Nematodes - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:29, 5 May 2021
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	'''Bacterivores''': These are the nematodes that are primarily responsible for being beneficial in [[decomposition]] and [[Nutrient Cycling\|nutrient cycling]]. The mouthpart of a bacterivoral nematode is a hollow opening that allows the bacteria to be ingested. Bacteria are everywhere in the soil, which is why this is the 2nd most populous group of nematodes.		'''Bacterivores''': These are the nematodes that are primarily responsible for being beneficial in [[decomposition]] and [[Nutrient Cycling\|nutrient cycling]]. The mouthpart of a bacterivoral nematode is a hollow opening that allows the bacteria to be ingested. Bacteria are everywhere in the soil, which is why this is the 2nd most populous group of nematodes.

	'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.		'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and [[Nutrient Cycling\|nutrient cycling]] in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.

	'''Predators''': These nematodes are great for keeping certain populations at bay because of their predation preferences. Most predatores eat other plant-parasitic nematodes, and other free living nematodes; although they can eat [[protozoa]]ns and even some [[insects]]. They mouthpart is an opening that is designed for attaching to it's host, and a stylet that is designed to scrape away at the tissue of the host.		'''Predators''': These nematodes are great for keeping certain populations at bay because of their predation preferences. Most predatores eat other plant-parasitic nematodes, and other free living nematodes; although they can eat [[protozoa]]ns and even some [[insects]]. They mouthpart is an opening that is designed for attaching to it's host, and a stylet that is designed to scrape away at the tissue of the host.

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2021-04-29T17:07:56Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:07, 29 April 2021
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	'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.		'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.

	'''Bacterivores''': These are the nematodes that are primarily responsible for being beneficial in [[decomposition]] and nutrient cycling. The mouthpart of a bacterivoral nematode is a hollow opening that allows the bacteria to be ingested. Bacteria are everywhere in the soil, which is why this is the 2nd most populous group of nematodes.		'''Bacterivores''': These are the nematodes that are primarily responsible for being beneficial in [[decomposition]] and [[Nutrient Cycling\|nutrient cycling]]. The mouthpart of a bacterivoral nematode is a hollow opening that allows the bacteria to be ingested. Bacteria are everywhere in the soil, which is why this is the 2nd most populous group of nematodes.

	'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.		'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.

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2021-04-29T17:04:57Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 29 April 2021
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	==Overview==		==Overview==
	[[File:Hemicycliophora_sp.jpg\|left\|200px\|thumb\|A Hemicycliophora, a species of Nematoda. [1] ]]According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Nematode is defined as, "Any of a phylum (Nematoda or Nemata) of elongated cylindrical worms parasitic in animals or plants or free-living soil or water".[2] Nematodes are the most diverse, and adapted phylum of metazoans and are found all over the earth in many different regions. There are expected to be around 50,000 species of Nematodes that exist today. Nematodes are one of many phyla that are classified as a [[protostome]], although they do not follow with [[Annelids]] because of the Nematode's tubular design.		[[File:Hemicycliophora_sp.jpg\|left\|200px\|thumb\|A Hemicycliophora, a species of Nematoda. [1] ]]According to the Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Nematode is defined as, "Any of a phylum (Nematoda or Nemata) of elongated cylindrical worms parasitic in [[animals]] or plants or free-living [[soil]] or water".[2] Nematodes are the most diverse, and adapted phylum of metazoans and are found all over the earth in many different regions. There are expected to be around 50,000 species of Nematodes that exist today. Nematodes are one of many phyla that are classified as a [[protostome]], although they do not follow with [[Annelids]] because of the Nematode's tubular design.

	==Anatomy==		==Anatomy==
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	Nematodes primarily undergo anhydrobiosis, but there are some species that undergo more than just anhydrobiosis. They can undergo '''anoxybiosis''', which is a condition where a nematode will take in water and enter a stage of low productivity. Entering this stage is as close to dying without actually dying, and similar to anhydrobiosis, a nematode can survive for months to decades in a state of anoxybiosis. This state is a result of being in a place that is very low on oxygen, or anoxia. [4]		Nematodes primarily undergo anhydrobiosis, but there are some species that undergo more than just anhydrobiosis. They can undergo '''anoxybiosis''', which is a condition where a nematode will take in water and enter a stage of low productivity. Entering this stage is as close to dying without actually dying, and similar to anhydrobiosis, a nematode can survive for months to decades in a state of anoxybiosis. This state is a result of being in a place that is very low on oxygen, or anoxia. [4]

	The other partially studied states of cryptobiosis are chemobiosis, cryobiosis, and osmobiosis. Chemobiosis is a state that occurs in response to high levels of toxins or other chemicals. This state has not been studied in nematodes, instead they are studied in [[Tardigrades]]. Cryobiosis is a state that occurs in response to very low temperatures and when the water molecules around an organisms cells are freezing. This is a way to keep an organism alive when facing freezing conditions. An organism that displays this state of cryptobiosis is a lobster. Osmobiosis is a state that an organism enters when in response to an increased solute of whatever solution it is in. This is the least studied state of them all, although it is clear that metabolism in some organisms can change due to an increased solute. [4]		The other partially studied states of cryptobiosis are chemobiosis, cryobiosis, and osmobiosis. Chemobiosis is a state that occurs in response to high levels of toxins or other chemicals. This state has not been studied in nematodes, instead they are studied in [[Tardigrades]]. Cryobiosis is a state that occurs in response to very low temperatures and when the water molecules around an [[organisms]] cells are freezing. This is a way to keep an organism alive when facing freezing conditions. An organism that displays this state of cryptobiosis is a lobster. Osmobiosis is a state that an organism enters when in response to an increased solute of whatever solution it is in. This is the least studied state of them all, although it is clear that metabolism in some organisms can change due to an increased solute. [4]

	==Feeding Styles==		==Feeding Styles==
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	'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.		'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.

	'''Bacterivores''': These are the nematodes that are primarily responsible for being beneficial in decomposition and nutrient cycling. The mouthpart of a bacterivoral nematode is a hollow opening that allows the bacteria to be ingested. Bacteria are everywhere in the soil, which is why this is the 2nd most populous group of nematodes.		'''Bacterivores''': These are the nematodes that are primarily responsible for being beneficial in [[decomposition]] and nutrient cycling. The mouthpart of a bacterivoral nematode is a hollow opening that allows the bacteria to be ingested. Bacteria are everywhere in the soil, which is why this is the 2nd most populous group of nematodes.

	'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.		'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.

	'''Predators''': These nematodes are great for keeping certain populations at bay because of their predation preferences. Most predatores eat other plant-parasitic nematodes, and other free living nematodes; although they can eat [[protozoa]]ns and even some insects. They mouthpart is an opening that is designed for attaching to it's host, and a stylet that is designed to scrape away at the tissue of the host.		'''Predators''': These nematodes are great for keeping certain populations at bay because of their predation preferences. Most predatores eat other plant-parasitic nematodes, and other free living nematodes; although they can eat [[protozoa]]ns and even some [[insects]]. They mouthpart is an opening that is designed for attaching to it's host, and a stylet that is designed to scrape away at the tissue of the host.

	'''Omnivores''': Omnivoral nematodes typically prefer to eat on plants, bacteria, and fungi; although if their food source is scarce they will eat other nematodes and insects. Their mouthpart is similar to the predatory nematodes.		'''Omnivores''': Omnivoral nematodes typically prefer to eat on plants, bacteria, and fungi; although if their food source is scarce they will eat other nematodes and insects. Their mouthpart is similar to the predatory nematodes.

Kylemort: /* Feeding Styles */

2018-05-09T04:39:12Z

Feeding Styles

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:39, 9 May 2018
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	==Feeding Styles==		==Feeding Styles==
	[[File:nematode_mouthparts.gif\|~~300px~~\|left\|thumb\|A)Bacterivore B)Fungivore C)Herbivore D)Predator E) Omnivore]]		[[File:nematode_mouthparts.gif\|375px\|left\|thumb\|A)Bacterivore B)Fungivore C)Herbivore D)Predator E) Omnivore]]

	'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.		'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.

Kylemort: /* References */

2018-05-09T04:38:43Z

References

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	[6] Ugarte, Carmen, and Ed Zaborski. “Soil Nematodes in Organic Farming Systems.” EXtension, articles.extension.org/pages/24726/soil-nematodes-in-organic-farming-systems.		[6] Ugarte, Carmen, and Ed Zaborski. “Soil Nematodes in Organic Farming Systems.” EXtension, articles.extension.org/pages/24726/soil-nematodes-in-organic-farming-systems.

			[7] McSorely, Robert. “Soil Inhabiting Nematodes.” Featured Creatures, July 1997, entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/nematode/soil_nematode.htm.

Kylemort: /* Feeding Styles */

2018-05-09T04:35:04Z

Feeding Styles

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:35, 9 May 2018
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	'''Omnivores''': Omnivoral nematodes typically prefer to eat on plants, bacteria, and fungi; although if their food source is scarce they will eat other nematodes and insects. Their mouthpart is similar to the predatory nematodes.		'''Omnivores''': Omnivoral nematodes typically prefer to eat on plants, bacteria, and fungi; although if their food source is scarce they will eat other nematodes and insects. Their mouthpart is similar to the predatory nematodes.

	'''Unknown''': There are many species of nematodes that have not been studied a lot, therefore their food source is unknown to us.		'''Unknown''': There are many species of nematodes that have not been studied a lot, therefore their food source is unknown to us. [7]

	==Importance In Soil==		==Importance In Soil==

Kylemort: /* Feeding Styles */

2018-05-09T04:34:35Z

Feeding Styles

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:34, 9 May 2018
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	==Feeding Styles==		==Feeding Styles==
			[[File:nematode_mouthparts.gif\|300px\|left\|thumb\|A)Bacterivore B)Fungivore C)Herbivore D)Predator E) Omnivore]]

	'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.		'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.

Kylemort at 04:31, 9 May 2018

2018-05-09T04:31:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:31, 9 May 2018
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	'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.		'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.

	'''Predators''': These nematodes are great for keeping certain populations at bay because of their predation preferences. Most predatores eat other plant-parasitic nematodes, and other free living nematodes; although they can eat [[protozoa]]ns and even some insects.		'''Predators''': These nematodes are great for keeping certain populations at bay because of their predation preferences. Most predatores eat other plant-parasitic nematodes, and other free living nematodes; although they can eat [[protozoa]]ns and even some insects. They mouthpart is an opening that is designed for attaching to it's host, and a stylet that is designed to scrape away at the tissue of the host.

			'''Omnivores''': Omnivoral nematodes typically prefer to eat on plants, bacteria, and fungi; although if their food source is scarce they will eat other nematodes and insects. Their mouthpart is similar to the predatory nematodes.

			'''Unknown''': There are many species of nematodes that have not been studied a lot, therefore their food source is unknown to us.

	==Importance In Soil==		==Importance In Soil==

Kylemort: /* Feeding Styles */

2018-05-09T04:26:07Z

Feeding Styles

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:26, 9 May 2018
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	==Feeding Styles==		==Feeding Styles==

			'''Herbivores''': Herbivoral nematodes are the majority of nematodes known with about 50% of all nematodes being herbivoral. The mouthparts of an herbivoral nematode consist of a small needle that is used to puncture the plant while feeding. The two main herbivores are '''Ectoparisites''', which feed on the outside of the root and '''Endoparisites''', which feed on the inside of the root structure.

			'''Bacterivores''': These are the nematodes that are primarily responsible for being beneficial in decomposition and nutrient cycling. The mouthpart of a bacterivoral nematode is a hollow opening that allows the bacteria to be ingested. Bacteria are everywhere in the soil, which is why this is the 2nd most populous group of nematodes.

			'''Fungivores''': These nematodes are also very important in decomposition and nutrient cycling in the soil. The mouthpart is similar to the '''herbivores''' mouthparts, it is a stylet that is designed to pierce the fungal hyphae during feeding.

			'''Predators''': These nematodes are great for keeping certain populations at bay because of their predation preferences. Most predatores eat other plant-parasitic nematodes, and other free living nematodes; although they can eat [[protozoa]]ns and even some insects.

	==Importance In Soil==		==Importance In Soil==

Kylemort at 04:08, 9 May 2018

2018-05-09T04:08:26Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:08, 9 May 2018
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	The other partially studied states of cryptobiosis are chemobiosis, cryobiosis, and osmobiosis. Chemobiosis is a state that occurs in response to high levels of toxins or other chemicals. This state has not been studied in nematodes, instead they are studied in [[Tardigrades]]. Cryobiosis is a state that occurs in response to very low temperatures and when the water molecules around an organisms cells are freezing. This is a way to keep an organism alive when facing freezing conditions. An organism that displays this state of cryptobiosis is a lobster. Osmobiosis is a state that an organism enters when in response to an increased solute of whatever solution it is in. This is the least studied state of them all, although it is clear that metabolism in some organisms can change due to an increased solute. [4]		The other partially studied states of cryptobiosis are chemobiosis, cryobiosis, and osmobiosis. Chemobiosis is a state that occurs in response to high levels of toxins or other chemicals. This state has not been studied in nematodes, instead they are studied in [[Tardigrades]]. Cryobiosis is a state that occurs in response to very low temperatures and when the water molecules around an organisms cells are freezing. This is a way to keep an organism alive when facing freezing conditions. An organism that displays this state of cryptobiosis is a lobster. Osmobiosis is a state that an organism enters when in response to an increased solute of whatever solution it is in. This is the least studied state of them all, although it is clear that metabolism in some organisms can change due to an increased solute. [4]

			==Feeding Styles==



	==Importance In Soil==		==Importance In Soil==
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	Predatory and insect-parasitic nematodes are important for controlling populations in the soil. The predatory nematodes tend to eat other nematodes and thus keep a population check on different nematode species, maintaining a healthy [[biodiversity]] in the soil. Insect-parasitic nematodes are especially important to farmers because they can keep a harmful pest at bay in a certain crop. The insect-parasitic nematode can enter it's host and kill the host while taking in nutrients from the host. This can assist in crop health by removing pests that can destroy a crop. [6]		Predatory and insect-parasitic nematodes are important for controlling populations in the soil. The predatory nematodes tend to eat other nematodes and thus keep a population check on different nematode species, maintaining a healthy [[biodiversity]] in the soil. Insect-parasitic nematodes are especially important to farmers because they can keep a harmful pest at bay in a certain crop. The insect-parasitic nematode can enter it's host and kill the host while taking in nutrients from the host. This can assist in crop health by removing pests that can destroy a crop. [6]

	However, there are plant-parasitic nematodes that can destroy crops and overall plant biodiversity in an ecosystem. This can be an issue to farmers because their entire crop can be destroyed by these nematodes. They will enter the root system of a plant and will divert the nutrients from the plant to the nematode. This can often kill the plant if the infestation is large enough. Farmers are finding better techniques to keep their crops safe from these detrimental nematodes by rotating their crops more often.		However, there are plant-parasitic nematodes that can destroy crops and overall plant biodiversity in an ecosystem. This can be an issue to farmers because their entire crop can be destroyed by these nematodes. They will enter the root system of a plant and will divert the nutrients from the plant to the nematode. This can often kill the plant if the infestation is large enough. Farmers are finding better techniques to keep their crops safe from these detrimental nematodes by rotating their crops more often. [6]



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	[4] McSorely, Robert. “ADAPTATIONS OF NEMATODES TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES.” BioOne, Florida Entomological Society, June 2003, www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1653/0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0138%3AAONTEE%5D2.0.CO%3B2.		[4] McSorely, Robert. “ADAPTATIONS OF NEMATODES TO ENVIRONMENTAL EXTREMES.” BioOne, Florida Entomological Society, June 2003, www.bioone.org/doi/full/10.1653/0015-4040%282003%29086%5B0138%3AAONTEE%5D2.0.CO%3B2.

	[5]“About Sleeping Chironomid.” Sleeping Chironomid, Sleeping Chironomid Research Group, www.naro.affrc.go.jp/archive/nias/anhydrobiosis/Sleeping%20Chironimid/e-about-yusurika.html.		[5] “About Sleeping Chironomid.” Sleeping Chironomid, Sleeping Chironomid Research Group, www.naro.affrc.go.jp/archive/nias/anhydrobiosis/Sleeping%20Chironimid/e-about-yusurika.html.

			[6] Ugarte, Carmen, and Ed Zaborski. “Soil Nematodes in Organic Farming Systems.” EXtension, articles.extension.org/pages/24726/soil-nematodes-in-organic-farming-systems.