Pseudoscorpions - Revision history

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	Pseudoscorpions, also referred to as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small arachnids with pincer-like appendages that resemble those of [[scorpions]]. These appendages, called pedipalps, function similarly to claws and are relatively large in comparison to their overall size. Generally reaching lengths of about 2–8 millimeters at maturity, pseudoscorpions often go undetected or are mistaken for ticks. However, unlike ticks, pseudoscorpions are not regarded as harmful to humans. In fact, they prey upon many small arthropods, aiding with pest control<ref name="Lewis"> Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</ref>.		Pseudoscorpions, also referred to as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small arachnids with pincer-like appendages that resemble those of [[scorpions]]. These appendages, called pedipalps, function similarly to claws and are relatively large in comparison to their overall size. Generally reaching lengths of about 2–8 millimeters at maturity, pseudoscorpions often go undetected or are mistaken for ticks. However, unlike ticks, pseudoscorpions are not regarded as harmful to humans. In fact, they prey upon many small [[arthropods]], aiding with pest control<ref name="Lewis"> Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</ref>.

	== Characteristics and Morphology ==		== Characteristics and Morphology ==

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	\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,150,90)\|'''Scientific Classification'''		\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(200,150,90)\|'''Scientific Classification'''<ref name="ITIS">ITIS USGS Open-File Report 2006-1195: Nomenclature, USGS, n.d. Retrieved from https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=690741#null</ref>
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	Pseudoscorpions, also referred to as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small arachnids with pincer-like appendages that resemble those of [[scorpions]]. These appendages, called pedipalps, function similarly to claws and are relatively large in comparison to their overall size. Generally reaching lengths of about 2–8 millimeters at maturity, pseudoscorpions often go undetected or are mistaken for ticks. However, unlike ticks, pseudoscorpions are not regarded as harmful to humans. In fact, they prey upon many small arthropods, aiding with pest control<ref name="Lewis"> Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</ref>.		Pseudoscorpions, also referred to as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small arachnids with pincer-like appendages that resemble those of [[scorpions]]. These appendages, called pedipalps, function similarly to claws and are relatively large in comparison to their overall size. Generally reaching lengths of about 2–8 millimeters at maturity, pseudoscorpions often go undetected or are mistaken for ticks. However, unlike ticks, pseudoscorpions are not regarded as harmful to humans. In fact, they prey upon many small arthropods, aiding with pest control<ref name="Lewis"> Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</ref>.

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	Pseudoscorpions, also referred to as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small arachnids with pincer-like appendages that resemble those of [[scorpions]]. These appendages, called pedipalps, function similarly to claws and are relatively large in comparison to their overall size~~<ref name="Jacobs">Jacobs Sr., S, (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions</ref>~~. Generally reaching lengths of about 2–8 millimeters at maturity, pseudoscorpions often go undetected or are mistaken for ticks. However, unlike ticks, pseudoscorpions are not regarded as harmful to humans. In fact, they prey upon many small arthropods, aiding with pest control<ref name="Lewis"> Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</ref>.		Pseudoscorpions, also referred to as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small arachnids with pincer-like appendages that resemble those of [[scorpions]]. These appendages, called pedipalps, function similarly to claws and are relatively large in comparison to their overall size. Generally reaching lengths of about 2–8 millimeters at maturity, pseudoscorpions often go undetected or are mistaken for ticks. However, unlike ticks, pseudoscorpions are not regarded as harmful to humans. In fact, they prey upon many small arthropods, aiding with pest control<ref name="Lewis"> Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</ref>.

	== Characteristics and Morphology ==		== Characteristics and Morphology ==
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	[[File:scorp.jpg\|350px\|left\|thumb\|Drawings of a pseudoscorpion and a scorpion from JH Comstock’s book. Note that the scale is different for each drawing.<ref name="Comstock">Comstock, J. H., & Gertsch, W. J. (1980). The spider book: A manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip-scorpions, harvestmen, and other members of the class arachnida, found in America North of Mexico, with analytical keys for their classification and popular accounts of their habits. Ithaca: Comstock.</ref>]] Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions; however, they lack an elongated metasoma (tail) and stinger at the end of their abdomens<ref name="Australia">Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions</ref>. Another crucial difference between the two types of arachnids is size. The common house pseudoscorpion, ''Chelifer cancroides'', will usually only grow between 2.5–4.5 millimeters (0.10–0.18 in). Generally, pseudoscorpions have an average size of 3 mm (0.1 in), much smaller than the average scorpion<ref name="All">All About Pseudoscorpions - The Predatory False Scorpion. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.chaosofdelight.org/pseudoscorpions</ref>.		[[File:scorp.jpg\|350px\|left\|thumb\|Drawings of a pseudoscorpion and a scorpion from JH Comstock’s book. Note that the scale is different for each drawing.<ref name="Comstock">Comstock, J. H., & Gertsch, W. J. (1980). The spider book: A manual for the study of the spiders and their near relatives, the scorpions, pseudoscorpions, whip-scorpions, harvestmen, and other members of the class arachnida, found in America North of Mexico, with analytical keys for their classification and popular accounts of their habits. Ithaca: Comstock.</ref>]] Pseudoscorpions superficially resemble true scorpions; however, they lack an elongated metasoma (tail) and stinger at the end of their abdomens<ref name="Australia">Government of Western Australia. (n.d.). What are pseudoscorpions? Retrieved from http://www.museum.wa.gov.au/catalogues/pseudoscorpions/what-are-pseudoscorpions</ref>. Another crucial difference between the two types of arachnids is size. The common house pseudoscorpion, ''Chelifer cancroides'', will usually only grow between 2.5–4.5 millimeters (0.10–0.18 in). Generally, pseudoscorpions have an average size of 3 mm (0.1 in), much smaller than the average scorpion<ref name="All">All About Pseudoscorpions - The Predatory False Scorpion. (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.chaosofdelight.org/pseudoscorpions</ref>.

	Pseudoscorpions have flat, teardrop shaped bodies with rounded ends. The lower abdomen of a pseudoscorpion, also called the opisthosoma, is composed of 12 segmented sections. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. Located on the sides of its cephalothorax (head and thorax), a pseudoscorpion may have 1–2 pairs of eyes, or no eyes at all<ref name="Jacobs"></ref>.		Pseudoscorpions have flat, teardrop shaped bodies with rounded ends. The lower abdomen of a pseudoscorpion, also called the opisthosoma, is composed of 12 segmented sections. These segments are protected by plates made of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitin chitin]. Located on the sides of its cephalothorax (head and thorax), a pseudoscorpion may have 1–2 pairs of eyes, or no eyes at all<ref name="Jacobs">Jacobs Sr., S, (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions</ref>.

	As members of the class Arachnida, these small [[invertebrates]] have 8 legs. Pseudoscorpions move by shuffling their legs similar to crabs, allowing them to move as quickly backwards as they do forwards<ref name="Hahn">Hahn, J., & Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://extension.umn.edu/insect-relatives/pseudoscorpions</ref>.		As members of the class Arachnida, these small [[invertebrates]] have 8 legs. Pseudoscorpions move by shuffling their legs similar to crabs, allowing them to move as quickly backwards as they do forwards<ref name="Hahn">Hahn, J., & Kells, S. (2018). Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://extension.umn.edu/insect-relatives/pseudoscorpions</ref>.

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	\|colspan="2" \|[[File:fakeboys.jpg\|400px\|right\|thumb~~\|<ref name="Jacobs">Jacobs Sr., S, (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions</ref>~~]]		\|colspan="2" \|[[File:fakeboys.jpg\|400px\|right\|thumb]]
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	Pseudoscorpions, also referred to as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small arachnids with pincer-like appendages that resemble those of [[scorpions]]. These appendages, called pedipalps, function similarly to claws and are relatively large in comparison to their overall size<ref name="Jacobs"></ref>. Generally reaching lengths of about 2–8 millimeters at maturity, pseudoscorpions often go undetected or are mistaken for ticks. However, unlike ticks, pseudoscorpions are not regarded as harmful to humans. In fact, they prey upon many small arthropods, aiding with pest control<ref name="Lewis"> Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</ref>.		Pseudoscorpions, also referred to as false scorpions or book scorpions, are small arachnids with pincer-like appendages that resemble those of [[scorpions]]. These appendages, called pedipalps, function similarly to claws and are relatively large in comparison to their overall size<ref name="Jacobs">Jacobs Sr., S, (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions</ref>. Generally reaching lengths of about 2–8 millimeters at maturity, pseudoscorpions often go undetected or are mistaken for ticks. However, unlike ticks, pseudoscorpions are not regarded as harmful to humans. In fact, they prey upon many small arthropods, aiding with pest control<ref name="Lewis"> Lewis, D. (n.d.). The Benefits of Pseudoscorpions. Retrieved from https://www.extension.iastate.edu/news/2008/mar/071001.htm</ref>.

	== Characteristics and Morphology ==		== Characteristics and Morphology ==

Miltonsv at 00:56, 7 March 2025

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	\|colspan="2" \|[[File:fakeboys.jpg\|400px\|right\|thumb\|<ref name="Jacobs">Jacobs Sr., S, (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions</ref>]]		\|colspan="2" \|[[File:fakeboys.jpg\|400px\|right\|thumb\|<ref name="Jacobs">Jacobs Sr., S, (2013). Pseudoscorpions (Department of Entomology). Retrieved from http://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/pseudoscorpions</ref>]]
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	Most pseudoscorpions have yellowish to brown mahogany abdomens, though the pedipalps often contrast in color. These pedipalps grow over twice the length of their legs, measuring 7–9 mm across when fully extended<ref name="Jacobs"></ref>. Pedipalps consist of an immobile hand and a finger. The finger is mobile and controlled by adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually located in the finger. Additionally, pseudoscorpions possess a gland located within their chelicerae (jaws) for the purpose of producing silk. Pseudoscorpions use this silk to make cocoons for mating, molting, or enduring cold weather<ref name="All"></ref>.		Most pseudoscorpions have yellowish to brown mahogany abdomens, though the pedipalps often contrast in color. These pedipalps grow over twice the length of their legs, measuring 7–9 mm across when fully extended<ref name="Jacobs"></ref>. Pedipalps consist of an immobile hand and a finger. The finger is mobile and controlled by adductor muscles. A venom gland and venom duct are usually located in the finger. Additionally, pseudoscorpions possess a gland located within their chelicerae (jaws) for the purpose of producing silk. Pseudoscorpions use this silk to make cocoons for mating, molting, or enduring cold weather<ref name="All"></ref>.

	[[File:ya.png\|400px\|thumb\| Female ''Gymnobisium sp.'' — size reference.<ref name="~~Hahn~~"></ref>\|right]]		[[File:ya.png\|400px\|thumb\| Female ''Gymnobisium sp.'' — size reference.<ref name="Neethling">Neethling, J.A. (n.d.), Pseudoscorpions: Cryptic Predators of the Soil. Retrieved from http://sergsa.org/pseudoscorpions-cryptic-predators-soil/</ref>\|right]]

Miltonsv: Distribution Grammar

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Distribution Grammar

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	== Distribution ==		== Distribution ==

	There are over 3,300 identified species of pseudoscorpions. ~~These small arachnids~~ are found worldwide, ranging from ~~the~~ tropical regions ~~of the globe- which is~~ where the most ~~dense and~~ diverse populations are found- to ~~the~~ temperate cold regions. Pseudoscorpions have spread to island territories ~~as well~~, with endemic species being recorded ~~within~~ the Canary Islands and the Maltese Islands.		There are over 3,300 identified species of pseudoscorpions. They are found worldwide, ranging from tropical regions, where the densest and most diverse populations are found, to temperate cold regions. Pseudoscorpions have also spread to island territories, with endemic species being recorded in the Canary Islands and the Maltese Islands.
	Across these regions, these [[organisms]] can be ~~located dwelling~~ in many different types of habitats and environments<ref name="Comstock"></ref>. ~~Species~~ are ~~found~~ under tree bark ~~and~~ within tree hollows, beneath the [[soil]] surface, under leaf litter, under stones ~~and within~~ rock fractures, inside caves, on ocean shores, and within buildings and homes. ~~Indoors, pseudoscorpions~~ are commonly ~~observed~~ in rooms ~~containing~~ many books~~. Thus~~, ~~explaining their alternate name of book scorpions, they feed upon the~~ booklice and dust mites that often ~~reside within~~ bookshelves<ref name="Missouri"></ref>.		Across these regions, these [[organisms]] can be found in many different types of habitats and environments<ref name="Comstock"></ref>. They are typically located under tree bark, within tree hollows, beneath the [[soil]] surface, under leaf litter, under stones, in rock fractures, inside caves, on ocean shores, and within buildings and homes. Pseudoscorpions are commonly found indoors in rooms with many books, feeding on booklice and dust mites that often inhabit bookshelves, which led to the coining of the name 'book scorpions'<ref name="Missouri"></ref>.

Miltonsv: Diet Grammar

2025-03-07T00:04:50Z

Diet Grammar

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	== Diet and Feeding Behaviors ==		== Diet and Feeding Behaviors ==

	Pseudoscorpions are carnivorous ~~organisms~~, preying on a ~~large range~~ of small [[insects]], [[mites]], and larvae. Often targeting common house pests such as booklice, clothes moths, dust mites, ants~~, and more~~, pseudoscorpions are able to survive indoors for periods ~~of time~~<ref name="Missouri"></ref>. Pseudoscorpions ~~utilize their~~ venom glands~~, residing within~~ their ~~elongated~~ pedipalps, to immobilize ~~and capture their~~ prey ~~efficiently~~. They ~~pour~~ semi-corrosive saliva ~~over~~ their prey to ~~aid in a~~ smooth external digestion, before ingesting the liquid remains. This venom is ~~an important~~ mechanism to the feeding of pseudoscorpions, ~~without being harmful~~ to humans or pets<ref name="Lewis"></ref>.		Pseudoscorpions are carnivorous, preying on a variety of small [[insects]], [[mites]], and larvae. Often targeting common house pests such as booklice, clothes moths, dust mites, and ants, pseudoscorpions are able to survive indoors for extended periods<ref name="Missouri"></ref>. Pseudoscorpions use the venom glands in their pedipalps to immobilize prey. They deposit semi-corrosive saliva on their prey to facilitate smooth external digestion before ingesting the liquid remains. This venom is a key mechanism in the feeding process of pseudoscorpions, yet it is harmless to humans and pets<ref name="Lewis"></ref>.

	== Distribution ==		== Distribution ==

Miltonsv: Reproduction Grammar

2025-03-06T23:49:38Z

Reproduction Grammar

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	Male pseudoscorpions produce packets of sperm called spermatophores, which they deposit on surfaces for females to take into their bodies. Males often deposit spermatophores even in the absence of a female. Males of certain pseudoscorpion species also perform mating dances to attract females after depositing a spermatophore, during which they grasp the female with their pedipalps and guide her to the spermatophore to fertilize her eggs<ref name="Australia"></ref>. Males of other pseudoscorpion species may directly transfer spermatophores into the female with their pedipalps.		Male pseudoscorpions produce packets of sperm called spermatophores, which they deposit on surfaces for females to take into their bodies. Males often deposit spermatophores even in the absence of a female. Males of certain pseudoscorpion species also perform mating dances to attract females after depositing a spermatophore, during which they grasp the female with their pedipalps and guide her to the spermatophore to fertilize her eggs<ref name="Australia"></ref>. Males of other pseudoscorpion species may directly transfer spermatophores into the female with their pedipalps.

	The eggs mature within a female's brood pouch, which is connected to the abdomen. In a single brood, 20–50 young can hatch. Young remain ~~attached to~~ the mother~~'s body~~ for a brief ~~time~~ after hatching<ref name="Jacobs"></ref>. Most pseudoscorpion species have a lifespan of several years, which ~~is spent going~~ through 3 molting stages before reaching maturity. Pseudoscorpions spend an average of 2-3 years as mature adults<ref name="Missouri">Missouri Department of Conservation: Pseudoscorpions. (n.d) Retrieved from https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/pseudoscorpions</ref>.		The eggs mature within a female's brood pouch, which is connected to the abdomen. In a single brood, 20–50 young can hatch. Young remain with the mother for a brief period after hatching, eventually dispersing<ref name="Jacobs"></ref>. Most pseudoscorpion species have a lifespan of several years, during which they go through three molting stages before reaching maturity. Pseudoscorpions spend an average of 2 to 3 years as mature adults<ref name="Missouri">Missouri Department of Conservation: Pseudoscorpions. (n.d) Retrieved from https://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/pseudoscorpions</ref>.

	== Diet and Feeding Behaviors ==		== Diet and Feeding Behaviors ==