Sphaeriidae - Revision history

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References

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	# Sphaeriidae. (n.d.). Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sphaeriidae		# Sphaeriidae. (n.d.). Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sphaeriidae
	# Club, O. F. (1982). The Canadian field-naturalist. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28008061#page/230/mode/1up		# Club, O. F. (1982). The Canadian field-naturalist. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28008061#page/230/mode/1up
			# Charles. (2017, February 1). Fingernail Clams, Sphaerium corneum. Goliad Farms. https://goliadfarms.com/fingernail-clams-sphaerium-corneum/

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References

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	# Fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae). (n.d.). Manaaki Whenua. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/tools-and-resources/identification/freshwater-invertebrates-guide/identification-guide-what-freshwater-invertebrate-is-this/no-jointed-legs/molluscs/bivalves/fingernail-clams-sphaeriidae/		# Fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae). (n.d.). Manaaki Whenua. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/tools-and-resources/identification/freshwater-invertebrates-guide/identification-guide-what-freshwater-invertebrate-is-this/no-jointed-legs/molluscs/bivalves/fingernail-clams-sphaeriidae/
	# Sphaeriidae. (n.d.). Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sphaeriidae		# Sphaeriidae. (n.d.). Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sphaeriidae
			# Club, O. F. (1982). The Canadian field-naturalist. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28008061#page/230/mode/1up

Linares4: /* Research */

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Research

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	== Research ==		== Research ==

	Since sphaeriids are hermaphrodites, they have an invasive dispersal pattern, as only one individual is theoretically needed to establish a population. Mechanisms for aiding in dispersal include juveniles clamping down on parts of another organism such as aquatic [[insects]], water fowl, and [[salamanders]][8]. They effectively use the other organism as transport to a new environment where they can detach.		Since sphaeriids are hermaphrodites, they have an invasive dispersal pattern, as only one individual is theoretically needed to establish a population. Mechanisms for aiding in dispersal include juveniles clamping down on parts of another organism, such as aquatic [[insects]], water fowl, and [[salamanders]][7]. They effectively use the other organism as transport to a new environment where they can detach.

	== References ==		== References ==

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References

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	# Identification and [[ecology]] of Australian freshwater [[invertebrates]]. (n.d.-b). https://www.mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/display.asp?class=22&subclass=&order=59&Couplet=0&Type=3		# Identification and [[ecology]] of Australian freshwater [[invertebrates]]. (n.d.-b). https://www.mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/display.asp?class=22&subclass=&order=59&Couplet=0&Type=3
	# Fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae). (n.d.). Manaaki Whenua. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/tools-and-resources/identification/freshwater-invertebrates-guide/identification-guide-what-freshwater-invertebrate-is-this/no-jointed-legs/molluscs/bivalves/fingernail-clams-sphaeriidae/		# Fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae). (n.d.). Manaaki Whenua. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/tools-and-resources/identification/freshwater-invertebrates-guide/identification-guide-what-freshwater-invertebrate-is-this/no-jointed-legs/molluscs/bivalves/fingernail-clams-sphaeriidae/
			# Sphaeriidae. (n.d.). Science Direct. https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/sphaeriidae

Linares4: /* Life History */

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Life History

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	== Life History ==		== Life History ==

	Shariid life history traits include their viviparous reproduction. This means they brood their young internally. The embryos develop within specialized chambers, supplied with maternal nutrients, and are released as fully formed miniature adults. Even though adult sphaeriids are the smallest of all North American freshwater bivalves, they release the largest young. The average birth shell length ranged from 0.6 to 4.15 mm. Seasonal water availability fluctuations and hypoxia associated with their habitats have also influenced the development of juveniles, as they are more susceptible to environmental stress. This can cause high adult mortality. They devote more energy to reproduction than other freshwater bivalves. The term “bet-hedging” has been used to describe the mixture of r- and K-selective traits allowing for increased fitness in environments with periodic, predictable stress [7].		Shariid life history traits include their viviparous reproduction. This means they brood their young internally. The embryos develop within specialized chambers, supplied with maternal nutrients, and are released as fully formed miniature adults. Even though adult sphaeriids are the smallest of all North American freshwater bivalves, they release the largest young. The average birth shell length ranged from 0.6 to 4.15 mm. Seasonal water availability fluctuations and hypoxia associated with their habitats have also influenced the development of juveniles, as they are more susceptible to environmental stress. This can cause high adult mortality. They devote more energy to reproduction than other freshwater bivalves. The term “bet-hedging” has been used to describe the mixture of r- and K-selective traits allowing for increased fitness in environments with periodic, predictable stress [6].

	[[File:Clam_on_a_blue_spotted_salamander.PNG\|200px\|thumb\|right\|A Pea Clam, ''Pisidium adamsi'', attached to the hindfoot of a [[Blue-spotted salamander]], ''Ambystoma laterale'' (Photo by [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28008062 R.E. Merrick]).]]		[[File:Clam_on_a_blue_spotted_salamander.PNG\|200px\|thumb\|right\|A Pea Clam, ''Pisidium adamsi'', attached to the hindfoot of a [[Blue-spotted salamander]], ''Ambystoma laterale'' (Photo by [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28008062 R.E. Merrick]).]]

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References

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	# European [[Fingernail Clam\|fingernail clam]] (Sphaerium corneum) - Species Profile. (n.d.). USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=131		# European [[Fingernail Clam\|fingernail clam]] (Sphaerium corneum) - Species Profile. (n.d.). USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=131
	# Identification and [[ecology]] of Australian freshwater [[invertebrates]]. (n.d.-b). https://www.mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/display.asp?class=22&subclass=&order=59&Couplet=0&Type=3		# Identification and [[ecology]] of Australian freshwater [[invertebrates]]. (n.d.-b). https://www.mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/display.asp?class=22&subclass=&order=59&Couplet=0&Type=3
			# Fingernail clams (Sphaeriidae). (n.d.). Manaaki Whenua. https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/tools-and-resources/identification/freshwater-invertebrates-guide/identification-guide-what-freshwater-invertebrate-is-this/no-jointed-legs/molluscs/bivalves/fingernail-clams-sphaeriidae/

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References

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	# Frankiewicz, A. (2018). Guideline for field collecting and preserving Sphaeriidae clams, for DNA and Taxonomic research. https://www.greatlakeswetlands.org/docs/QAPPs_SOPs/SOP%20for%20collecting%20fingernail%20clams.pdf		# Frankiewicz, A. (2018). Guideline for field collecting and preserving Sphaeriidae clams, for DNA and Taxonomic research. https://www.greatlakeswetlands.org/docs/QAPPs_SOPs/SOP%20for%20collecting%20fingernail%20clams.pdf
	# European [[Fingernail Clam\|fingernail clam]] (Sphaerium corneum) - Species Profile. (n.d.). USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=131		# European [[Fingernail Clam\|fingernail clam]] (Sphaerium corneum) - Species Profile. (n.d.). USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=131
			# Identification and [[ecology]] of Australian freshwater [[invertebrates]]. (n.d.-b). https://www.mdfrc.org.au/bugguide/display.asp?class=22&subclass=&order=59&Couplet=0&Type=3

Linares4: /* Habitat and Range */

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Habitat and Range

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	== Habitat and Range ==		== Habitat and Range ==

	Native in Eurasia [4]. In North America, native species of sphaeriids have a broad distribution, often ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. They can be found in aquatic habitats, from large lakes and rivers to springs, bogs, and [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]]. But unlike mussels, Sphaeriidae will not burrow very deep into the sediment (<3mm). They usually occur in large numbers [5]. They are most common in the sandy or muddy sediments of lakes, slow-flowing streams, seepage, and swamp habitats [6].		Native in Eurasia [3]. In North America, native species of sphaeriids have a broad distribution, often ranging from the Atlantic to the Pacific coast. They can be found in aquatic habitats, from large lakes and rivers to springs, bogs, and [[Vernal Pools\|vernal pools]]. But unlike mussels, Sphaeriidae will not burrow very deep into the sediment (<3mm). They usually occur in large numbers [4]. They are most common in the sandy or muddy sediments of lakes, slow-flowing streams, seepage, and swamp habitats [5].

	== Life History ==		== Life History ==

Linares4: /* Identification */

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Identification

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	== Identification ==		== Identification ==

	Shells are usually rounded or oval, but some species have more of a trigonal or tetragonal shape. The colors range from pale yellow or white to chestnut or dark brown [2]. The size can range from <3mm in the smallest species (pisidium punctatum) to approximately 25mm for the largest (spharium simile) [2]. They can be easily missed in the field stream studies because of their small size. Juvenile shells are more yellow. Sphaeriidaes can live up to 3 years and mature at 4mm [4].		Shells are usually rounded or oval, but some species have more of a trigonal or tetragonal shape. The colors range from pale yellow or white to chestnut or dark brown [2]. The size can range from <3mm in the smallest species (pisidium punctatum) to approximately 25mm for the largest (spharium simile) [2]. They can be easily missed in the field stream studies because of their small size. Juvenile shells are more yellow. Sphaeriidaes can live up to 3 years and mature at 4mm [3].

	== Habitat and Range ==		== Habitat and Range ==

Linares4: /* References */

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References

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:02, 1 May 2025
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	# Frankiewicz, A. (2018). Guideline for field collecting and preserving Sphaeriidae clams, for DNA and Taxonomic research. https://www.greatlakeswetlands.org/docs/QAPPs_SOPs/SOP%20for%20collecting%20fingernail%20clams.pdf		# Frankiewicz, A. (2018). Guideline for field collecting and preserving Sphaeriidae clams, for DNA and Taxonomic research. https://www.greatlakeswetlands.org/docs/QAPPs_SOPs/SOP%20for%20collecting%20fingernail%20clams.pdf
	# European [[Fingernail Clam\|fingernail clam]] (Sphaerium corneum) - Species Profile. (n.d.). USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=131		# European [[Fingernail Clam\|fingernail clam]] (Sphaerium corneum) - Species Profile. (n.d.). USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=131
	# European [[Fingernail Clam\|fingernail clam]] (Sphaerium corneum) - Species Profile. (n.d.-b). USGS Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database. https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?speciesID=131