Soil erosion - Revision history

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2023-05-10T18:09:08Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 10 May 2023
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	== Restoration and Prevention ==		== Restoration and Prevention ==

	Removal of vegetation is generally a major accelerator of soil erosion, particularly large-scale anthropogenic methods like deforestation. Restoration of eroded soil often involves the revegetation of the area and the application of soil amendments to increase [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] and water infiltration to aid plant growth. Agricultural practices like conventional tillage and monoculturing also increase soil erosion, as tillage loosens soil and monocultures reduce soil community biodiversity lowering overall soil health. A variety of best management practices (BMPs) are utilized in agriculture for the reduction of soil erosion. In the United States, these are implemented through several different government programs at the local, state, and federal levels. Relevant agencies include the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and county Soil and Water Conservation Districts. Some examples of BMPs that are commonly used in New York include:		Removal of vegetation is generally a major accelerator of soil erosion, particularly large-scale anthropogenic methods like deforestation. Restoration of eroded soil often involves the revegetation of the area and the application of soil amendments to increase [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] and water infiltration to aid plant growth. Agricultural practices like conventional tillage and monoculturing also increase soil erosion, as tillage loosens soil and monocultures reduce soil community biodiversity lowering overall soil health. A variety of best management practices (BMPs) are utilized in [[agriculture]] for the reduction of soil erosion. In the United States, these are implemented through several different government programs at the local, state, and federal levels. Relevant agencies include the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and county Soil and Water Conservation Districts. Some examples of BMPs that are commonly used in New York include:

	Contouring: Uses ridges and furrows to alter the direction of runoff, so that flow paths run around the hillslope rather than directly downslope [8].		Contouring: Uses ridges and furrows to alter the direction of runoff, so that flow paths run around the hillslope rather than directly downslope [8].

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2023-03-31T18:30:51Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:30, 31 March 2023
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	Grassed waterway: This is a broad, graded channel covered with grasses used to divert runoff from agriculture in a way that reduces soil erosion and sediment discharge into the watershed [10]. These can often be implemented in a ways that benefit wildlife, such as the use of pollen-producing plants on the edges of the grassed waterway [10].		Grassed waterway: This is a broad, graded channel covered with grasses used to divert runoff from agriculture in a way that reduces soil erosion and sediment discharge into the watershed [10]. These can often be implemented in a ways that benefit wildlife, such as the use of pollen-producing plants on the edges of the grassed waterway [10].

	Cover Cropping: This consists of seasonally planting grasses, grains, or legumes on cropland that would otherwise be left idle until the next annual crop is planted [9]. The vegetation cover and root systems reduce soil erosion, add organic matter, and increase infiltration into the soil [9].		Cover Cropping: This consists of seasonally planting grasses, grains, or legumes on cropland that would otherwise be left idle until the next annual crop is planted [9]. The vegetation cover and root systems reduce soil erosion, add [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]], and increase infiltration into the soil [9].

	== Modeling ==		== Modeling ==

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2022-05-06T18:04:23Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:04, 6 May 2022
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	== Restoration and Prevention ==		== Restoration and Prevention ==

	Removal of vegetation is generally a major accelerator of soil erosion, particularly large-scale anthropogenic methods like deforestation. Restoration of eroded soil often involves the revegetation of the area and the application of soil amendments to increase organic matter and water infiltration to aid plant growth. Agricultural practices like conventional tillage and monoculturing also increase soil erosion, as tillage loosens soil and monocultures reduce soil community biodiversity lowering overall soil health. A variety of best management practices (BMPs) are utilized in agriculture for the reduction of soil erosion. In the United States, these are implemented through several different government programs at the local, state, and federal levels. Relevant agencies include the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and county Soil and Water Conservation Districts. Some examples of BMPs that are commonly used in New York include:		Removal of vegetation is generally a major accelerator of soil erosion, particularly large-scale anthropogenic methods like deforestation. Restoration of eroded soil often involves the revegetation of the area and the application of soil amendments to increase [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] and water infiltration to aid plant growth. Agricultural practices like conventional tillage and monoculturing also increase soil erosion, as tillage loosens soil and monocultures reduce soil community biodiversity lowering overall soil health. A variety of best management practices (BMPs) are utilized in agriculture for the reduction of soil erosion. In the United States, these are implemented through several different government programs at the local, state, and federal levels. Relevant agencies include the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) and county Soil and Water Conservation Districts. Some examples of BMPs that are commonly used in New York include:

	Contouring: Uses ridges and furrows to alter the direction of runoff, so that flow paths run around the hillslope rather than directly downslope [8].		Contouring: Uses ridges and furrows to alter the direction of runoff, so that flow paths run around the hillslope rather than directly downslope [8].

Wmjackso at 19:08, 7 May 2021

2021-05-07T19:08:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:08, 7 May 2021
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	== Definition ==		== Definition ==

	[[Soil]] Erosion is defined as the gradual wearing away of topsoil over time. It is caused by many ~~factors related~~ to ~~rain, snow~~, ~~wind~~, ~~wildlife~~, and human activity.		[[Soil]] Erosion is defined as the gradual wearing away of topsoil over time. It is caused by many processes relevant to (but not limited to) climate, geomorphology, [[ecology]], and human activity.

	== Types of Soil Erosion ==		== Types of Soil Erosion ==

Wmjackso at 19:05, 7 May 2021

2021-05-07T19:05:06Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:05, 7 May 2021
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	Researchers from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) continued to refine the USLE in the decades after its creation, which led to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). The WEPP model is a computer program designed to predict soil erosion in small watersheds at small or large temporal scales, simulating a myriad of processes related to climate, topography, hydrology, and land management [6]. To further the usefulness and accessibility of WEPP, the Geospatial Interface for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP) was developed by researchers from USDA-ARS and the University at Buffalo to provide a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) interface for potential WEPP users, in the form of an ArcMap extension [5]. This allows users to run WEPP using their own GIS input data. A digital elevation model (DEM) is required in order for GeoWEPP to delineate channels and watersheds, and soils and land cover data are optional [5].		Researchers from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) continued to refine the USLE in the decades after its creation, which led to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). The WEPP model is a computer program designed to predict soil erosion in small watersheds at small or large temporal scales, simulating a myriad of processes related to climate, topography, hydrology, and land management [6]. To further the usefulness and accessibility of WEPP, the Geospatial Interface for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP) was developed by researchers from USDA-ARS and the University at Buffalo to provide a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) interface for potential WEPP users, in the form of an ArcMap extension [5]. This allows users to run WEPP using their own GIS input data. A digital elevation model (DEM) is required in order for GeoWEPP to delineate channels and watersheds, and soils and land cover data are optional [5].
			[[File:Geowepp intro.jpg\|thumb\|Image of GeoWEPP pop-up prompting users to upload their own GIS data [https://geowepp.geog.buffalo.edu/versions/arcgis-9-x/overview/]]]

	The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is another useful computer program, developed by researchers from USDA-ARS and Texas A&M, to predict and quantify the effects of climate and land use on water quality from small-watershed to river-basin scales [11]. It is used for several watershed management concerns including soil erosion and non-point source pollution [11]. In 2013, researchers from SUNY Brockport published the results of several analyses conducted using SWAT in the Genesee River Basin (which is an agriculture-heavy watershed), including recommendations regarding the most effective BMPs for reducing phosphorous loads to Lake Ontario [4]. Grassed waterways were found to be the most effective when applied across the Genesee River Basin [4].		The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) is another useful computer program, developed by researchers from USDA-ARS and Texas A&M, to predict and quantify the effects of climate and land use on water quality from small-watershed to river-basin scales [11]. It is used for several watershed management concerns including soil erosion and non-point source pollution [11]. In 2013, researchers from SUNY Brockport published the results of several analyses conducted using SWAT in the Genesee River Basin (which is an agriculture-heavy watershed), including recommendations regarding the most effective BMPs for reducing phosphorous loads to Lake Ontario [4]. Grassed waterways were found to be the most effective when applied across the Genesee River Basin [4].

Wmjackso at 19:00, 7 May 2021

2021-05-07T19:00:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:00, 7 May 2021
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	Contouring: Uses ridges and furrows to alter the direction of runoff, so that flow paths run around the hillslope rather than directly downslope [8].		Contouring: Uses ridges and furrows to alter the direction of runoff, so that flow paths run around the hillslope rather than directly downslope [8].

			[[File:Contour farming.jpg\|thumb\|Image of contour farming from the NRCS [8]]]

	Grassed waterway: This is a broad, graded channel covered with grasses used to divert runoff from agriculture in a way that reduces soil erosion and sediment discharge into the watershed [10]. These can often be implemented in a ways that benefit wildlife, such as the use of pollen-producing plants on the edges of the grassed waterway [10].		Grassed waterway: This is a broad, graded channel covered with grasses used to divert runoff from agriculture in a way that reduces soil erosion and sediment discharge into the watershed [10]. These can often be implemented in a ways that benefit wildlife, such as the use of pollen-producing plants on the edges of the grassed waterway [10].

	Cover Cropping: This consists of seasonally planting grasses, grains, or legumes on cropland that would otherwise be left idle until the next annual crop is planted [9]. The vegetation cover and root systems reduce soil erosion, add organic matter, and increase infiltration into the soil [9].		Cover Cropping: This consists of seasonally planting grasses, grains, or legumes on cropland that would otherwise be left idle until the next annual crop is planted [9]. The vegetation cover and root systems reduce soil erosion, add organic matter, and increase infiltration into the soil [9].

	~~[[File:Contour farming.jpg]] Image of contour farming from the NRCS [8].~~

	== Modeling ==		== Modeling ==

Wmjackso at 17:49, 7 May 2021

2021-05-07T17:49:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 7 May 2021
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	'''Biotic Erosion'''		'''Biotic Erosion'''

	Biotic erosion occurs when ~~plants or~~ [[~~Animals~~]] ~~contribute towards~~ soil erosion. ~~Of all~~ the ~~living things on earth humans contribute the most to soil erosion. Overgrazing by cattle~~ and ~~other farm animals can cause serious damage to~~ the ~~soil~~ by ~~removing grass~~ that ~~would normally protects the soil from both water~~ and ~~wind erosion. The over farming of land can also cause~~ soil ~~erosion, if crops are not properly rotated the soil can lose its nutrients and begin to erode.~~		Biotic erosion occurs when living [[organisms]] (can refer to wildlife or human activity) cause or accelerate soil erosion. Various agricultural threats exist, such as the overgrazing of vegetation and the loosening of topsoil from trampling by livestock. Other threats exist that are purely anthropogenic, such as construction projects, that remove sources of shear strength (i.e. vegetation) and increase hillslope soil loss.

	~~[[File:Monoculture~~.~~jpg]]~~
	----		----

Wmjackso at 19:39, 5 May 2021

2021-05-05T19:39:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:39, 5 May 2021
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	== Definition ==		== Definition ==

	[[Soil]] Erosion is defined as the gradual wearing away of topsoil over time. ~~Soil erosion~~ is caused by many factors ~~including~~ rain, snow, wind, ~~plants, animals~~, and human activity.		[[Soil]] Erosion is defined as the gradual wearing away of topsoil over time. It is caused by many factors related to rain, snow, wind, wildlife, and human activity.

	== Types of Soil Erosion ==		== Types of Soil Erosion ==

Wmjackso at 19:38, 5 May 2021

2021-05-05T19:38:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:38, 5 May 2021
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	Cover Cropping: This consists of seasonally planting grasses, grains, or legumes on cropland that would otherwise be left idle until the next annual crop is planted [9]. The vegetation cover and root systems reduce soil erosion, add organic matter, and increase infiltration into the soil [9].		Cover Cropping: This consists of seasonally planting grasses, grains, or legumes on cropland that would otherwise be left idle until the next annual crop is planted [9]. The vegetation cover and root systems reduce soil erosion, add organic matter, and increase infiltration into the soil [9].

	[[File:Contour farming.jpg]] Image of contour farming from the NRCS.		[[File:Contour farming.jpg]] Image of contour farming from the NRCS [8].

	== Modeling ==		== Modeling ==

Wmjackso at 19:24, 5 May 2021

2021-05-05T19:24:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:24, 5 May 2021
Line 58:		Line 58:
	Cover Cropping: This consists of seasonally planting grasses, grains, or legumes on cropland that would otherwise be left idle until the next annual crop is planted [9]. The vegetation cover and root systems reduce soil erosion, add organic matter, and increase infiltration into the soil [9].		Cover Cropping: This consists of seasonally planting grasses, grains, or legumes on cropland that would otherwise be left idle until the next annual crop is planted [9]. The vegetation cover and root systems reduce soil erosion, add organic matter, and increase infiltration into the soil [9].

			[[File:Contour farming.jpg]] Image of contour farming from the NRCS.

	== Modeling ==		== Modeling ==

	There are a variety of modeling techniques that are used to predict and analyze soil erosion. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an empirical equation developed for estimating annual soil loss, accounting for multiple factors and processes that occur in a landscape. The equation reads A (average annual soil loss) = R x K x LS x C x P. R represents ~~the~~ climate ~~factor~~ (specifically the rainfall erosivity), K represents the soil erodibility factor, LS represents topography in terms of the slope factor, C represents the land cover factor, and P represents the land management practice factor [6].		There are a variety of modeling techniques that are used to predict and analyze soil erosion. The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is an empirical equation developed for estimating annual soil loss, accounting for multiple factors and processes that occur in a landscape. The equation reads A (average annual soil loss) = R x K x LS x C x P. The factor R represents climate (specifically the rainfall erosivity), K represents the soil erodibility factor, LS represents topography in terms of the slope factor, C represents the land cover factor, and P represents the land management practice factor [6].

	Researchers from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) continued to refine the USLE in the decades after its creation, which led to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). The WEPP model is a computer program designed to predict soil erosion in small watersheds at small or large temporal scales, simulating a myriad of processes related to climate, topography, hydrology, and land management [6]. To further the usefulness and accessibility of WEPP, the Geospatial Interface for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP) was developed by researchers from USDA-ARS and the University at Buffalo to provide a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) interface for potential WEPP users, in the form of an ArcMap extension [5]. This allows users to run WEPP using their own GIS input data. A digital elevation model (DEM) is required in order for GeoWEPP to delineate channels and watersheds, and soils and land cover data are optional [5].		Researchers from the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) continued to refine the USLE in the decades after its creation, which led to the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE), and the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP). The WEPP model is a computer program designed to predict soil erosion in small watersheds at small or large temporal scales, simulating a myriad of processes related to climate, topography, hydrology, and land management [6]. To further the usefulness and accessibility of WEPP, the Geospatial Interface for the Water Erosion Prediction Project (GeoWEPP) was developed by researchers from USDA-ARS and the University at Buffalo to provide a Geographic Information Systems (GIS) interface for potential WEPP users, in the form of an ArcMap extension [5]. This allows users to run WEPP using their own GIS input data. A digital elevation model (DEM) is required in order for GeoWEPP to delineate channels and watersheds, and soils and land cover data are optional [5].