Soil organisms - Revision history

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	===Naked Amoebae===		===Naked Amoebae===
	[[Naked amoebae]] are phagotrophic, meaning they engulf their prey (Figure 2) including bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organic particulates [1].		[[Naked amoebae]] are phagotrophic, meaning they engulf their prey (Figure 2) including bacteria, fungi, [[algae]], and other organic particulates [1].

	===Testacea===		===Testacea===
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	Arthropods, like all ecysozoans, are organisms with a hard exoskeleton and encompass [[isopods]], myriapods, [[springtail\|collembola]], and [[mites]]. Isopods are wide, flat organisms with segmented bodies that feeds on roots, leaves, and detritus. They have jointed appendages and a mandible built to cut leaves for consumption. Due to their susceptibility to desiccation, many have adapted by developing the capability to purify their own urine to reabsorb it [1]. They may also roll into a ball if threatened, which allows them to capitalize on their hard exterior, giving them their more common name, "rolly pollies" or "pill bugs." (Figure 6) [[File:Isopods.png\|150px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 6 [1] - isopods - adapted from Figure 4.40]]		Arthropods, like all ecysozoans, are organisms with a hard exoskeleton and encompass [[isopods]], myriapods, [[springtail\|collembola]], and [[mites]]. Isopods are wide, flat organisms with segmented bodies that feeds on roots, leaves, and detritus. They have jointed appendages and a mandible built to cut leaves for consumption. Due to their susceptibility to desiccation, many have adapted by developing the capability to purify their own urine to reabsorb it [1]. They may also roll into a ball if threatened, which allows them to capitalize on their hard exterior, giving them their more common name, "rolly pollies" or "pill bugs." (Figure 6) [[File:Isopods.png\|150px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 6 [1] - isopods - adapted from Figure 4.40]]

	[[Myriapoda]] include all mesofauna with long bodies and many legs like millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes ([[Chilopoda]])[11]. While millipedes (Figure 7) are [[detritivores]], centipedes are carnivorous with pincer-like fangs that feed mostly on other small organisms like collembolans.		[[Myriapoda]] include all mesofauna with long bodies and many legs like millipedes ([[Diplopoda]]) and centipedes ([[Chilopoda]])[11]. While millipedes (Figure 7) are [[detritivores]], centipedes are carnivorous with pincer-like fangs that feed mostly on other small organisms like collembolans.

	='''References'''=		='''References'''=

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2023-05-10T18:09:14Z

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	='''Mesofauna and Macrofauna'''=		='''Mesofauna and Macrofauna'''=
	==''Lophotrochozoa''==		==''Lophotrochozoa''==
	Lophotrochozoans are protostomes that have a lophophore, or a "mouth" surrounded by cilia for feeding. Lophotrochozoans include flatworms, [[rotifers]], [[annelids]], and mollusks.		Lophotrochozoans are protostomes that have a lophophore, or a "mouth" surrounded by cilia for feeding. Lophotrochozoans include [[flatworms]], [[rotifers]], [[annelids]], and mollusks.
	[[File:Rotifera.png\|220px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 3 [6] - Rotifera]]		[[File:Rotifera.png\|220px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 3 [6] - Rotifera]]

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2023-03-31T18:30:56Z

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	===Tardigrada===		===Tardigrada===
	[[Tardigrades]] are small (500um) organisms that can exist in nearly any environment. [[File:Tardigrade.JPG\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 5 [10] - Tardigrade ]] Colloquially called "water bears" for their resemblance to the land-dwelling mammal, these organisms possess the ability to enter a cryptobiotic (near lifeless) state if conditions are unfavorable [10]. Tardigrades serve as a warning sign for environmental stress [1]. These organisms feed on bits of algae and particulate organic matter.		[[Tardigrades]] are small (500um) organisms that can exist in nearly any environment. [[File:Tardigrade.JPG\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 5 [10] - Tardigrade ]] Colloquially called "water bears" for their resemblance to the land-dwelling mammal, these organisms possess the ability to enter a cryptobiotic (near lifeless) state if conditions are unfavorable [10]. Tardigrades serve as a warning sign for environmental stress [1]. These organisms feed on bits of algae and particulate [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]].

	===Arthropoda===		===Arthropoda===

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2022-05-06T18:04:25Z

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	===Nematoda===		===Nematoda===
	[[Nematodes]], also known as roundworms, are perhaps the most abundant of the mesofauna in soils. The invertibrates have an overall tube-like cylindrical shape which tapers at both ends (Figure 4) [1]. Nematodes can consume prey up to ten times the size of their mouths. They predominantly prey on [[root hairs]], roots, and fungal hyphae [7]. Some entomopathogenic nematodes (those which act as insect parasites) can infect and kill a root-feeding host while producing more than 400,000 offspring (in the case of the large ghost mouth caterpillar) (Figure 4) [1,8].		[[Nematodes]], also known as roundworms, are perhaps the most abundant of the [[mesofauna]] in soils. The invertibrates have an overall tube-like cylindrical shape which tapers at both ends (Figure 4) [1]. Nematodes can consume prey up to ten times the size of their mouths. They predominantly prey on [[root hairs]], roots, and fungal hyphae [7]. Some entomopathogenic nematodes (those which act as insect parasites) can infect and kill a root-feeding host while producing more than 400,000 offspring (in the case of the large ghost mouth caterpillar) (Figure 4) [1,8].

	===Tardigrada===		===Tardigrada===

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2021-04-29T17:05:43Z

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	= '''Microfauna''' =		= '''Microfauna''' =
	[[File: Protists.png\|280px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [1] - adapted from Figure 4.5 - "Morphology of four types of soil protozoa: (a) flagellate (Bodo); (b) naked amoeba (Naegleria); (c) testacean (Hyalosphenia); (d) ciliate (Oxytricha) (from Lousier and Bamforth, 1990)."]]		[[File: Protists.png\|280px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [1] - adapted from Figure 4.5 - "Morphology of four types of soil protozoa: (a) flagellate (Bodo); (b) naked amoeba (Naegleria); (c) testacean (Hyalosphenia); (d) ciliate (Oxytricha) (from Lousier and Bamforth, 1990)."]]
	Microfauna are organisms that are microscopic in size, and a high-power microscope is needed to observe and identify them. Protists are predominantly unicellular organisms that are the most abundant of the microfauna in soils. There are four main types of soil proists: flagellates, naked amoeba, ciliates and testacea (Figure 1).		Microfauna are [[organisms]] that are microscopic in size, and a high-power microscope is needed to observe and identify them. Protists are predominantly unicellular organisms that are the most abundant of the microfauna in soils. There are four main types of [[soil]] proists: flagellates, naked [[amoeba]], ciliates and testacea (Figure 1).
	===Flagellates===		===Flagellates===
	[[Flagellates]] can be identified by their flagella (a whip-like swimming appendage) and prey mostly on bacteria. Because of their diet, flagellates play a large role in nutrient turnover [1].		[[Flagellates]] can be identified by their flagella (a whip-like swimming appendage) and prey mostly on bacteria. Because of their diet, flagellates play a large role in nutrient turnover [1].
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	===Testacea===		===Testacea===
	Testacea, or [[testate amoebae]], are similar to naked amoeba but less abundant and have a shell called a “test” giving it its name. Although most protists are considered cosmopolitan, testate amoebae vary widely by geographical region [3].		Testacea, or [[testate amoebae]], are similar to [[naked amoeba]] but less abundant and have a shell called a “test” giving it its name. Although most protists are considered cosmopolitan, testate amoebae vary widely by geographical region [3].

	===Ciliates===		===Ciliates===
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	===Rotifera===		===Rotifera===
	[[rotifers\|Rotifera]] are microscopic (or nearly microscopic) organisms that exist in predominantly wet environments. In soils, they inhabit thin films of water surrounding soil particles and [[aggregate formation\| aggregates]]. They can also be found in puddles and on mosses surrounding decomposing trees [5]. Rotifers feed on bacteria, algae, and other protists by using the cilia near their mouths to create a water current in which prey is caught (Figure 3), making them important bottom-level consumers.		[[rotifers\|Rotifera]] are microscopic (or nearly microscopic) organisms that exist in predominantly wet environments. In soils, they inhabit thin films of water surrounding soil particles and [[aggregate formation\| aggregates]]. They can also be found in puddles and on mosses surrounding [[decomposing]] trees [5]. Rotifers feed on bacteria, algae, and other protists by using the cilia near their mouths to create a water current in which prey is caught (Figure 3), making them important bottom-level consumers.

	===Annelida===		===Annelida===
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	==''Ecdysozoa''==		==''Ecdysozoa''==
	Ecysozoans are organisms that have a chitin exoskeleton, including [[nematodes\|roundworms]], [[tardigrades]] and arthropods.		Ecysozoans are organisms that have a chitin exoskeleton, including [[nematodes\|roundworms]], [[tardigrades]] and [[arthropods]].

	===Nematoda===		===Nematoda===
	[[Nematodes]], also known as roundworms, are perhaps the most abundant of the mesofauna in soils. The invertibrates have an overall tube-like cylindrical shape which tapers at both ends (Figure 4) [1]. Nematodes can consume prey up to ten times the size of their mouths. They predominantly prey on root hairs, roots, and fungal hyphae [7]. Some entomopathogenic nematodes (those which act as insect parasites) can infect and kill a root-feeding host while producing more than 400,000 offspring (in the case of the large ghost mouth caterpillar) (Figure 4) [1,8].		[[Nematodes]], also known as roundworms, are perhaps the most abundant of the mesofauna in soils. The invertibrates have an overall tube-like cylindrical shape which tapers at both ends (Figure 4) [1]. Nematodes can consume prey up to ten times the size of their mouths. They predominantly prey on [[root hairs]], roots, and fungal hyphae [7]. Some entomopathogenic nematodes (those which act as insect parasites) can infect and kill a root-feeding host while producing more than 400,000 offspring (in the case of the large ghost mouth caterpillar) (Figure 4) [1,8].

	===Tardigrada===		===Tardigrada===
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	Arthropods, like all ecysozoans, are organisms with a hard exoskeleton and encompass [[isopods]], myriapods, [[springtail\|collembola]], and [[mites]]. Isopods are wide, flat organisms with segmented bodies that feeds on roots, leaves, and detritus. They have jointed appendages and a mandible built to cut leaves for consumption. Due to their susceptibility to desiccation, many have adapted by developing the capability to purify their own urine to reabsorb it [1]. They may also roll into a ball if threatened, which allows them to capitalize on their hard exterior, giving them their more common name, "rolly pollies" or "pill bugs." (Figure 6) [[File:Isopods.png\|150px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 6 [1] - isopods - adapted from Figure 4.40]]		Arthropods, like all ecysozoans, are organisms with a hard exoskeleton and encompass [[isopods]], myriapods, [[springtail\|collembola]], and [[mites]]. Isopods are wide, flat organisms with segmented bodies that feeds on roots, leaves, and detritus. They have jointed appendages and a mandible built to cut leaves for consumption. Due to their susceptibility to desiccation, many have adapted by developing the capability to purify their own urine to reabsorb it [1]. They may also roll into a ball if threatened, which allows them to capitalize on their hard exterior, giving them their more common name, "rolly pollies" or "pill bugs." (Figure 6) [[File:Isopods.png\|150px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 6 [1] - isopods - adapted from Figure 4.40]]

	Myriapoda include all mesofauna with long bodies and many legs like millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes (Chilopoda)[11]. While millipedes (Figure 7) are detritivores, centipedes are carnivorous with pincer-like fangs that feed mostly on other small organisms like collembolans.		[[Myriapoda]] include all mesofauna with long bodies and many legs like millipedes (Diplopoda) and centipedes ([[Chilopoda]])[11]. While millipedes (Figure 7) are [[detritivores]], centipedes are carnivorous with pincer-like fangs that feed mostly on other small organisms like collembolans.

	='''References'''=		='''References'''=
	[1] Coleman, David C., et al. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.		[1] Coleman, David C., et al. Fundamentals of Soil [[Ecology]]. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

	[2] Burns, Keanna. “Otherworldly Amoebas.” Future Science Leaders, 31 July 2014, www.futurescienceleaders.com/mariecurious/2014/02/03/otherworldly-amoebas/.		[2] Burns, Keanna. “Otherworldly Amoebas.” Future Science Leaders, 31 July 2014, www.futurescienceleaders.com/mariecurious/2014/02/03/otherworldly-amoebas/.

	[3] Smith, Humphrey Graham, et al. ~~“Diversity~~ and Biogeography of Testate Amoebae.” Protist Diversity and Geographical Distribution Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007, pp. 95–109., doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2801-3_8.		[3] Smith, Humphrey Graham, et al. “[[Diversity]] and Biogeography of Testate Amoebae.” Protist Diversity and Geographical Distribution Topics in Biodiversity and Conservation, 2007, pp. 95–109., doi:10.1007/978-90-481-2801-3_8.

	[4] Lynn, Denis H. “Ciliophora.” Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 16 Apr. 2012, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001966.pub3.		[4] Lynn, Denis H. “Ciliophora.” Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 16 Apr. 2012, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001966.pub3.
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	[7] Poinar, George. “Nematoda (Roundworms).” Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 15 May 2012, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001593.pub3.		[7] Poinar, George. “Nematoda (Roundworms).” Encyclopedia of Life Sciences, 15 May 2012, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001593.pub3.

	[8] Strong, D. R., et al. ~~“Entomopathogenic~~ Nematodes: Natural Enemies of Root-Feeding Caterpillars on Bush Lupine.” Oecologia, vol. 108, no. 1, 1996, pp. 167–173., doi:10.1007/bf00333228.		[8] Strong, D. R., et al. “[[Entomopathogenic Nematodes]]: Natural Enemies of Root-Feeding Caterpillars on Bush Lupine.” Oecologia, vol. 108, no. 1, 1996, pp. 167–173., doi:10.1007/bf00333228.

	[9] “Marine Nematodes Get New Digs!” National Museum of Natural History Unearthed, 21 Sept. 2015, nmnh.typepad.com/no_bones/2015/09/marine-nematodes-get-new-digs.html.		[9] “Marine Nematodes Get New Digs!” National Museum of Natural History Unearthed, 21 Sept. 2015, nmnh.typepad.com/no_bones/2015/09/marine-nematodes-get-new-digs.html.

Gracecos: /* Microfauna */

2021-04-22T20:08:18Z

Microfauna

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 22 April 2021
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	===Testacea===		===Testacea===
	Testacea, or testate amoebae, are similar to naked amoeba but less abundant and have a shell called a “test” giving it its name. Although most protists are considered cosmopolitan, testate amoebae vary widely by geographical region [3].		Testacea, or [[testate amoebae]], are similar to naked amoeba but less abundant and have a shell called a “test” giving it its name. Although most protists are considered cosmopolitan, testate amoebae vary widely by geographical region [3].

	===Ciliates===		===Ciliates===

Gracecos: /* Naked Amoeba */

2021-04-09T19:30:20Z

Naked Amoeba

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	[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 [2] - a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]		[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 [2] - a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]

	===[[Naked ~~Amoeba]]~~===		===Naked Amoebae===
	Naked amoebae are phagotrophic, meaning they engulf their prey (Figure 2) including bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organic particulates [1].		[[Naked amoebae]] are phagotrophic, meaning they engulf their prey (Figure 2) including bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organic particulates [1].

	===Testacea===		===Testacea===

Gracecos: /* Naked Amoebae */

2021-04-09T19:25:46Z

Naked Amoebae

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:25, 9 April 2021
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	[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 [2] - a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]		[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 [2] - a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]

	===[[Naked ~~Amoebae~~]]===		===[[Naked Amoeba]]===
	Naked amoebae are phagotrophic, meaning they engulf their prey (Figure 2) including bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organic particulates [1].		Naked amoebae are phagotrophic, meaning they engulf their prey (Figure 2) including bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organic particulates [1].

Gracecos: /* Naked Amoebae */

2021-04-09T19:24:06Z

Naked Amoebae

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:24, 9 April 2021
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	[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 [2] - a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]		[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 [2] - a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]

	===Naked Amoebae===		===[[Naked Amoebae]]===
	Naked amoebae are phagotrophic, meaning they engulf their prey (Figure 2) including bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organic particulates [1].		Naked amoebae are phagotrophic, meaning they engulf their prey (Figure 2) including bacteria, fungi, algae, and other organic particulates [1].

Seperreg: /* Flagellates */

2019-04-15T16:53:54Z

Flagellates

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:53, 15 April 2019
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	Microfauna are organisms that are microscopic in size, and a high-power microscope is needed to observe and identify them. Protists are predominantly unicellular organisms that are the most abundant of the microfauna in soils. There are four main types of soil proists: flagellates, naked amoeba, ciliates and testacea (Figure 1).		Microfauna are organisms that are microscopic in size, and a high-power microscope is needed to observe and identify them. Protists are predominantly unicellular organisms that are the most abundant of the microfauna in soils. There are four main types of soil proists: flagellates, naked amoeba, ciliates and testacea (Figure 1).
	===Flagellates===		===Flagellates===
	Flagellates can be identified by their flagella (a whip-like swimming appendage) and prey mostly on bacteria. Because of their diet, flagellates play a large role in nutrient turnover [1].		[[Flagellates]] can be identified by their flagella (a whip-like swimming appendage) and prey mostly on bacteria. Because of their diet, flagellates play a large role in nutrient turnover [1].
	[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 [2] - a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]		[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 [2] - a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]

	===Naked Amoebae===		===Naked Amoebae===