Octolasion cyaneum - Revision history

Ehkapaws: /* Life Cycle */

2025-05-02T16:23:25Z

Life Cycle

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:23, 2 May 2025
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	==Life Cycle==		==Life Cycle==
	[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle <ref name= "Bobbie">Bobbie Kalman, The life cycle of an earthworm. New York: Crabtree, 2004 </ref>.]]		[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|''Octolasion cyaneum'' life cycle <ref name= "Bobbie">Bobbie Kalman, The life cycle of an earthworm. New York: Crabtree, 2004 </ref>.]]
	''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature ''O. cyaneum'' display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.		''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature ''O. cyaneum'' display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.

	==References==		==References==

Ehkapaws at 14:43, 2 May 2025

2025-05-02T14:43:16Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:43, 2 May 2025
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	\|colspan="2"\| [[File:Octo.jpeg\|900px\|thumb\|Picture of ''Octolasion cyaneum'']]		\|colspan="2"\| [[File:Octo.jpeg\|900px\|thumb\|Picture of ''Octolasion cyaneum'' <ref name= "iNaturalist">iNaturalist. 2025. Octolasion. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/333503-Octolasion </ref>.]]
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	\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\|'''Scientific Classification'''		\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\|'''Scientific Classification'''

Ehkapaws: /* Life Cycle */

2025-05-02T14:36:44Z

Life Cycle

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 2 May 2025
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	==Life Cycle==		==Life Cycle==
	[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle ~~</ref>~~ <ref name= "Bobbie">Bobbie Kalman, The life cycle of an earthworm. New York: Crabtree, 2004 </ref>.]]		[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle <ref name= "Bobbie">Bobbie Kalman, The life cycle of an earthworm. New York: Crabtree, 2004 </ref>.]]
	''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature ''O. cyaneum'' display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.		''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature ''O. cyaneum'' display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.

	==References==		==References==

Ehkapaws: /* Life Cycle */

2025-05-02T14:36:21Z

Life Cycle

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:36, 2 May 2025
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	==Life Cycle==		==Life Cycle==
	[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle]]		[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle </ref> <ref name= "Bobbie">Bobbie Kalman, The life cycle of an earthworm. New York: Crabtree, 2004 </ref>.]]
	''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature ''O. cyaneum'' display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.		''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature ''O. cyaneum'' display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.

	==References==		==References==

Ehkapaws at 02:14, 30 April 2025

2025-04-30T02:14:25Z

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	\|colspan="2"\| [[File:Octo.jpeg\|900px\|thumb]]		\|colspan="2"\| [[File:Octo.jpeg\|900px\|thumb\|Picture of ''Octolasion cyaneum'']]
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	\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\|'''Scientific Classification'''		\|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)\|'''Scientific Classification'''

Ehkapaws: /* Ecology */

2025-04-30T02:03:32Z

Ecology

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:03, 29 April 2025
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	==Ecology==		==Ecology==
	Like all earthworms, ''O. cyaneum'' ~~increases the concentration of~~ nitrogen ~~in the soil~~ and ~~increases~~ potassium through the production of vermicompost~~, making the soil fertile and rich in~~ [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>. They can be used as bioindicators of soil management because they are sensitive to both chemical and physical soil parameters <ref name= “Paoletti”>Paoletti, M. G., G. Fohrer, C. Favretto, D. J. Howard, and A. M. Toniolo. 1998. Earthworms as useful bioindicators of agroecosystem sustainability in orchards and vineyards with different inputs. Applied Soil [[Ecology]] 10:137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00036-5</ref>. This can be observed through their cocoon numbers and biomass because they reflect both natural soil parameters and agricultural practices <ref name= “Lowe, Butt”>Lowe CN, Butt KR, Cheynier V, Lowe SD. 2016. Assessment of avoidance behaviour by earthworms ([[Lumbricus rubellus]] and Octolasion cyaneum) in linear pollution gradients. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 124:324–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.015 </ref>.		Like all earthworms, ''O. cyaneum'' contributes to soil fertility by enhancing nitrogen availability and increasing potassium levels through the production of vermicompost [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>. They can be used as bioindicators of soil management because they are sensitive to both chemical and physical soil parameters <ref name= “Paoletti”>Paoletti, M. G., G. Fohrer, C. Favretto, D. J. Howard, and A. M. Toniolo. 1998. Earthworms as useful bioindicators of agroecosystem sustainability in orchards and vineyards with different inputs. Applied Soil [[Ecology]] 10:137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00036-5</ref>. This can be observed through their cocoon numbers and biomass because they reflect both natural soil parameters and agricultural practices <ref name= “Lowe, Butt”>Lowe CN, Butt KR, Cheynier V, Lowe SD. 2016. Assessment of avoidance behaviour by earthworms ([[Lumbricus rubellus]] and Octolasion cyaneum) in linear pollution gradients. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 124:324–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.015 </ref>.

	==Life Cycle==		==Life Cycle==

Ehkapaws: /* Range */

2025-04-30T02:01:23Z

Range

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:01, 29 April 2025
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	==Range==		==Range==
	''O. cyaneum'' is a temperate endogenic species, meaning that they are soil dwelling species that live and feed within the soil rather than above~~, found throughout~~ Europe, America, Australia, northern India, and Pakistan <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. ~~Its widespread~~ geographical distribution ~~predisposes them as a subject for~~ ecological ~~assessment~~ and chronic ~~toxicity~~ studies <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. ~~They~~ can be found under stones, burrowing tree trunks, and near riverbeds <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.		''O. cyaneum'' is a temperate endogenic species, meaning that they are soil dwelling species that live and feed within the soil rather than above. It is widely distributed across Europe, North America, Australia, northern India, and Pakistan <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. Due to its broad geographical distribution, ''O. cyaneum'' is frequently used in ecological assessments and chronic soil studies <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. In natural environments, they can commonly be found under stones, burrowing tree trunks, and near riverbeds <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.

	==Ecology==		==Ecology==

Ehkapaws: /* Life Cycle */

2025-04-30T01:57:54Z

Life Cycle

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:57, 29 April 2025
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	==Life Cycle==		==Life Cycle==
	[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle]]		[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle]]
	''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature O. cyaneum display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.		''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature ''O. cyaneum'' display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.

	==References==		==References==

Ehkapaws at 01:57, 30 April 2025

2025-04-30T01:57:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:57, 29 April 2025
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	''Octolasion cyaneum'', a blue gray worm, is in the family Lumbricidae that are the dominant earthworms of pastures and croplands of Europe <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>. They are large sluggish species mostly found in the topsoil of low-fertility pastures on many [[soil]] types <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. Native to Europe, O. cyaneum was unintentionally introduced to other regions, including New Zealand and North America, most likely through ballast from ships or via imported potted plants brought by early European settlers <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. O. cyaneum feed on fresh [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]], [[microorganisms]], and large quantities of soil and accompanied organic residues.		''Octolasion cyaneum'', a blue gray worm, is in the family Lumbricidae that are the dominant earthworms of pastures and croplands of Europe <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>. They are large sluggish species mostly found in the topsoil of low-fertility pastures on many [[soil]] types <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. Native to Europe, ''O. cyaneum'' was unintentionally introduced to other regions, including New Zealand and North America, most likely through ballast from ships or via imported potted plants brought by early European settlers <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' feed on fresh [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]], [[microorganisms]], and large quantities of soil and accompanied organic residues.

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	==Range==		==Range==
	O. cyaneum is a temperate endogenic species, meaning that they are soil dwelling species that live and feed within the soil rather than above, found throughout Europe, America, Australia, northern India, and Pakistan <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. Its widespread geographical distribution predisposes them as a subject for ecological assessment and chronic toxicity studies <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They can be found under stones, burrowing tree trunks, and near riverbeds <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.		''O. cyaneum'' is a temperate endogenic species, meaning that they are soil dwelling species that live and feed within the soil rather than above, found throughout Europe, America, Australia, northern India, and Pakistan <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. Its widespread geographical distribution predisposes them as a subject for ecological assessment and chronic toxicity studies <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They can be found under stones, burrowing tree trunks, and near riverbeds <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.

	==Ecology==		==Ecology==
	Like all earthworms, O. cyaneum increases the concentration of nitrogen in the soil and increases potassium through the production of vermicompost, making the soil fertile and rich in [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>. They can be used as bioindicators of soil management because they are sensitive to both chemical and physical soil parameters <ref name= “Paoletti”>Paoletti, M. G., G. Fohrer, C. Favretto, D. J. Howard, and A. M. Toniolo. 1998. Earthworms as useful bioindicators of agroecosystem sustainability in orchards and vineyards with different inputs. Applied Soil [[Ecology]] 10:137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00036-5</ref>. This can be observed through their cocoon numbers and biomass because they reflect both natural soil parameters and agricultural practices <ref name= “Lowe, Butt”>Lowe CN, Butt KR, Cheynier V, Lowe SD. 2016. Assessment of avoidance behaviour by earthworms ([[Lumbricus rubellus]] and Octolasion cyaneum) in linear pollution gradients. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 124:324–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.015 </ref>.		Like all earthworms, ''O. cyaneum'' increases the concentration of nitrogen in the soil and increases potassium through the production of vermicompost, making the soil fertile and rich in [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>. They can be used as bioindicators of soil management because they are sensitive to both chemical and physical soil parameters <ref name= “Paoletti”>Paoletti, M. G., G. Fohrer, C. Favretto, D. J. Howard, and A. M. Toniolo. 1998. Earthworms as useful bioindicators of agroecosystem sustainability in orchards and vineyards with different inputs. Applied Soil [[Ecology]] 10:137–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0929-1393(98)00036-5</ref>. This can be observed through their cocoon numbers and biomass because they reflect both natural soil parameters and agricultural practices <ref name= “Lowe, Butt”>Lowe CN, Butt KR, Cheynier V, Lowe SD. 2016. Assessment of avoidance behaviour by earthworms ([[Lumbricus rubellus]] and Octolasion cyaneum) in linear pollution gradients. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 124:324–328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.11.015 </ref>.

	==Life Cycle==		==Life Cycle==
	[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle]]		[[File:Octo_Life_cycle.jpg\|600px\|thumb\|left\|Octolasion cyaneum life cycle]]
	O. cyaneum are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature O. cyaneum display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. O. cyaneum prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.		''O. cyaneum'' are hermaphrodites, possessing both male and female reproductive organs <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. The common mode of reproduction is parthenogenesis that results in the production of genetically homogeneous clones in populations founded on one or only few individuals <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. They produce either one hatching (singleton) or two hatchings (twins) per cocoon, which are rare but not impossible <ref name= “Lowe”>Lowe, C. N., and K. R. Butt. 2008. Life cycle traits of the parthenogenetic earthworm Octolasion cyaneum (Savigny, 1826). European Journal of Soil Biology 44:541–544. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2008.08.002 </ref>. The mature O. cyaneum display a citellum on the front portion of the body that is used for reproduction <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. ''O. cyaneum'' prefer environments that have high values of [[porosity]] and C content, soils with a pH of 5.5-8, and moist soil for development, buckwheat [[rhizosphere]] being the best <ref name= “Kliszcz”>Kliszcz, A., and J. Puła. 2020. The change of pH value and Octolasion cyaneum Savigny earthworms’ activity under stubble crops after spring triticale continuous cultivation. Soil Systems 4(3):39. https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030039 </ref> <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>.

	==References==		==References==

Ehkapaws at 01:56, 30 April 2025

2025-04-30T01:56:07Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:56, 29 April 2025
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	""Octolasion cyaneum"", a blue gray worm, is in the family Lumbricidae that are the dominant earthworms of pastures and croplands of Europe <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>. They are large sluggish species mostly found in the topsoil of low-fertility pastures on many [[soil]] types <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. Native to Europe, O. cyaneum was unintentionally introduced to other regions, including New Zealand and North America, most likely through ballast from ships or via imported potted plants brought by early European settlers <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. O. cyaneum feed on fresh [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]], [[microorganisms]], and large quantities of soil and accompanied organic residues.		''Octolasion cyaneum'', a blue gray worm, is in the family Lumbricidae that are the dominant earthworms of pastures and croplands of Europe <ref name= “Muslim”>Muslim, T. M. 2024. Morphological and environmental conditions of new record [[earthworm]] Octolasion cyaneum in Al-Diwaniyah City/Iraq. Asian Journal of Biological Sciences 17:582–586. https://doi.org/10.3923/ajbs.2024.582.586 </ref>. They are large sluggish species mostly found in the topsoil of low-fertility pastures on many [[soil]] types <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. Native to Europe, O. cyaneum was unintentionally introduced to other regions, including New Zealand and North America, most likely through ballast from ships or via imported potted plants brought by early European settlers <ref name= “Bendle”>Bendle, P. 2015. Octolasion cyaneum (Common earthworm). Phil Bendle Collection: Worms (Common). CitSciHub. https://citscihub.nz/Phil_Bendle_Collection:Worms_(Common)_Octolasion_cyaneum </ref>. O. cyaneum feed on fresh [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]], [[microorganisms]], and large quantities of soil and accompanied organic residues.

	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;		{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;