Serpentine Barrens - Revision history

Jpkloste: /* Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens: */

2021-05-07T18:21:04Z

Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:21, 7 May 2021
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	[[File:SBW-2.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]		[[File:SBW-2.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]

	The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Fires deliberately set by Native Americans were responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in the serpentine barrens of the piedmont plateau. Post european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their "barrenness". Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression.		The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Fires deliberately set by Native Americans were responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in the serpentine barrens of the piedmont plateau. Post european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their "barrenness". Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. [1]
	===Flora:===		===Flora:===

Jpkloste: /* Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens: */

2021-05-07T18:20:32Z

Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:20, 7 May 2021
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	[[File:SBW-2.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]		[[File:SBW-2.png\|right\|thumb\|200px\|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]

	The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. ~~Marye (1955) concluded that fire~~ deliberately set by Native Americans ~~was~~ responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in ~~these~~ serpentine ~~habitats~~ of the ~~Northeast~~. ~~[1]~~ Post-european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their "barrenness". Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression.		The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Fires deliberately set by Native Americans were responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in the serpentine barrens of the piedmont plateau. Post european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their "barrenness". Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression.
	===Flora:===		===Flora:===

Jpkloste at 18:15, 7 May 2021

2021-05-07T18:15:17Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:15, 7 May 2021
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	==Edaphic endemism:==		==Edaphic endemism:==

	"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[[5]]]		"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]

	Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates.		Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates.

Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */

2021-05-07T18:09:25Z

Edaphic endemism:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 7 May 2021
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	==Edaphic endemism:==		==Edaphic endemism:==

	"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[5]]		"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[[5]]]
	Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates.		Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates.

Jpkloste: /* Citations: */

2021-05-07T18:09:06Z

Citations:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:09, 7 May 2021
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	[4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .		[4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .

	[[5]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.		[[[5]]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.

	[6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.		[6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.

	[7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.		[7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.

Jpkloste: /* Citations: */

2021-05-07T18:08:50Z

Citations:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:08, 7 May 2021
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	[4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .		[4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .

	[5] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.		[[5]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.

	[6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.		[6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.

	[7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.		[7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.

Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */

2021-05-07T18:08:33Z

Edaphic endemism:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:08, 7 May 2021
Line 28:		Line 28:
	==Edaphic endemism:==		==Edaphic endemism:==

	"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[[5]		"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[5]]
	]]
	Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates.		Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates.

Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */

2021-05-07T18:05:33Z

Edaphic endemism:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:05, 7 May 2021
Line 28:		Line 28:
	==Edaphic endemism:==		==Edaphic endemism:==

	"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]		"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[[5]
			]]
			Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates.

	Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the "Serpentine Syndrome". This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The "Serpentine syndrome" is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism.		Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the "Serpentine Syndrome". This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The "Serpentine syndrome" is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism.

	Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy substrates, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic substrates, and many others on various different soil substrates.

	Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]		Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]

Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */

2021-05-07T18:01:03Z

Edaphic endemism:

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:01, 7 May 2021
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	==Edaphic endemism:==		==Edaphic endemism:==

	~~{{Blockquote~~		"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]
	~~\|text=Quoted material.~~
	}}

	"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - ~~NISHANTA RAJAKARUNA~~, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]

	Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the "Serpentine Syndrome". This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The "Serpentine syndrome" is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism.		Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the "Serpentine Syndrome". This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The "Serpentine syndrome" is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism.

Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */

2021-05-07T17:58:57Z

Edaphic endemism:

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:58, 7 May 2021
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	==Edaphic endemism:==		==Edaphic endemism:==

	{{~~block indent~~ \|1="Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - NISHANTA RAJAKARUNA, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]}}		{{Blockquote
			\|text=Quoted material.
			}}

	"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - NISHANTA RAJAKARUNA, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]		"Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. " - NISHANTA RAJAKARUNA, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]