Protozoa - Revision history

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2022-05-06T18:03:53Z

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	[7] Koller, R. e. a. 2013. Protozoa enhance [[foraging]] efficiency of [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi\|arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]] for mineral		[7] Koller, R. e. a. 2013. Protozoa enhance [[foraging]] efficiency of [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi\|arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]] for mineral
	nitrogen from organic matter in soil to the benefit of host plants. The New Phytologist 199:203-211.		nitrogen from [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] in soil to the benefit of host plants. The New Phytologist 199:203-211.

	[8] Sadava, D. e. a. 2011. Life: the science of biology. Sinauer Associates.		[8] Sadava, D. e. a. 2011. Life: the science of biology. Sinauer Associates.

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2021-04-29T17:08:16Z

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	[6] Ingham, E. R. Soil Protozoa. USDA, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053867		[6] Ingham, E. R. Soil Protozoa. USDA, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053867

	[7] Koller, R. e. a. 2013. Protozoa enhance [[foraging]] efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for mineral		[7] Koller, R. e. a. 2013. Protozoa enhance [[foraging]] efficiency of [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi\|arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi]] for mineral
	nitrogen from organic matter in soil to the benefit of host plants. The New Phytologist 199:203-211.		nitrogen from organic matter in soil to the benefit of host plants. The New Phytologist 199:203-211.

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2021-04-29T17:05:18Z

Gracecos: /* In Soil: */

2021-04-28T19:45:26Z

In Soil:

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	[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae \| testaceans\|]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]		[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae\| testaceans]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]

	== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==		== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==

Gracecos: /* In Soil: */

2021-04-28T19:45:03Z

In Soil:

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	[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae\| testaceans\|]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]		[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae \| testaceans\|]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]

	== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==		== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==

Gracecos: /* In Soil: */

2021-04-28T19:44:51Z

In Soil:

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	[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae\|testaceans\|]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]		[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae\| testaceans\|]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]

	== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==		== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==

Gracecos: /* In Soil: */

2021-04-28T19:44:33Z

In Soil:

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	[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testaceans\|~~testate amoebae~~]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]		[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae\|testaceans\|]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]

	== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==		== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==

Gracecos: /* In Soil: */

2021-04-28T19:44:10Z

In Soil:

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	[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testaceans]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]		[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testaceans\|testate amoebae]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]

	== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==		== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==

Gracecos: /* In Soil: */

2021-04-09T19:33:05Z

In Soil:

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	[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoeba]], [[testaceans]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]		[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testaceans]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]















	== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==		== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==

Cengel at 11:50, 6 May 2019

2019-05-06T11:50:23Z

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	[[File:Protistdiversity.png\|thumb\|Protozoa diversity [10]]]Protozoans, an informal subfamily of protists, are single-celled animal-like eukaryote. This subgrouping of protists is highly paraphyletic and the organisms characterized as such do not necessarily share a common ancestor.[3] Protozoans occupy a variety of environments, ranging from the South to the North Pole. They can be free-living, or form parasitic or symbiotic relationships with hosts. Protozoans are motile, heterotrophic organisms that exhibit animal like behaviors, such as predation. Body sizes range from 5 to 500 µm.[4]		[[File:Protistdiversity.png\|thumb\|Protozoa diversity [8]]]Protozoans, an informal subfamily of protists, are single-celled animal-like eukaryote. This subgrouping of protists is highly paraphyletic and the organisms characterized as such do not necessarily share a common ancestor.[3] Protozoans occupy a variety of environments, ranging from the South to the North Pole. They can be free-living, or form parasitic or symbiotic relationships with hosts. Protozoans are motile, heterotrophic organisms that exhibit animal like behaviors, such as predation. Body sizes range from 5 to 500 µm.[4]

	==='''Life Cycle/Reproduction:'''===		==='''Life Cycle/Reproduction:'''===
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	[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [8]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoeba]], [[testaceans]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]		[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoeba]], [[testaceans]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]

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	[[File:Protistdiversity.png\|thumb\|Protozoa diversity [8]]]Protozoans, an informal subfamily of protists, are single-celled animal-like eukaryote. This subgrouping of protists is highly paraphyletic and the organisms characterized as such do not necessarily share a common ancestor.[3] Protozoans occupy a variety of environments, ranging from the South to the North Pole. They can be free-living, or form parasitic or symbiotic relationships with hosts. Protozoans are motile, heterotrophic organisms that exhibit animal like behaviors, such as predation. Body sizes range from 5 to 500 µm.[4]		[[File:Protistdiversity.png\|thumb\|Protozoa diversity [8]]][[Protozoans]], an informal subfamily of protists, are single-celled animal-like eukaryote. This subgrouping of protists is highly paraphyletic and the [[organisms]] characterized as such do not necessarily share a common ancestor.[3] Protozoans occupy a variety of environments, ranging from the South to the North Pole. They can be free-living, or form parasitic or symbiotic relationships with hosts. Protozoans are motile, heterotrophic organisms that exhibit animal like behaviors, such as predation. Body sizes range from 5 to 500 µm.[4]

	==='''Life Cycle/Reproduction:'''===		==='''Life Cycle/Reproduction:'''===
	Protozoa are known to reproduce both asexually and sexually. Sexual reproduction is more rare among protozoa and asexual reproduction is more common. Asexual reproduction in protozoa includes binary fission, budding and spores. Among the sexual reproducers, amoeba are known to engage in process known as conjugation. This process involves the fusion of oral groves and the exchange of genetic data.[8]		Protozoa are known to reproduce both asexually and sexually. Sexual reproduction is more rare among protozoa and asexual reproduction is more common. Asexual reproduction in protozoa includes binary fission, budding and spores. Among the sexual reproducers, [[amoeba]] are known to engage in process known as conjugation. This process involves the fusion of oral groves and the exchange of genetic data.[8]

	==='''Locomotion:'''===		==='''Locomotion:'''===
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	[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]]Soil protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae\| testaceans]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate decomposition, resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]		[[File:Protozoan picture.PNG\|thumb\|Main Types of Soil Protozoan [10]]][[Soil]] protozoans are comprised of four major groups: the [[flagellates]], [[naked amoebae\| naked amoeba]], [[testate amoebae\| testaceans]], and [[ciliates]]. Each group has a distinctive body design and are classified based on their shape. As soil inhabitants, protozoans play an important role in mineralization of nutrients and increasing nutrient supply.[7] Through grazing activity, protozoans stimulate [[decomposition]], resulting in nitrogen excretion. The nitrogen is then bio-available for plant uptake. As heterotrophs, protozoans rely on eating other organisms for nutrition. Some protozoans consume entire organisms, while others take up their waste products. Their feeding habits make protozoans an important component of regulating bacterial populations. Although it is not entirely understood, bacterial feeding stimulates bacterial growth.[5][[File:protozoabacteria.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|protozoa feeding on bacteria [6]]]

	== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==		== '''Methods for Extraction:''' ==


	Past methods for extraction focused heavily on culturing populations, but due to failure of some species to be cultured in a lab, this method is more rapidly being replaced by modern techniques. With advancements in genetic techniques, eDNA can now be amplified for use as an identifying tool. eDNA coupled with next generation sequencing has greatly aided in identifying and quantifying soil organisms that was previously unattainable with previous techniques.[6]		Past methods for extraction focused heavily on culturing populations, but due to failure of some species to be cultured in a lab, this method is more rapidly being replaced by modern techniques. With advancements in genetic techniques, eDNA can now be amplified for use as an identifying tool. eDNA coupled with next generation sequencing has greatly aided in identifying and quantifying [[soil organisms]] that was previously unattainable with previous techniques.[6]


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	== '''As Parasites''' ==		== '''As Parasites''' ==

	Many protozoa are parasitic in nature, inflicting their hosts with disease. Four main groups of protozoa are known to cause disease to humans; the Sarcodina , Mastigophora, Ciliophora and, Sporozoa. Due to their rapid reproduction, small populations can cause serious damage to their hosts. Parasitic protozoa can be transmitted via the oral-fecal route or via an arthropod vector, such as mosquitoes.[1]		Many protozoa are parasitic in nature, inflicting their hosts with disease. Four main groups of protozoa are known to cause disease to humans; the Sarcodina , Mastigophora, Ciliophora and, Sporozoa. Due to their rapid reproduction, small populations can cause serious damage to their hosts. Parasitic protozoa can be transmitted via the oral-fecal route or via an [[arthropod]] vector, such as mosquitoes.[1]


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	[1] 2016. About Parasites.in C. f. D. Control, https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.html		[1] 2016. About Parasites.in C. f. D. Control, https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/about.html

	[2] Alphei, J. e. a. 1996. Protozoa, Nematoda and Lumbricidae in the Rhizosphere of Hordelymus europaeus		[2] Alphei, J. e. a. 1996. Protozoa, Nematoda and Lumbricidae in the [[Rhizosphere]] of Hordelymus europaeus
	(Poaceae): Faunal Interactions, Response of Microorganisms and Effects on Plant Growth. Oecologia 106:111-126.		(Poaceae): Faunal Interactions, Response of [[Microorganisms]] and Effects on Plant Growth. Oecologia 106:111-126.

	[3] Blackwell, W. P., M. 2001. The Protozoa, a Kingdom by Default? The American Biology Teacher 63:483-488+490.		[3] Blackwell, W. P., M. 2001. The Protozoa, a Kingdom by Default? The American Biology Teacher 63:483-488+490.
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	[6] Ingham, E. R. Soil Protozoa. USDA, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053867		[6] Ingham, E. R. Soil Protozoa. USDA, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053867

	[7] Koller, R. e. a. 2013. Protozoa enhance foraging efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for mineral		[7] Koller, R. e. a. 2013. Protozoa enhance [[foraging]] efficiency of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for mineral
	nitrogen from organic matter in soil to the benefit of host plants. The New Phytologist 199:203-211.		nitrogen from organic matter in soil to the benefit of host plants. The New Phytologist 199:203-211.

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	[9] Yamanouchi, K. e. a. 2019. Development of a method to extract protozoan DNA from black soil. Parasite Epidemiol Control.		[9] Yamanouchi, K. e. a. 2019. Development of a method to extract protozoan DNA from black soil. Parasite Epidemiol Control.

	[10] Coleman, D. C. 2004. Fundamentals of soil ecology. Elsevier.		[10] Coleman, D. C. 2004. Fundamentals of soil [[ecology]]. Elsevier.