Soldier Beetles - Revision history

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2025-05-02T19:18:30Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:18, 2 May 2025
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	! Kingdom !! Phylum !! Subphylum !! Class !! Order !! Suborder !! Family		! Kingdom !! Phylum !! Subphylum !! Class !! Order !! Suborder !! Family
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	\| Animalia \|\| Arthropoda \|\| Hexapoda \|\| Insecta \|\| Coleoptera \|\| Polyphaga \|\| Cantharidae		\| Animalia \|\| [[Arthropoda]] \|\| Hexapoda \|\| Insecta \|\| Coleoptera \|\| Polyphaga \|\| Cantharidae
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Almonaco at 19:41, 30 April 2025

2025-04-30T19:41:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:41, 30 April 2025
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	===Cantharis===		===Cantharis===

	[[File:beetle3.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Rustic Soldier Beetle (''Cantharis rustica'') On a Plant in France (Photographed by dromensis, 2025)]]		[[File:beetle3.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Rustic Soldier Beetle (''Cantharis rustica'') On a Plant in France (Photographed by dromensis, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]

	''Cantharis'' species are usually grayish-brown with a red or orange head and prothorax <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Beetles in this genus are commonly found in grasslands and forb fields <ref name="pelletier">Pelletier G. & Hebert, C. (2014). The Cantharidae of Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of [[Arthropod]] Identification. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.25.</ref>. ''Cantharis'' species are some of the largest soldier beetles, and adults can be between 9 to 13 millimeters long. These beetles have a red pronotum (back of head) with a black marking in the center. The top of these beetles' heads, as well as their wing covers, are black <ref name= "wildlife">The Wildlife Trusts. (2025). Soldier beetle. The Wildlife Trusts. https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/beetles/soldier-beetle.</ref>.		''Cantharis'' species are usually grayish-brown with a red or orange head and prothorax <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Beetles in this genus are commonly found in grasslands and forb fields <ref name="pelletier">Pelletier G. & Hebert, C. (2014). The Cantharidae of Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of [[Arthropod]] Identification. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.25.</ref>. ''Cantharis'' species are some of the largest soldier beetles, and adults can be between 9 to 13 millimeters long. These beetles have a red pronotum (back of head) with a black marking in the center. The top of these beetles' heads, as well as their wing covers, are black <ref name= "wildlife">The Wildlife Trusts. (2025). Soldier beetle. The Wildlife Trusts. https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/beetles/soldier-beetle.</ref>.
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	===Chauliognathus===		===Chauliognathus===

	[[File:beetle4.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Plague Soldier Beetle (''Chauliognathus lugubris'') On a Plant in Australia (Photographed by zichen1, 2025)]]		[[File:beetle4.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Plague Soldier Beetle (''Chauliognathus lugubris'') On a Plant in Australia (Photographed by zichen1, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]

	Most ''Chauliognathus'' species are found in the western United States, Australia, and South America, excepting two species in the state of Virginia. Adults in this genus are also some of the largest soldier beetles at 8 to 15 millimeters long. They are yellow to orange, with black coloration on their forewings and prothorax <ref name="catron">Catron, K.A.. (2021). Biology of Chauliognathus spp. (Hentz) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in Virginia agroecosystems. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f6f5fd1b-f813-4947-a14a-1b06d989fc18/content.</ref>. Like ''Cantharis'', ''Chauliognathus'' species are also commonly found in grasslands and forb fields <ref name="pelletier">Pelletier G. & Hebert, C. (2014). The Cantharidae of Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of [[Arthropod]] Identification. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.25.</ref>.		Most ''Chauliognathus'' species are found in the western United States, Australia, and South America, excepting two species in the state of Virginia. Adults in this genus are also some of the largest soldier beetles at 8 to 15 millimeters long. They are yellow to orange, with black coloration on their forewings and prothorax <ref name="catron">Catron, K.A.. (2021). Biology of Chauliognathus spp. (Hentz) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in Virginia agroecosystems. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f6f5fd1b-f813-4947-a14a-1b06d989fc18/content.</ref>. Like ''Cantharis'', ''Chauliognathus'' species are also commonly found in grasslands and forb fields <ref name="pelletier">Pelletier G. & Hebert, C. (2014). The Cantharidae of Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of [[Arthropod]] Identification. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.25.</ref>.
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	===Podabrus===		===Podabrus===

	[[File:beetle6.jpeg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Wrinkled Soldier Beetle (''Podabrus rugosulus'') On a Plant in South Carolina, USA (Photographed by xx7trey, 2024)]]		[[File:beetle6.jpeg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Wrinkled Soldier Beetle (''Podabrus rugosulus'') On a Plant in South Carolina, USA (Photographed by xx7trey, 2024) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]

	Species in the ''Podabrus'' genus tend to feed on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="podabrus">Montana State University. (2022). Podabrus sp. Montana State University. https://www.montana.edu/yellowstoneinsects/coleoptera/cantharidae/podabrus_sp.html#:~:text=Podabrus%20is%20a%20genus%20in,exclusively%20near%20bodies%20of%20water.</ref>. The larve of ''Podabrus'' genus are thought to reside in organic debris and the upper layers of soil <ref name="crowley">Crowley, L., Chua, P., & Kusy, D.. (2023). The genome sequence of a soldier beetle, Podabrus alpinus (Paykull, 1798). PubMed Central. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18890.1.</ref>. ''Podabrus'' adults typically range from 7 to 9 millimeters long. They tend to have leathery, flexible wing covers and are usually brownish-black with yellow to red sides and yellow faces <ref name="minnesota">MinnesotaSeasons.com. (2025). Wrinkled Soldier Beetle. MinnesotaSeasons.com. http://www.minnesotaseasons.com/Insects/wrinkled_soldier_beetle.html#:~:text=Podabrus%20rugosulus%20is%20a%20small,and%20rounded%20at%20the%20tip.</ref>.		Species in the ''Podabrus'' genus tend to feed on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="podabrus">Montana State University. (2022). Podabrus sp. Montana State University. https://www.montana.edu/yellowstoneinsects/coleoptera/cantharidae/podabrus_sp.html#:~:text=Podabrus%20is%20a%20genus%20in,exclusively%20near%20bodies%20of%20water.</ref>. The larve of ''Podabrus'' genus are thought to reside in organic debris and the upper layers of soil <ref name="crowley">Crowley, L., Chua, P., & Kusy, D.. (2023). The genome sequence of a soldier beetle, Podabrus alpinus (Paykull, 1798). PubMed Central. https://doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.18890.1.</ref>. ''Podabrus'' adults typically range from 7 to 9 millimeters long. They tend to have leathery, flexible wing covers and are usually brownish-black with yellow to red sides and yellow faces <ref name="minnesota">MinnesotaSeasons.com. (2025). Wrinkled Soldier Beetle. MinnesotaSeasons.com. http://www.minnesotaseasons.com/Insects/wrinkled_soldier_beetle.html#:~:text=Podabrus%20rugosulus%20is%20a%20small,and%20rounded%20at%20the%20tip.</ref>.

Almonaco: /* Description & Overview */

2025-04-30T19:38:58Z

Description & Overview

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:38, 30 April 2025
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	!colspan="7"\|[[File:beetle2.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Soldier Beetle (''Dysmorphocerus dilaticornis'') on a Plant in Chile (Photographed by Claudio Maureira, 2019) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]		!colspan="7"\|[[File:beetle2.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Soldier Beetle (''Dysmorphocerus dilaticornis'') on a Plant in Chile (Photographed by Claudio Maureira, 2019) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]
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	! Kingdom !! Phylum !! Subphylum!! Class !! Order !! Suborder !! Family		! Kingdom !! Phylum !! Subphylum !! Class !! Order !! Suborder !! Family
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	\| Animalia \|\| Arthropoda \|\| Hexapoda \|\| Insecta \|\| Coleoptera \|\| Polyphaga \|\| Cantharidae		\| Animalia \|\| Arthropoda \|\| Hexapoda \|\| Insecta \|\| Coleoptera \|\| Polyphaga \|\| Cantharidae

Almonaco: /* Chauliognathus */

2025-04-29T19:50:39Z

Chauliognathus

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:50, 29 April 2025
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	[[File:beetle4.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Plague Soldier Beetle (''Chauliognathus lugubris'') On a Plant in Australia (Photographed by zichen1, 2025)]]		[[File:beetle4.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Plague Soldier Beetle (''Chauliognathus lugubris'') On a Plant in Australia (Photographed by zichen1, 2025)]]

	Most ''Chauliognathus'' species are found in the western United States, Australia, and South America, excepting two species in the state of Virginia. Adults in this genus are 8 to 15 millimeters long~~, and they~~ are yellow to orange with black coloration on their forewings and prothorax <ref name="catron">Catron, K.A.. (2021). Biology of Chauliognathus spp. (Hentz) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in Virginia agroecosystems. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f6f5fd1b-f813-4947-a14a-1b06d989fc18/content.</ref>. Like ''Cantharis'', ''Chauliognathus'' species are also commonly found in grasslands and forb fields <ref name="pelletier">Pelletier G. & Hebert, C. (2014). The Cantharidae of Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of [[Arthropod]] Identification. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.25.</ref>.		Most ''Chauliognathus'' species are found in the western United States, Australia, and South America, excepting two species in the state of Virginia. Adults in this genus are also some of the largest soldier beetles at 8 to 15 millimeters long. They are yellow to orange, with black coloration on their forewings and prothorax <ref name="catron">Catron, K.A.. (2021). Biology of Chauliognathus spp. (Hentz) (Coleoptera: Cantharidae) in Virginia agroecosystems. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. https://vtechworks.lib.vt.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/f6f5fd1b-f813-4947-a14a-1b06d989fc18/content.</ref>. Like ''Cantharis'', ''Chauliognathus'' species are also commonly found in grasslands and forb fields <ref name="pelletier">Pelletier G. & Hebert, C. (2014). The Cantharidae of Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of [[Arthropod]] Identification. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.25.</ref>.

	===Podabrus===		===Podabrus===

Almonaco: /* Cantharis */

2025-04-29T19:49:38Z

Cantharis

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:49, 29 April 2025
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	[[File:beetle3.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Rustic Soldier Beetle (''Cantharis rustica'') On a Plant in France (Photographed by dromensis, 2025)]]		[[File:beetle3.jpg\|501px\|thumb\|center\|Rustic Soldier Beetle (''Cantharis rustica'') On a Plant in France (Photographed by dromensis, 2025)]]

	''Cantharis'' species are usually ~~gray~~-brown with a red or orange head and prothorax <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Beetles in this genus are commonly found in grasslands and forb fields <ref name="pelletier">Pelletier G. & Hebert, C. (2014). The Cantharidae of Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of [[Arthropod]] Identification. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.25.</ref>. ''Cantharis'' species are some of the largest soldier beetles, and adults can be between 9 to 13 millimeters long. These beetles have a red pronotum (back of head) with a black marking in the center. The top of these beetles' heads, as well as their wing covers, are black <ref name= "wildlife">The Wildlife Trusts. (2025). Soldier beetle. The Wildlife Trusts. https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/beetles/soldier-beetle.</ref>.		''Cantharis'' species are usually grayish-brown with a red or orange head and prothorax <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Beetles in this genus are commonly found in grasslands and forb fields <ref name="pelletier">Pelletier G. & Hebert, C. (2014). The Cantharidae of Eastern Canada and Northeastern United States. Canadian Journal of [[Arthropod]] Identification. https://doi.org/10.3752/cjai.2014.25.</ref>. ''Cantharis'' species are some of the largest soldier beetles, and adults can be between 9 to 13 millimeters long. These beetles have a red pronotum (back of head) with a black marking in the center. The top of these beetles' heads, as well as their wing covers, are black <ref name= "wildlife">The Wildlife Trusts. (2025). Soldier beetle. The Wildlife Trusts. https://www.wildlifetrusts.org/wildlife-explorer/invertebrates/beetles/soldier-beetle.</ref>.

	===Chauliognathus===		===Chauliognathus===

Almonaco: /* Ecology & Evolution */

2025-04-29T19:47:55Z

Ecology & Evolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 29 April 2025
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	From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.		From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.

	~~Soldier~~ beetles have been significant in evolutionary studies. Currently, 25 species in 16 genera of soldier beetles have been discovered in fossiliferous amber resin. The oldest soldier beetle fossil discovered comes from Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber <ref name="esa">Entomology Today. New Soldier Beetle Species Found in 99-million-year-old Amber. Entomological Society of America. https://entomologytoday.org/2016/10/14/new-soldier-beetle-species-found-in-99-million-year-old-amber/.</ref>.		Along with their important ecological role, soldier beetles have been significant in evolutionary studies. Currently, 25 species in 16 genera of soldier beetles have been discovered in fossiliferous amber resin. The oldest soldier beetle fossil discovered comes from Early Cretaceous Lebanese amber <ref name="esa">Entomology Today. New Soldier Beetle Species Found in 99-million-year-old Amber. Entomological Society of America. https://entomologytoday.org/2016/10/14/new-soldier-beetle-species-found-in-99-million-year-old-amber/.</ref>.

	Based on molecular dating, the Cantharidae family is thought to have originated 156.3 million years ago <ref name= "motyka">Motyka, M., Kusy, D., Biffi, G., Geiser, M., Kazantsev, S.V., Bilkova, R., Jahodarova, E., Vogler, A.P., Bocak, L.. (2023). Untangling the evolution of soldier beetles ([[Coleoptera]]: Cantharidae) and the evaluation of the morphological phylogenetic signal in a soft-bodied elateroid lineage. Cladistics. 39: 548-570. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12555.</ref>.		Based on molecular dating, the Cantharidae family is thought to have originated 156.3 million years ago <ref name= "motyka">Motyka, M., Kusy, D., Biffi, G., Geiser, M., Kazantsev, S.V., Bilkova, R., Jahodarova, E., Vogler, A.P., Bocak, L.. (2023). Untangling the evolution of soldier beetles ([[Coleoptera]]: Cantharidae) and the evaluation of the morphological phylogenetic signal in a soft-bodied elateroid lineage. Cladistics. 39: 548-570. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12555.</ref>.

Almonaco: /* Ecology & Evolution */

2025-04-29T19:47:06Z

Ecology & Evolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:47, 29 April 2025
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	== Ecology & Evolution ==		== Ecology & Evolution ==

	Soldier beetles have four life stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. Eggs are laid from late August to early September. Larvae are assumed to predate on small [[invertebrates]] within the [[soil]]. After winter, larvae are found moving through leaf litter, plant debris, and other areas of high humidity. Pupae form in early summer, and adults emerge starting in late July <ref name= "hahn">Hahn, Jeffrey. (2023). Soldier beetles. University of Minnesota Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/soldier-beetles#:~:text=Soldier%20beetles%20are%20beneficial%20insects&text=Because%20of%20their%20frequent%20contact,go%20away%20on%20their%20own.</ref>. One notable adaption of soldier beetles is that select ones ~~are able to~~ produce compounds ~~which~~ help stave off predators, like spiders <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>.		Soldier beetles have four life stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. Eggs are laid from late August to early September. Larvae are assumed to predate on small [[invertebrates]] within the [[soil]]. After winter, larvae are found moving through leaf litter, plant debris, and other areas of high humidity. Pupae form in early summer, and adults emerge starting in late July <ref name= "hahn">Hahn, Jeffrey. (2023). Soldier beetles. University of Minnesota Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/soldier-beetles#:~:text=Soldier%20beetles%20are%20beneficial%20insects&text=Because%20of%20their%20frequent%20contact,go%20away%20on%20their%20own.</ref>. One notable adaption of soldier beetles is that select ones can produce compounds to help stave off predators, like spiders <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>.

	From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.		From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.

Almonaco: /* Ecology & Evolution */

2025-04-17T15:07:05Z

Ecology & Evolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:07, 17 April 2025
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	== Ecology & Evolution ==		== Ecology & Evolution ==

	Soldier beetles have four life stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. Eggs are laid from late August to early September. Larvae are assumed to predate on small [[invertebrates]] within the [[soil]]. After winter, ~~beetles emerge and~~ are found moving through leaf litter, plant debris, and other areas of high humidity <ref name= "hahn">Hahn, Jeffrey. (2023). Soldier beetles. University of Minnesota Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/soldier-beetles#:~:text=Soldier%20beetles%20are%20beneficial%20insects&text=Because%20of%20their%20frequent%20contact,go%20away%20on%20their%20own.</ref>. One notable adaption of soldier beetles is that select ones are able to produce compounds which help stave off predators, like spiders <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>.		Soldier beetles have four life stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. Eggs are laid from late August to early September. Larvae are assumed to predate on small [[invertebrates]] within the [[soil]]. After winter, larvae are found moving through leaf litter, plant debris, and other areas of high humidity. Pupae form in early summer, and adults emerge starting in late July <ref name= "hahn">Hahn, Jeffrey. (2023). Soldier beetles. University of Minnesota Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/soldier-beetles#:~:text=Soldier%20beetles%20are%20beneficial%20insects&text=Because%20of%20their%20frequent%20contact,go%20away%20on%20their%20own.</ref>. One notable adaption of soldier beetles is that select ones are able to produce compounds which help stave off predators, like spiders <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>.

	From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.		From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.

Almonaco: /* Ecology & Evolution */

2025-04-17T15:05:00Z

Ecology & Evolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:05, 17 April 2025
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	== Ecology & Evolution ==		== Ecology & Evolution ==

	Soldier beetles have four life stages: Egg, ~~Larvae~~, Pupa, and Adult. Eggs are laid from late August to early September. Larvae are assumed to predate on small [[invertebrates]] within the [[soil]]. After winter, beetles emerge and are found moving through leaf litter, plant debris, and other areas of high humidity <ref name= "hahn">Hahn, Jeffrey. (2023). Soldier beetles. University of Minnesota Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/soldier-beetles#:~:text=Soldier%20beetles%20are%20beneficial%20insects&text=Because%20of%20their%20frequent%20contact,go%20away%20on%20their%20own.</ref>. One notable adaption of soldier beetles is that select ones are able to produce compounds which help stave off predators, like spiders <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>.		Soldier beetles have four life stages: Egg, Larva, Pupa, and Adult. Eggs are laid from late August to early September. Larvae are assumed to predate on small [[invertebrates]] within the [[soil]]. After winter, beetles emerge and are found moving through leaf litter, plant debris, and other areas of high humidity <ref name= "hahn">Hahn, Jeffrey. (2023). Soldier beetles. University of Minnesota Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/soldier-beetles#:~:text=Soldier%20beetles%20are%20beneficial%20insects&text=Because%20of%20their%20frequent%20contact,go%20away%20on%20their%20own.</ref>. One notable adaption of soldier beetles is that select ones are able to produce compounds which help stave off predators, like spiders <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>.

	From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.		From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.

Almonaco: /* Ecology & Evolution */

2025-04-17T15:04:46Z

Ecology & Evolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:04, 17 April 2025
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	== Ecology & Evolution ==		== Ecology & Evolution ==

	Soldier ~~beetle eggs~~ are laid from late August to early September. Larvae are assumed to predate on small [[invertebrates]] within the [[soil]]. After winter, beetles emerge and are found moving through leaf litter, plant debris, and other areas of high humidity <ref name= "hahn">Hahn, Jeffrey. (2023). Soldier beetles. University of Minnesota Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/soldier-beetles#:~:text=Soldier%20beetles%20are%20beneficial%20insects&text=Because%20of%20their%20frequent%20contact,go%20away%20on%20their%20own.</ref>. One notable adaption of soldier beetles is that select ones are able to produce compounds which help stave off predators, like spiders <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>.		Soldier beetles have four life stages: Egg, Larvae, Pupa, and Adult. Eggs are laid from late August to early September. Larvae are assumed to predate on small [[invertebrates]] within the [[soil]]. After winter, beetles emerge and are found moving through leaf litter, plant debris, and other areas of high humidity <ref name= "hahn">Hahn, Jeffrey. (2023). Soldier beetles. University of Minnesota Extension. https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/soldier-beetles#:~:text=Soldier%20beetles%20are%20beneficial%20insects&text=Because%20of%20their%20frequent%20contact,go%20away%20on%20their%20own.</ref>. One notable adaption of soldier beetles is that select ones are able to produce compounds which help stave off predators, like spiders <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>.

	From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.		From midsummer to early fall, soldier beetles tend to pollinate yellow flowers of the family Asteraceae (such as dandelions and goldenrods). Some adult soldier beetles feed on nectar and pollen <ref name= "colorado">Colorado State University. (2017). Soldier Beetle. Western Colorado [[Insects]]. https://wci.extension.colostate.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2017/03/SoldierBeetles.pdf.</ref>. Other adults may prey on aphids and soft-bodied insects <ref name="ucipm">UCIPM. (2025). Soldier Beetles. UCIPM. https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/soldier-beetles/#gsc.tab=0.</ref>.