Soil processes - Revision history

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2023-05-10T18:09:17Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 10 May 2023
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	'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] breakdown.		'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] breakdown.

	''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].		''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by [[decomposers]] such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].

	''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles that provide mineral content to the soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either creates or destroys minerals thus altering the soil's mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).		''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles that provide mineral content to the soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either creates or destroys minerals thus altering the soil's mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2022-05-06T18:04:28Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 6 May 2022
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	Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].		Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].

	'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.		'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] breakdown.

	''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].		''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].

Eralvut at 21:52, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T21:52:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:52, 11 March 2022
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	=='''Types of Soil Processes''' ==		=='''Types of Soil Processes''' ==

	=='''1: Additions:'''== Adding material to the soil helps build [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]]. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2].		'''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]]. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2].

	='''2: Translocations:'''= Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.		'''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.

	''Pedoturbation'' is the term for the mixing of soils.		''Pedoturbation'' is the term for the mixing of soils.
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	Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].		Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].

	='''3: Transformations:'''= Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.		'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.

	''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].		''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].
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	''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles that provide mineral content to the soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either creates or destroys minerals thus altering the soil's mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).		''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles that provide mineral content to the soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either creates or destroys minerals thus altering the soil's mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).

	='''4: Losses:'''= This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].		'''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].

	=='''References'''==		=='''References'''==

Eralvut at 21:52, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T21:52:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:52, 11 March 2022
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	=='''Types of Soil Processes''' ==		=='''Types of Soil Processes''' ==

	==='''1: Additions:'''=== Adding material to the soil helps build [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]]. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2].		=='''1: Additions:'''== Adding material to the soil helps build [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]]. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2].

	='''2: Translocations:'''= Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.		='''2: Translocations:'''= Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.

Eralvut at 21:51, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T21:51:54Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:51, 11 March 2022
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	=='''Types of Soil Processes''' ==		=='''Types of Soil Processes''' ==

	='''1: Additions:'''= Adding material to the soil helps build [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]]. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2].		==='''1: Additions:'''=== Adding material to the soil helps build [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]]. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2].

	='''2: Translocations:'''= Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.		='''2: Translocations:'''= Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.

Eralvut at 21:51, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T21:51:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:51, 11 March 2022
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	=='''Types of Soil Processes''' ==		=='''Types of Soil Processes''' ==

	'''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]]. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2].		='''1: Additions:'''= Adding material to the soil helps build [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]]. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2].

	'''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.		='''2: Translocations:'''= Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.

	''Pedoturbation'' is the term for the mixing of soils.		''Pedoturbation'' is the term for the mixing of soils.
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	Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].		Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].

	'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.		='''3: Transformations:'''= Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.

	''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].		''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].
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	''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles that provide mineral content to the soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either creates or destroys minerals thus altering the soil's mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).		''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles that provide mineral content to the soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either creates or destroys minerals thus altering the soil's mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).

	'''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].		='''4: Losses:'''= This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].

	=='''References'''==		=='''References'''==

Eralvut at 21:50, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T21:50:14Z

Eralvut at 21:45, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T21:45:42Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:45, 11 March 2022
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	'''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.		'''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.

	''Pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils.		''Pedoturbation'' is the term for mixing of soils.

	Fauna translocators examples: [[earthworm]]s, ants, [[moles]], rodents.		Fauna translocators examples: [[earthworm]]s, ants, [[moles]], rodents.

Eralvut at 21:44, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T21:44:18Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:44, 11 March 2022
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	''Pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils.		''Pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils.

	Fauna translocators examples: [[earthworm]]s, [[ants]], [[moles]], rodents.		Fauna translocators examples: [[earthworm]]s, ants, [[moles]], rodents.

	Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]] to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually, this blown-down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2].		Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]] to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually, this blown-down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2].
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	'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.		'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.

	''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as [[bacteria]] and [[fungi]]. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which ~~affects~~ the amount of pore space. ~~Hunus~~ also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].		''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].

	''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. ~~hydrolysis~~ is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).		''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).

	'''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].		'''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].

Eralvut at 21:42, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T21:42:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:42, 11 March 2022
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	''Pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils.		''Pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils.

	Fauna translocators examples: [[earthworm]]s, ants, [[moles]], rodents.		Fauna translocators examples: [[earthworm]]s, [[ants]], [[moles]], rodents.

	Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]] to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually, this blown-down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2].		Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]] to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually, this blown-down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2].
Line 21:		Line 21:
	'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.		'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.

	''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].		''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as [[bacteria]] and [[fungi]]. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].

	''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).		''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:50, 11 March 2022
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	=='''Soil Processes'''==		=='''Soil Processes'''==
	[[File:Nrcs.jpg\|400px\|right\|thumb\|Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]]]		[[File:Nrcs.jpg\|400px\|right\|thumb\|Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]]]
	[[Soil]] processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component of soil processes is the formation of soil. The climate, topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and time. This is described within the [[Jenny Equation]]. Based ~~off~~ the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy[6].		[[Soil]] processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component of soil processes is the formation of soil. The climate, topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and time. This is described within the [[Jenny Equation]]. Based on the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy[6].

	[[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg\|right]]		[[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg\|right]]
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	'''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.		'''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. This is primarily water-driven, however, on a small scale fauna can have great influence.

	''Pedoturbation'' is the term for mixing of soils.		''Pedoturbation'' is the term for the mixing of soils.

	Fauna translocators examples: [[earthworm]]s, ants, [[moles]], rodents.		Fauna translocators examples: [[earthworm]]s, ants, [[moles]], rodents.

	Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]] to the surface and ~~provide~~ opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually, this blown-down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2].		Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new [[Soil Horizons\|soil horizons]] to the surface and provides an opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually, this blown-down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2].

	Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].		Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].
Line 21:		Line 21:
	'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.		'''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.

	''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].		''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to [[humus]] by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel-like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affect the amount of pore space. Humus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral [[soil pH]] that is suitable for most [[microorganisms]] [4].

	''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles ~~which~~ provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either ~~create~~ or ~~destroy~~ minerals thus altering the ~~soils~~ mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).		''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles that provide mineral content to the soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either creates or destroys minerals thus altering the soil's mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as orange/red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. Hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development).

	'''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].		'''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].