Rhizobia - Revision history

Ehkapaws: /* Soil Benefits */

2025-05-02T15:00:41Z

Soil Benefits

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:00, 2 May 2025
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	==Soil Benefits==		==Soil Benefits==

	[[File:RhizoNodules.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Root nodules in legumes formed by rhizobia]]		[[File:RhizoNodules.jpg\|400px\|thumb\|right\|Root nodules in legumes formed by rhizobia <ref name= "Kirksey"> Kirksey, K. 2020. How to get better garden soil with my favorite bacteria. Rancho Incognito. Available at: https://www.ranchoincognito.com/blog-1/2020/1/23/how-to-get-better-garden-soil-with-my-favorite-bacteria </ref>.]]
	Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plant growth and development, but plants do not have the ability to use the nitrogen in the atmosphere directly <ref name= “Ormeño-Orrillo”>Ormeño-Orrillo, E., Servín-Garcidueñas, L. E., Rogel, M. A., González, V., Peralta, H., Mora, J., Martínez-Romero, J., & Martínez-Romero, E. (2015). Taxonomy of rhizobia and agrobacteria from the Rhizobiaceae family in light of genomics. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 38(4), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.002 </ref>. Rhizobium forms symbiotic relationships with legume plants by developing root nodules, where it converts the nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form that plants can absorb <ref name= “Ormeño-Orrillo”>Ormeño-Orrillo, E., Servín-Garcidueñas, L. E., Rogel, M. A., González, V., Peralta, H., Mora, J., Martínez-Romero, J., & Martínez-Romero, E. (2015). Taxonomy of rhizobia and agrobacteria from the Rhizobiaceae family in light of genomics. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 38(4), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.002 </ref>. This process improves soil health by increasing nitrogen availability, contributing to increased soil microbial [[diversity]], and improving soil structure. Rhizobia also enhances soil security by creating and maintaining soil aggregates and increasing soil [[porosity]], water infiltration, nutrient retention, and resistance to erosion and deterioration <ref name= “Mng’ong’o”>Mng’ong’o, M. E., Ojija, F., & Aloo, B. N. (2023). The role of Rhizobia toward food production, food and soil security through microbial agro-input utilization in developing countries. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8, 100404-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100404 </ref>. Some strains of rhizobia also possess biocontrol [[properties]], suppressing plant infections and illnesses <ref name= “Mng’ong’o”>Mng’ong’o, M. E., Ojija, F., & Aloo, B. N. (2023). The role of Rhizobia toward food production, food and soil security through microbial agro-input utilization in developing countries. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8, 100404-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100404 </ref>. The use of rhizobia through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by farmers reduces the negative effects of pesticide use on the environment <ref name= “Mng’ong’o”>Mng’ong’o, M. E., Ojija, F., & Aloo, B. N. (2023). The role of Rhizobia toward food production, food and soil security through microbial agro-input utilization in developing countries. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8, 100404-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100404 </ref>.		Nitrogen is an important nutrient for plant growth and development, but plants do not have the ability to use the nitrogen in the atmosphere directly <ref name= “Ormeño-Orrillo”>Ormeño-Orrillo, E., Servín-Garcidueñas, L. E., Rogel, M. A., González, V., Peralta, H., Mora, J., Martínez-Romero, J., & Martínez-Romero, E. (2015). Taxonomy of rhizobia and agrobacteria from the Rhizobiaceae family in light of genomics. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 38(4), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.002 </ref>. Rhizobium forms symbiotic relationships with legume plants by developing root nodules, where it converts the nitrogen in the atmosphere into a form that plants can absorb <ref name= “Ormeño-Orrillo”>Ormeño-Orrillo, E., Servín-Garcidueñas, L. E., Rogel, M. A., González, V., Peralta, H., Mora, J., Martínez-Romero, J., & Martínez-Romero, E. (2015). Taxonomy of rhizobia and agrobacteria from the Rhizobiaceae family in light of genomics. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 38(4), 287–291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.syapm.2014.12.002 </ref>. This process improves soil health by increasing nitrogen availability, contributing to increased soil microbial [[diversity]], and improving soil structure. Rhizobia also enhances soil security by creating and maintaining soil aggregates and increasing soil [[porosity]], water infiltration, nutrient retention, and resistance to erosion and deterioration <ref name= “Mng’ong’o”>Mng’ong’o, M. E., Ojija, F., & Aloo, B. N. (2023). The role of Rhizobia toward food production, food and soil security through microbial agro-input utilization in developing countries. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8, 100404-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100404 </ref>. Some strains of rhizobia also possess biocontrol [[properties]], suppressing plant infections and illnesses <ref name= “Mng’ong’o”>Mng’ong’o, M. E., Ojija, F., & Aloo, B. N. (2023). The role of Rhizobia toward food production, food and soil security through microbial agro-input utilization in developing countries. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8, 100404-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100404 </ref>. The use of rhizobia through biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by farmers reduces the negative effects of pesticide use on the environment <ref name= “Mng’ong’o”>Mng’ong’o, M. E., Ojija, F., & Aloo, B. N. (2023). The role of Rhizobia toward food production, food and soil security through microbial agro-input utilization in developing countries. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 8, 100404-. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100404 </ref>.

Ehkapaws: /* Symbiotic Relationship with Legumes */

2025-05-02T14:50:08Z

Symbiotic Relationship with Legumes

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:50, 2 May 2025
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	==Symbiotic Relationship with Legumes==		==Symbiotic Relationship with Legumes==

	[[File:Rhizobium_and_Legumes.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Rhizobia-legume Symbiosis]]		[[File:Rhizobium_and_Legumes.png\|400px\|thumb\|left\|Rhizobia-legume Symbiosis <ref name= "Yates">Yates, D. 2015. Long-term nitrogen fertilizer use disrupts plant-microbe mutualisms. University of Illinois News Bureau. Available at: https://news.illinois.edu/long-term-nitrogen-fertilizer-use-disrupts-plant-microbe-mutualisms/ </ref>.]]
	The symbiosis between rhizobia and legumes begins with a signal exchange between the host and plant and its microsymbiont, where the host induces cell divisions to form root nodule primordia, and simultaneously initiates an infection process to deliver the bacteria into the nodule cells <ref name= “Wang”>Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Zhu, H. (2018). Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Symbiotic Specificity in Legume-Rhizobium Interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 313–313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00313 </ref>. [[Root hairs]] then curl around the bacteria, forming infection threads that guide rhizobia into the root, where they are enclosed in membrane-bound structures called symbiosomes, where the bacteria transform into nitrogen-fixing bacteria <ref name= “Wang”>Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Zhu, H. (2018). Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Symbiotic Specificity in Legume-Rhizobium Interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 313–313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00313 </ref>. This symbiotic relationship is highly specific because no single rhizobial strain can form symbiosis with all legumes, and compatibility varies at species and genotypic levels <ref name= “Wang”>Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Zhu, H. (2018). Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Symbiotic Specificity in Legume-Rhizobium Interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 313–313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00313 </ref>.		The symbiosis between rhizobia and legumes begins with a signal exchange between the host and plant and its microsymbiont, where the host induces cell divisions to form root nodule primordia, and simultaneously initiates an infection process to deliver the bacteria into the nodule cells <ref name= “Wang”>Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Zhu, H. (2018). Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Symbiotic Specificity in Legume-Rhizobium Interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 313–313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00313 </ref>. [[Root hairs]] then curl around the bacteria, forming infection threads that guide rhizobia into the root, where they are enclosed in membrane-bound structures called symbiosomes, where the bacteria transform into nitrogen-fixing bacteria <ref name= “Wang”>Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Zhu, H. (2018). Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Symbiotic Specificity in Legume-Rhizobium Interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 313–313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00313 </ref>. This symbiotic relationship is highly specific because no single rhizobial strain can form symbiosis with all legumes, and compatibility varies at species and genotypic levels <ref name= “Wang”>Wang, Q., Liu, J., & Zhu, H. (2018). Genetic and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Symbiotic Specificity in Legume-Rhizobium Interactions. Frontiers in Plant Science, 9, 313–313. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.00313 </ref>.

Grosmari at 17:13, 18 April 2025

2025-04-18T17:13:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, 18 April 2025
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	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;
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			\|colspan="2"\| [[File:Rhizobia.jpeg\|900px\|thumb\|Pink rhizobia nodules actively fixing nitrogen]]
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	\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\|'''Scientific Classification'''		\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\|'''Scientific Classification'''
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Grosmari at 17:09, 18 April 2025

2025-04-18T17:09:32Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:09, 18 April 2025
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	~~[[File:Rhizobia.jpeg\|500px\|thumb\|left\|Pink rhizobia nodules actively fixing nitrogen]]~~
	Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria that fix nitrogen in [[soil]] and aid in the growth and development of plants. Rhizobia comes from two Greek words — 'rhiza' meaning 'root', and 'bios', meaning 'life' <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia can only fix nitrogen when associated with a plant that provides it with carbohydrates and are only associated with legumes, but not all legumes associate with rhizobia.		Rhizobia are Gram-negative bacteria that fix nitrogen in [[soil]] and aid in the growth and development of plants. Rhizobia comes from two Greek words — 'rhiza' meaning 'root', and 'bios', meaning 'life' <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia can only fix nitrogen when associated with a plant that provides it with carbohydrates and are only associated with legumes, but not all legumes associate with rhizobia.

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	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;
	\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\|'''Scientific Classification'''		\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\|'''Scientific Classification'''
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			\|[[File:Rhizobia.jpeg\|500px\|thumb\|Pink rhizobia nodules actively fixing nitrogen]]
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Miltonsv: /* Rhizobium Biotechnology */

2025-04-03T23:47:29Z

Rhizobium Biotechnology

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:47, 3 April 2025
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	==Rhizobium Biotechnology==		==Rhizobium Biotechnology==

	Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH<sub>3</sub> for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increase crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also have the potential to support crops under climatic conditions and abiotic stress because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environments, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and ~~improving~~ crop production sustainably.		Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH<sub>3</sub> for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increase crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also have the potential to support crops under climatic conditions and abiotic stress because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environments, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change and soil degradation and improve crop production sustainably.

	==References==		==References==

Miltonsv: /* Rhizobium Biotechnology */

2025-04-03T23:46:34Z

Rhizobium Biotechnology

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:46, 3 April 2025
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	==Rhizobium Biotechnology==		==Rhizobium Biotechnology==

	Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH<sub>3</sub> for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increase crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also ~~has~~ the potential to support crops under climatic ~~condition~~ and abiotic ~~stresses~~ because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil ~~environment~~, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.		Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH<sub>3</sub> for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increase crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also have the potential to support crops under climatic conditions and abiotic stress because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environments, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.

	==References==		==References==

Miltonsv: /* Rhizobium Biotechnology */

2025-04-03T23:44:50Z

Rhizobium Biotechnology

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:44, 3 April 2025
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	==Rhizobium Biotechnology==		==Rhizobium Biotechnology==

	Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH<sub>3</sub> for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to ~~increased~~ crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also has the potential to support crops under climatic condition and abiotic stresses because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environment, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.		Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH<sub>3</sub> for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increase crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also has the potential to support crops under climatic condition and abiotic stresses because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environment, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.

	==References==		==References==

Miltonsv: /* Rhizobium Biotechnology */

2025-04-03T23:44:17Z

Rhizobium Biotechnology

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:44, 3 April 2025
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	==Rhizobium Biotechnology==		==Rhizobium Biotechnology==

	Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to ~~NH3~~ for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increased crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also has the potential to support crops under climatic condition and abiotic stresses because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environment, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.		Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH<sub>3</sub> for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increased crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also has the potential to support crops under climatic condition and abiotic stresses because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environment, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.

	==References==		==References==

Miltonsv: /* Rhizobium Biotechnology */

2025-04-03T23:41:53Z

Rhizobium Biotechnology

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:41, 3 April 2025
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	==Rhizobium Biotechnology==		==Rhizobium Biotechnology==

	Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria ~~that~~ trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH3 for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increased crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also has the potential to support crops under climatic condition and abiotic stresses because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environment, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.		Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH3 for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increased crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also has the potential to support crops under climatic condition and abiotic stresses because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environment, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.

	==References==		==References==

Miltonsv: /* Rhizobium Biotechnology */

2025-04-03T23:41:36Z

Rhizobium Biotechnology

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:41, 3 April 2025
Line 47:		Line 47:
	==Rhizobium Biotechnology==		==Rhizobium Biotechnology==

	Biological nitrogen fixation~~, BNF,~~ is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria that trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH3 for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increased crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also has the potential to support crops under climatic condition and abiotic stresses because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environment, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.		Biological nitrogen fixation is a process where nitrogen-fixing bacteria that trap atmospheric nitrogen and convert it to NH3 for utilization by plants <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. The use of rhizobia in [[agriculture]] is an alternative to pesticide to increased crop growth. Rhizobia may produce phytohormones such as gibberellic acid, IAA, and cytokinins that promote plant growth and development. Rhizobium biotechnology can provide additional benefits of crop stress tolerance, improvement in crop growth, and better quality of produce <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. Rhizobia also has the potential to support crops under climatic condition and abiotic stresses because Rhizobium inocula are often subjected to harsh soil environment, such as drought-tolerant and heat-tolerant strains of Rhizobium <ref name= “Maitra”>Maitra, S., Praharaj, S., Brestic, M., Sahoo, R. K., Sagar, L., Shankar, T., Palai, J. B., Sahoo, U., Sairam, M., Pramanick, B., Nath, S., Venugopalan, V. K., Skalický, M., & Hossain, A. (2023). Rhizobium as Biotechnological Tools for Green Solutions: An Environment-Friendly Approach for Sustainable Crop Production in the Modern Era of Climate Change. Current microbiology, 80(7), 219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00284-023-03317-w </ref>. As research on rhizobium biotechnology advances, this approach can mitigate the challenges posed by climate change, soil degradation, and improving crop production sustainably.

	==References==		==References==