-05-09T12:45:31Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:45, 9 May 2018
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	19. Kim, Shin Woong & An, Youn-Joo (2014). "Jumping behavior of the springtail Folsomia candida as a novel soil quality indicator in metal-contaminated soils". Ecological Indicators. 38: 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.033.		19. Kim, Shin Woong & An, Youn-Joo (2014). "Jumping behavior of the springtail Folsomia candida as a novel soil quality indicator in metal-contaminated soils". Ecological Indicators. 38: 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.033.

			20. Springtail [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.planetorange.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/springtail-collembola-1.jpg

			21. Dove, P. L. (2017, February). Snow Flea [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.flickriver.com/photos/pldove/32945915875/

			22. Springtail on Spermatophore [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Springtail_spermatophore.jpg

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 29 April 2021
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	Springtails are members of the [[Collembola]] family and are relatively small (typically less than 6 millimeters in length), with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the [[collembola]] when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].		Springtails are members of the [[Collembola]] family and are relatively small (typically less than 6 millimeters in length), with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the [[collembola]] when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].

	[[Collembola]] that live in the upper soil layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the springtail into the air [4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].		[[Collembola]] that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the springtail into the air [4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].

	Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the [[organisms]] [5].		Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the [[organisms]] [5].
Line 15:		Line 15:
	[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]		[[File:Snowflea.jpg\|thumb\|left\|Snow Flea [21]]]

	They are one of the most abundant macroscopic animals in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].		They are one of the most abundant macroscopic [[animals]] in the world, with estimates of 100,000 individuals per square meter of ground where soil and [[moss]] occur [8]. The only other amimals with global populations of a similar size are thought to be [[nematodes]], crustaceans, and [[mites]]. Most springtails are difficult to see with the naked eye with few exceptions, including the snow flea [9]. Several species of springtail climb trees, and form a dominant component of canopy faunas. These species are typically smaller than soil populations of the same species by 1-2 orders of magnitude [10].

	Overall, springtails are very susceptible to desiccation due to the structure of their respiratory system, although sensitivity to drought varies from species to species [11].		Overall, springtails are very susceptible to desiccation due to the structure of their respiratory system, although sensitivity to drought varies from species to species [11].
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	== Evolution ==		== Evolution ==

	Springtails have been found as far back as the Early Devonian in the fossil record. The fossil of Rhyniella praecursor, the oldest terrestrial arthropod, was found in the Rhynie chert of Scotland and is over 400 million years old [14]. Fossil [[collembola]] are very rare, and most are preserved in amber. Even these are rare, and all but one of the fossils from the Cretaceous belongs to extinct genera [15].		Springtails have been found as far back as the Early Devonian in the fossil record. The fossil of Rhyniella praecursor, the oldest terrestrial [[arthropod]], was found in the Rhynie chert of Scotland and is over 400 million years old [14]. Fossil [[collembola]] are very rare, and most are preserved in amber. Even these are rare, and all but one of the fossils from the Cretaceous belongs to extinct genera [15].

	[[File:Springtail2.jpg\|thumb\|[22]]]		[[File:Springtail2.jpg\|thumb\|[22]]]
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	5. "The incredible shrinking springtail". Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.		5. "The incredible shrinking springtail". Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.

	6. Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997). "The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant insects in the world" (PDF). Natural History Museum.		6. Hopkin, Stephen P. (1997). "The biology of the Collembola (springtails): the most abundant [[insects]] in the world" (PDF). Natural History Museum.

	7. Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. & Snider, Renate M. (1996). "Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest" (PDF). Pedobiologia. 40 (2): 149–161.		7. Chen, Benrong; Snider, Richard J. & Snider, Renate M. (1996). "Food consumption by Collembola from northern Michigan deciduous forest" (PDF). Pedobiologia. 40 (2): 149–161.
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	8. Ponge, Jean-François; Arpin, Pierre; Sondag, Francis & Delecour, Ferdinand (1997). "Soil fauna and site assessment in beech stands of the Belgian Ardennes" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27 (12): 2053–2064. doi:10.1139/cjfr-27-12-2053.		8. Ponge, Jean-François; Arpin, Pierre; Sondag, Francis & Delecour, Ferdinand (1997). "Soil fauna and site assessment in beech stands of the Belgian Ardennes" (PDF). Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 27 (12): 2053–2064. doi:10.1139/cjfr-27-12-2053.

	9. Island Creek Elementary School. "Snow Flea. Hypogastrura nivicola". Study of Northern Virginia Ecology. Fairfax County Public Schools.		9. Island Creek Elementary School. "Snow Flea. Hypogastrura nivicola". Study of Northern Virginia [[Ecology]]. Fairfax County Public Schools.

	10. Shaw, Peter; Ozanne, Claire; Speight, Martin & Palmer, Imogen (2007). "Edge effects and arboreal Collembola in coniferous plantations" (PDF). Pedobiologia. 51 (4): 287–293. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.04.010.		10. Shaw, Peter; Ozanne, Claire; Speight, Martin & Palmer, Imogen (2007). "Edge effects and arboreal Collembola in coniferous plantations" (PDF). Pedobiologia. 51 (4): 287–293. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.04.010.

	11. Nickerl, Julia; Helbig, Ralf; Schulz, Hans-Jürgen; Werner, Carsten & Neinhuis, Christoph (2013). "Diversity and potential correlations to the function of Collembola cuticle structures" (PDF). Zoomorphology. 132 (2): 183–195. doi:10.1007/s00435-012-0181-0.		11. Nickerl, Julia; Helbig, Ralf; Schulz, Hans-Jürgen; Werner, Carsten & Neinhuis, Christoph (2013). "[[Diversity]] and potential correlations to the function of Collembola cuticle structures" (PDF). Zoomorphology. 132 (2): 183–195. doi:10.1007/s00435-012-0181-0.

	12.Loranger, Gladys; Bandyopadhyaya, Ipsa; Razaka, Barbara & Ponge, Jean-François (2001). "Does soil acidity explain altitudinal sequences in collembolan communities?" (PDF). Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 33 (3): 381–393. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00153-X.		12.Loranger, Gladys; Bandyopadhyaya, Ipsa; Razaka, Barbara & Ponge, Jean-François (2001). "Does soil acidity explain altitudinal sequences in collembolan communities?" (PDF). Soil Biology and Biochemistry. 33 (3): 381–393. doi:10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00153-X.
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	17. Fountain, Michelle T. & Hopkin, Steve P. (2001). "Continuous monitoring of Folsomia candida (Insecta: Collembola) in a metal exposure test" (PDF). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 48 (3): 275–286. doi:10.1006/eesa.2000.2007.		17. Fountain, Michelle T. & Hopkin, Steve P. (2001). "Continuous monitoring of Folsomia candida (Insecta: Collembola) in a metal exposure test" (PDF). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 48 (3): 275–286. doi:10.1006/eesa.2000.2007.

	18. Chauvat, Matthieu & Ponge, Jean-François (2002). "Colonization of heavy metal-polluted soils by collembola: preliminary experiments in compartmented boxes" (PDF). Applied Soil Ecology. 21 (2): 91–106. doi:10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00087-2.		18. Chauvat, Matthieu & Ponge, Jean-François (2002). "Colonization of heavy metal-polluted soils by collembola: preliminary experiments in compartmented boxes" (PDF). Applied [[Soil Ecology]]. 21 (2): 91–106. doi:10.1016/S0929-1393(02)00087-2.

	19. Kim, Shin Woong & An, Youn-Joo (2014). "Jumping behavior of the springtail Folsomia candida as a novel soil quality indicator in metal-contaminated soils". Ecological Indicators. 38: 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.033.		19. Kim, Shin Woong & An, Youn-Joo (2014). "Jumping behavior of the springtail Folsomia candida as a novel soil quality indicator in metal-contaminated soils". Ecological Indicators. 38: 67–71. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.10.033.
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	21. Dove, P. L. (2017, February). Snow Flea [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.flickriver.com/photos/pldove/32945915875/		21. Dove, P. L. (2017, February). Snow Flea [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.flickriver.com/photos/pldove/32945915875/

	22. Springtail on Spermatophore [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Springtail_spermatophore.jpg		22. Springtail on [[Spermatophore]] [Photograph]. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Springtail_spermatophore.jpg