Monocots - Revision history

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2025-05-01T18:45:34Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:45, 1 May 2025
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	=Families=		=Families=

	Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae [19]. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and epiphytes that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets [20].		Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae [19]. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and [[epiphytes]] that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets [20].

	=Uses=		=Uses=

Jsebesta at 03:11, 2 May 2022

2022-05-02T03:11:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:11, 1 May 2022
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	[[File:orchid.jpg\|left\|200px\|[16]\|]]		[[File:orchid.jpg\|left\|200px\|[16]\|]]

	Monocots make up one of the largest groups of [[wikipedia:angiosperms\|angiosperms]], or flowering plants, comprising a total of 25 percent of all [[angiosperms]] [4]. The term monocot stems from most ~~membering plants~~ having one seed leaf, known as a [[wikipedia:cotyledon\|cotyledon]]. There are nearly 60,000 different species of monocots and together they form a monophyletic group [2]. Well-known monocot families include Orchidaceae (orchids), the largest known plant family, Iridaceae (irises), and Arecaceae (palms) [13]. Monocots are of great economic and cultural importance around the world [13].		Monocots make up one of the largest groups of [[wikipedia:angiosperms\|angiosperms]], or flowering plants, comprising a total of 25 percent of all [[angiosperms]] [4]. The term monocot stems from most members of this group having one seed leaf, known as a [[wikipedia:cotyledon\|cotyledon]]. There are nearly 60,000 different species of monocots and together they form a monophyletic group [2]. Well-known monocot families include Orchidaceae (orchids), the largest known plant family, Iridaceae (irises), and Arecaceae (palms) [13]. Monocots are of great economic and cultural importance around the world [13].

	[[File:monodistems.jpg\|border\|frame\|The scattered vascular structure of a monocot pattern (left) compared to the ring-shaped vascular structure of eudicots (right) [17].]]		[[File:monodistems.jpg\|border\|frame\|The scattered vascular structure of a monocot pattern (left) compared to the ring-shaped vascular structure of [[wikipedia:eudicots\|eudicots]] (right) [17].]]


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	=Physical Structure=		=Physical Structure=

	The identifying feature of a monocot is a trimerious-pentacyclic flower design~~. This~~ design consists of six tepals in two whorls, six stamens in two whorls, and three carpels. These features are virtually absent from earlier angiosperms [8]. Floral parts ~~in monocots typically occur~~ in threes [9]~~. Monocots are also known to have~~ leaves with veins that are arranged parallel to one another and do not join other veins~~. Monocotyledons differ from the other main group of angiosperms~~, ~~[[wikipedia:eudicots\|eudicots]], in their vascular structure. Monocots have~~ primary vascular bundles containing both [[wikipedia:phloem\|phloem]] and [[wikipedia:xylem\|xylem]] in a scattered arrangement, known as an atactostele. There is no differentiation between cortical and stellar regions in monocots. This ~~contrasts~~ eudicots, which have a ring like vascular bundle shape with a distinct phloem and xylem, differentiated by the cortex and stele [15]. Root systems in monocots are characterized by a radical, which aborts at an early stage. Since the first root that emerges dies, a central taproot forms and roots grow adventitiously [3]. [[wikipedia:Adventitious roots\|adventitious roots]] sprout from shoot tissues near the base of the monocot. [[Root hairs]] of monocots are short-lived but are regularly replaced by new hairs as long as the root continues to grow. Monocots also lack a cambium, which allows for growth in diameter with height [3]. Due to the lack of a cambium, there is a limit on how tall shoots can grow and many monocots tend to be herbaceous. However, some monocots are able to ~~reach~~ great ~~height~~, ~~length~~ and ~~mass~~ such as agaves, palms, and bamboos.		The identifying feature of a monocot is referred to as a trimerious-pentacyclic flower design; this design consists of six tepals in two whorls, six stamens in two whorls, and three carpels. These features are virtually absent from earlier more basal angiosperms [8]. There are many defining features of a monocot, including: Floral parts in threes [9], leaves with veins that are arranged parallel to one another and do not join other veins, and primary vascular bundles containing both [[wikipedia:phloem\|phloem]] and [[wikipedia:xylem\|xylem]] in a scattered arrangement, known as an atactostele. There is no differentiation between cortical and stellar regions in monocots. This is another way in which monocots differ from eudicots, which have a ring like vascular bundle shape with distinct phloem and xylem, differentiated by the cortex and stele [15]. Root systems in monocots are characterized by a radical, which aborts at an early stage. Since the first root that emerges dies, a central taproot forms and roots grow adventitiously [3]
			[[wikipedia:Adventitious roots\|adventitious roots]] sprout from shoot tissues near the base of the monocot. [[Root hairs]] of monocots are short-lived but are regularly replaced by new hairs as long as the root continues to grow. Monocots also lack a cambium, which allows for growth in diameter with height [3]. Due to the lack of a cambium, there is a limit on how tall shoots can grow and many monocots tend to be herbaceous. However, some monocots are able to grow to great heights, lengths, and masses such as agaves, palms, and bamboos.

	[[File:monocot_seed.png\|frame\|border\|left\|Seed structure in monocots shown in a front view (left) and a longitudinal cross section (right) [18].]]		[[File:monocot_seed.png\|frame\|border\|left\|Seed structure in monocots shown in a front view (left) and a longitudinal cross section (right) [18].]]
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	=DNA=		=DNA=

	Based on recent data, monocots have been identified to be a monophyletic group that diverged from other angiosperms over a million years BP, during the Cretaceous era [2]. Advances in molecular systematics have enabled eight major groups of monocot to be identified. Moving from the most basal, these groups include Acorus, Alismatales, and a polytomy of six remaining clades known as Japonolirion, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales, Asparagales, and a commelinoid clade with subclades, Arecaceae, Zinigiberales, and Poales [5]. While monocots were originally named due to having a single cotyledon, 18s rDNA evidence has shown that a stronger uniting factor among monocots is pollen grain type. Through the use of molecular systematics, it has been found that taxa with ~~uniaperturate~~ pollen form a grade at the base of the angiosperm tree [11]. Nearly all monocots have been identified to have ~~uniaperturate~~ pollen grains which distinguishes them from a large eudicot clade with taxa having primarily triaperturate pollen [10].		Based on recent data, monocots have been identified to be a monophyletic group that diverged from other angiosperms over a million years BP, during the Cretaceous era [2]. Advances in molecular systematics have enabled eight major groups of monocot to be identified. Moving from the most basal, these groups include Acorus, Alismatales, and a polytomy of six remaining clades known as Japonolirion, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales, Asparagales, and a commelinoid clade with subclades, Arecaceae, Zinigiberales, and Poales [5]. While monocots were originally named due to having a single cotyledon, 18s rDNA evidence has shown that a stronger uniting factor among monocots is pollen grain type. Through the use of molecular systematics, it has been found that taxa with monoaperturate pollen form a grade at the base of the angiosperm tree [11]. Nearly all monocots have been identified to have monoaperturate pollen grains which distinguishes them from a large eudicot clade with taxa having primarily triaperturate pollen [10].

	=~~Familes~~=		=Families=

	Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae [19]. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and epiphytes that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets [20].		Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae [19]. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and epiphytes that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets [20].
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	=Uses=		=Uses=

	Monocots are of great cultural and economic importance. [[wikipedia:Grasses\|Grasses]] in particular are monocots which are of vital importance to both humans and [[wikipedia:animals\|animals]] (Poaceae) [4]. Monocots are ubiquitous in the diet of humans. Grains such as rice, wheat, and barley are all monocots [1]. Fruits such as plantains, coconuts, pineapples, and dates fall under the monocot clade. In addition to the monocot’s dietary use, some monocots are used medicinally. The genus Dioscorea is responsible for producing diosgenin, a steroid-like compound that aids in making progesterone for many contraceptives. Indigenous communities around the world rely on monocots for medicinal purposes [6,7,14]. Other monocots used by humans include the [[wikipedia:sedge\|sedge]] family (Cyperaceae), palms, lilies, bromeliads, skunk cabbage, and philodendron [9].		Monocots are of great cultural and economic importance. [[wikipedia:Grasses\|Grasses]] in particular are monocots which are of vital importance to both humans and [[wikipedia:animals\|animals]] (Poaceae) [4]. Monocots are ubiquitous in the diet of humans. Grains such as rice, wheat, and barley are all monocots [1]. Fruits such as plantains, coconuts, pineapples, and dates also fall under the monocot clade. In addition to the monocot’s dietary use, some monocots are used medicinally. The genus Dioscorea is responsible for producing diosgenin, a steroid-like compound that aids in making progesterone for many contraceptives. Indigenous communities around the world rely on monocots for medicinal purposes [6,7,14]. Other monocots used by humans include the [[wikipedia:sedge\|sedge]] family (Cyperaceae), palms, lilies, bromeliads, skunk cabbage, and philodendron [9].

	=References=		=References=

Leahtayl at 17:24, 17 April 2022

2022-04-17T17:24:29Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:24, 17 April 2022
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	[[File:orchid.jpg\|left\|200px\|[16]\|]]		[[File:orchid.jpg\|left\|200px\|[16]\|]]

	Monocots make up one of the largest groups of [[wikipedia:angiosperms\|angiosperms]], or flowering plants, comprising a total of ~~twenty-five~~ percent of all [[angiosperms]] [4]. The term monocot, stems from most membering plants having one seed leaf, known as a [[wikipedia:cotyledon\|cotyledon]]. There are nearly 60,000 different species of monocots and together they form a monophyletic group [2]. ~~Famous~~ monocot families include Orchidaceae (orchids), the largest known plant family, Iridaceae (irises), Arecaceae (palms) ~~and more~~ [13]. Monocots are of great economic and cultural importance around the world [13].		Monocots make up one of the largest groups of [[wikipedia:angiosperms\|angiosperms]], or flowering plants, comprising a total of 25 percent of all [[angiosperms]] [4]. The term monocot stems from most membering plants having one seed leaf, known as a [[wikipedia:cotyledon\|cotyledon]]. There are nearly 60,000 different species of monocots and together they form a monophyletic group [2]. Well-known monocot families include Orchidaceae (orchids), the largest known plant family, Iridaceae (irises), and Arecaceae (palms) [13]. Monocots are of great economic and cultural importance around the world [13].

	[[File:monodistems.jpg\|border\|frame\|The scattered vascular structure of a monocot pattern (left) compared to the ring-shaped vascular structure of eudicots (right) [17].]]		[[File:monodistems.jpg\|border\|frame\|The scattered vascular structure of a monocot pattern (left) compared to the ring-shaped vascular structure of eudicots (right) [17].]]
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	=Physical Structure=		=Physical Structure=

	The identifying feature of a monocot is a trimerious-pentacyclic flower design. This design consists of six tepals in two whorls, six stamens in two whorls, and three carpels. These features are virtually absent from earlier angiosperms [8]. Floral parts in monocots typically occur in threes [9]. Monocots are also known to have leaves with ~~parallel venation, the~~ veins are arranged parallel to one another and do not join other veins. Monocotyledons differ from the other main group of angiosperms, [[wikipedia:eudicots\|eudicots]], in their vascular structure. Monocots have primary vascular bundles containing both [[wikipedia:phloem\|phloem]] and [[wikipedia:xylem\|xylem]] in a scattered arrangement, known as an atactostele. There is no differentiation between cortical and stellar regions in monocots. This contrasts eudicots, which have a ring like vascular bundle shape with a distinct phloem and xylem, differentiated by the cortex and stele [15]. Root systems in monocots are characterized by a radical, which aborts at an early stage. Since the first root that emerges dies, a central taproot forms and roots grow adventitiously [3]. [[wikipedia:Adventitious roots\|adventitious roots]] sprout from shoot tissues near the base of the monocot. [[Root hairs]] of ~~Monocots~~ are short-lived but are regularly replaced by new hairs as long as the root continues to grow. Monocots also lack a cambium, which allows for growth in diameter with height [3]. Due to the lack of cambium, there is a limit on how tall shoots can grow and many monocots tend to be herbaceous. However, some monocots are able to reach great height, length and mass such as agaves, palms, and bamboos.		The identifying feature of a monocot is a trimerious-pentacyclic flower design. This design consists of six tepals in two whorls, six stamens in two whorls, and three carpels. These features are virtually absent from earlier angiosperms [8]. Floral parts in monocots typically occur in threes [9]. Monocots are also known to have leaves with veins that are arranged parallel to one another and do not join other veins. Monocotyledons differ from the other main group of angiosperms, [[wikipedia:eudicots\|eudicots]], in their vascular structure. Monocots have primary vascular bundles containing both [[wikipedia:phloem\|phloem]] and [[wikipedia:xylem\|xylem]] in a scattered arrangement, known as an atactostele. There is no differentiation between cortical and stellar regions in monocots. This contrasts eudicots, which have a ring like vascular bundle shape with a distinct phloem and xylem, differentiated by the cortex and stele [15]. Root systems in monocots are characterized by a radical, which aborts at an early stage. Since the first root that emerges dies, a central taproot forms and roots grow adventitiously [3]. [[wikipedia:Adventitious roots\|adventitious roots]] sprout from shoot tissues near the base of the monocot. [[Root hairs]] of monocots are short-lived but are regularly replaced by new hairs as long as the root continues to grow. Monocots also lack a cambium, which allows for growth in diameter with height [3]. Due to the lack of a cambium, there is a limit on how tall shoots can grow and many monocots tend to be herbaceous. However, some monocots are able to reach great height, length and mass such as agaves, palms, and bamboos.

	[[File:monocot_seed.png\|frame\|border\|left\|Seed structure in monocots shown in a front view (left) and a longitudinal cross section (right) [18].]]		[[File:monocot_seed.png\|frame\|border\|left\|Seed structure in monocots shown in a front view (left) and a longitudinal cross section (right) [18].]]
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	=Uses=		=Uses=

	Monocots are of great cultural and economic importance. [[wikipedia:Grasses\|Grasses]], in particular, are monocots which are of vital importance to both humans and [[wikipedia:animals\|animals]] (Poaceae) [4]. Monocots are ubiquitous in the diet of humans. Grains such as rice, wheat, and barley are all monocots [1]. Fruits such as plantains, coconuts, pineapples, and dates fall under the monocot clade. In addition to the monocot’s dietary use, some monocots are used medicinally. The genus Dioscorea is responsible for producing diosgenin, a steroid-like compound that aids in making progesterone for many contraceptives. Indigenous communities around the world rely on monocots for medicinal purposes [6,7,14]. Other monocots used by humans include the [[wikipedia:sedge\|sedge]] family (Cyperaceae), palms, lilies, bromeliads, skunk cabbage, and philodendron [9].		Monocots are of great cultural and economic importance. [[wikipedia:Grasses\|Grasses]] in particular are monocots which are of vital importance to both humans and [[wikipedia:animals\|animals]] (Poaceae) [4]. Monocots are ubiquitous in the diet of humans. Grains such as rice, wheat, and barley are all monocots [1]. Fruits such as plantains, coconuts, pineapples, and dates fall under the monocot clade. In addition to the monocot’s dietary use, some monocots are used medicinally. The genus Dioscorea is responsible for producing diosgenin, a steroid-like compound that aids in making progesterone for many contraceptives. Indigenous communities around the world rely on monocots for medicinal purposes [6,7,14]. Other monocots used by humans include the [[wikipedia:sedge\|sedge]] family (Cyperaceae), palms, lilies, bromeliads, skunk cabbage, and philodendron [9].

	=References=		=References=

Leannesc: /* Familes */

2022-03-30T15:13:40Z

Familes

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:13, 30 March 2022
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	=Familes=		=Familes=

	Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae [19]. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and epiphytes that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets.		Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae [19]. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and epiphytes that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets [20].

	=Uses=		=Uses=

Leannesc: /* References */

2022-03-30T15:13:18Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:13, 30 March 2022
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	[19] Editors, B. B. D., By: and B. D. Editors. 2017, May 27. Monocot - definition and examples of monocotyledon. https://biologydictionary.net/monocot/.		[19] Editors, B. B. D., By: and B. D. Editors. 2017, May 27. Monocot - definition and examples of monocotyledon. https://biologydictionary.net/monocot/.

			[20] Monocot Families (USDA). (n.d.). . http://www.efloras.org/key_page.aspx?set_id=10084&flora_id=1200.

Leannesc: /* Familes */

2022-03-30T15:03:12Z

Familes

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:03, 30 March 2022
Line 28:		Line 28:
	=Familes=		=Familes=

	Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and epiphytes that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets.		Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae [19]. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and epiphytes that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets.

	=Uses=		=Uses=

Leannesc: /* References */

2022-03-30T15:02:39Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:02, 30 March 2022
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	[18] Tiftickjian, J. (n.d.). Corn Seed Structure. Retrieved from http://www.doctortee.com/cgi/image-lookup.cgi?corn-seed		[18] Tiftickjian, J. (n.d.). Corn Seed Structure. Retrieved from http://www.doctortee.com/cgi/image-lookup.cgi?corn-seed

			[19] Editors, B. B. D., By: and B. D. Editors. 2017, May 27. Monocot - definition and examples of monocotyledon. https://biologydictionary.net/monocot/.

Leannesc at 18:49, 28 March 2022

2022-03-28T18:49:46Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:49, 28 March 2022
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	=Physical Structure=		=Physical Structure=

	The identifying feature of a monocot is a trimerious-pentacyclic flower design. This design consists of six tepals in two whorls, six stamens in two whorls, and three carpels. These features are virtually absent from earlier angiosperms [8]. Floral parts in monocots typically occur in threes [9]. Monocots are also known to have leaves with parallel venation, the veins are arranged parallel to one another and do not join other veins. Monocotyledons differ from the other main group of angiosperms, [[wikipedia:eudicots\|eudicots]], in their vascular structure. Monocots have primary vascular bundles containing both [[wikipedia:phloem\|phloem]] and [[wikipedia:xylem\|xylem]] in a scattered arrangement, known as an atactostele. There is no differentiation between cortical and stellar regions in monocots. This contrasts eudicots, which have a ring like vascular bundle shape with a distinct phloem and xylem, differentiated by the cortex and stele [15]. Root systems in monocots are characterized by a radical, which aborts at an early stage. Since the first root that emerges dies, a central taproot forms and roots grow adventitiously [3]. [[wikipedia:Adventitious roots\|adventitious roots]] sprout from shoot tissues near the base of the monocot. Monocots also lack a cambium, which allows for growth in diameter with height [3]. Due to the lack of cambium, there is a limit on how tall shoots can grow and many monocots tend to be herbaceous. However, some monocots are able to reach great height, length and mass such as agaves, palms, and bamboos.		The identifying feature of a monocot is a trimerious-pentacyclic flower design. This design consists of six tepals in two whorls, six stamens in two whorls, and three carpels. These features are virtually absent from earlier angiosperms [8]. Floral parts in monocots typically occur in threes [9]. Monocots are also known to have leaves with parallel venation, the veins are arranged parallel to one another and do not join other veins. Monocotyledons differ from the other main group of angiosperms, [[wikipedia:eudicots\|eudicots]], in their vascular structure. Monocots have primary vascular bundles containing both [[wikipedia:phloem\|phloem]] and [[wikipedia:xylem\|xylem]] in a scattered arrangement, known as an atactostele. There is no differentiation between cortical and stellar regions in monocots. This contrasts eudicots, which have a ring like vascular bundle shape with a distinct phloem and xylem, differentiated by the cortex and stele [15]. Root systems in monocots are characterized by a radical, which aborts at an early stage. Since the first root that emerges dies, a central taproot forms and roots grow adventitiously [3]. [[wikipedia:Adventitious roots\|adventitious roots]] sprout from shoot tissues near the base of the monocot. [[Root hairs]] of Monocots are short-lived but are regularly replaced by new hairs as long as the root continues to grow. Monocots also lack a cambium, which allows for growth in diameter with height [3]. Due to the lack of cambium, there is a limit on how tall shoots can grow and many monocots tend to be herbaceous. However, some monocots are able to reach great height, length and mass such as agaves, palms, and bamboos.

	[[File:monocot_seed.png\|frame\|border\|left\|Seed structure in monocots shown in a front view (left) and a longitudinal cross section (right) [18].]]		[[File:monocot_seed.png\|frame\|border\|left\|Seed structure in monocots shown in a front view (left) and a longitudinal cross section (right) [18].]]
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	Based on recent data, monocots have been identified to be a monophyletic group that diverged from other angiosperms over a million years BP, during the Cretaceous era [2]. Advances in molecular systematics have enabled eight major groups of monocot to be identified. Moving from the most basal, these groups include Acorus, Alismatales, and a polytomy of six remaining clades known as Japonolirion, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales, Asparagales, and a commelinoid clade with subclades, Arecaceae, Zinigiberales, and Poales [5]. While monocots were originally named due to having a single cotyledon, 18s rDNA evidence has shown that a stronger uniting factor among monocots is pollen grain type. Through the use of molecular systematics, it has been found that taxa with uniaperturate pollen form a grade at the base of the angiosperm tree [11]. Nearly all monocots have been identified to have uniaperturate pollen grains which distinguishes them from a large eudicot clade with taxa having primarily triaperturate pollen [10].		Based on recent data, monocots have been identified to be a monophyletic group that diverged from other angiosperms over a million years BP, during the Cretaceous era [2]. Advances in molecular systematics have enabled eight major groups of monocot to be identified. Moving from the most basal, these groups include Acorus, Alismatales, and a polytomy of six remaining clades known as Japonolirion, Dioscoreales, Pandanales, Liliales, Asparagales, and a commelinoid clade with subclades, Arecaceae, Zinigiberales, and Poales [5]. While monocots were originally named due to having a single cotyledon, 18s rDNA evidence has shown that a stronger uniting factor among monocots is pollen grain type. Through the use of molecular systematics, it has been found that taxa with uniaperturate pollen form a grade at the base of the angiosperm tree [11]. Nearly all monocots have been identified to have uniaperturate pollen grains which distinguishes them from a large eudicot clade with taxa having primarily triaperturate pollen [10].

			=Familes=

			Monocots include several different families such as Alismatales, Lilioids, Orchidaceae, Arecaceae, and Poaceae. Alismatales are marine angiosperms that experienced a reduction or loss of features due to adaptations to aquatic environments and have large floral [[diversity]]. Lilioids are petaloid, showy monocots that have many ornamental features, elliptical leaves without a petiole, and are used as nectaries by pollinators such as birds and [[insects]]. Orchidaceae is one of the largest angiosperm families with over 22,000 species. They are terrestrial saprophytes and epiphytes that are highly specialized pollinators and usually have strong ornamentals. Arecaceae are the palms that are the tallest of all the Monocots with the largest seeds found in simple fruits. The leaves are compound and spirally arranged at the top of the stem. Lastly, the Poaceae are the grasses which contain over 10,000 different species and make up 20% of vegetation and provide a strong economic role for humans (food, lawns, etc.). The grasses grow from the base of the blade, rather than the tips, and the flowers are arranged into spikelets.

	=Uses=		=Uses=

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2021-04-29T17:04:52Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles">https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles</a>).

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 29 April 2021
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	[[File:orchid.jpg\|left\|200px\|[16]\|]]		[[File:orchid.jpg\|left\|200px\|[16]\|]]

	Monocots make up one of the largest groups of [[wikipedia:angiosperms\|angiosperms]], or flowering plants, comprising a total of twenty-five percent of all angiosperms [4]. The term monocot, stems from most membering plants having one seed leaf, known as a [[wikipedia:cotyledon\|cotyledon]]. There are nearly 60,000 different species of monocots and together they form a monophyletic group [2]. Famous monocot families include Orchidaceae (orchids), the largest known plant family, Iridaceae (irises), Arecaceae (palms) and more [13]. Monocots are of great economic and cultural importance around the world [13].		Monocots make up one of the largest groups of [[wikipedia:angiosperms\|angiosperms]], or flowering plants, comprising a total of twenty-five percent of all [[angiosperms]] [4]. The term monocot, stems from most membering plants having one seed leaf, known as a [[wikipedia:cotyledon\|cotyledon]]. There are nearly 60,000 different species of monocots and together they form a monophyletic group [2]. Famous monocot families include Orchidaceae (orchids), the largest known plant family, Iridaceae (irises), Arecaceae (palms) and more [13]. Monocots are of great economic and cultural importance around the world [13].

	[[File:monodistems.jpg\|border\|frame\|The scattered vascular structure of a monocot pattern (left) compared to the ring-shaped vascular structure of eudicots (right) [17].]]		[[File:monodistems.jpg\|border\|frame\|The scattered vascular structure of a monocot pattern (left) compared to the ring-shaped vascular structure of eudicots (right) [17].]]
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	=Reproductive Structures=		=Reproductive Structures=

	A monocot seed is comprised of the plant embryo, cotyledon and endosperm. The embryo will consume the endosperm and the cotyledon will transfer the stored energy to the embryo [12]. As the embryo develops it sends a primary root out of the seed coating and into the soil. A primary leaf is then pushed up through the seed coating to the surface. This process differs from [[dicots]] in that a dicot’s primary roots will grow towards the soil surface initially.		A monocot seed is comprised of the plant embryo, cotyledon and endosperm. The embryo will consume the endosperm and the cotyledon will transfer the stored energy to the embryo [12]. As the embryo develops it sends a primary root out of the seed coating and into the [[soil]]. A primary leaf is then pushed up through the seed coating to the surface. This process differs from [[dicots]] in that a dicot’s primary roots will grow towards the soil surface initially.

Arbartle at 07:58, 11 May 2018

2018-05-11T07:58:02Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 03:58, 11 May 2018
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	=Physical Structure=		=Physical Structure=

	The identifying feature of a monocot is a trimerious-pentacyclic flower design. This design consists of six tepals in two whorls, six stamens in two whorls, and three carpels. These features are virtually absent from earlier angiosperms [8]. Floral parts in monocots typically occur in threes [9]. Monocots are also known to have leaves with parallel venation, the veins are arranged parallel to one another and do not join other veins. Monocotyledons differ from the other main group of angiosperms, [[eudicots]], in their vascular structure. Monocots have primary vascular bundles containing both [[wikipedia:phloem\|phloem]] and [[wikipedia:xylem\|xylem]] in a scattered arrangement, known as an atactostele. There is no differentiation between cortical and stellar regions in monocots. This contrasts eudicots, which have a ring like vascular bundle shape with a distinct phloem and xylem, differentiated by the cortex and stele [15]. Root systems in monocots are characterized by a radical, which aborts at an early stage. Since the first root that emerges dies, a central taproot forms and roots grow adventitiously [3]. [[wikipedia:Adventitious roots\|adventitious roots]] sprout from shoot tissues near the base of the monocot. Monocots also lack a cambium, which allows for growth in diameter with height [3]. Due to the lack of cambium, there is a limit on how tall shoots can grow and many monocots tend to be herbaceous. However, some monocots are able to reach great height, length and mass such as agaves, palms, and bamboos.		The identifying feature of a monocot is a trimerious-pentacyclic flower design. This design consists of six tepals in two whorls, six stamens in two whorls, and three carpels. These features are virtually absent from earlier angiosperms [8]. Floral parts in monocots typically occur in threes [9]. Monocots are also known to have leaves with parallel venation, the veins are arranged parallel to one another and do not join other veins. Monocotyledons differ from the other main group of angiosperms, [[wikipedia:eudicots\|eudicots]], in their vascular structure. Monocots have primary vascular bundles containing both [[wikipedia:phloem\|phloem]] and [[wikipedia:xylem\|xylem]] in a scattered arrangement, known as an atactostele. There is no differentiation between cortical and stellar regions in monocots. This contrasts eudicots, which have a ring like vascular bundle shape with a distinct phloem and xylem, differentiated by the cortex and stele [15]. Root systems in monocots are characterized by a radical, which aborts at an early stage. Since the first root that emerges dies, a central taproot forms and roots grow adventitiously [3]. [[wikipedia:Adventitious roots\|adventitious roots]] sprout from shoot tissues near the base of the monocot. Monocots also lack a cambium, which allows for growth in diameter with height [3]. Due to the lack of cambium, there is a limit on how tall shoots can grow and many monocots tend to be herbaceous. However, some monocots are able to reach great height, length and mass such as agaves, palms, and bamboos.

	[[File:monocot_seed.png\|frame\|border\|left\|Seed structure in monocots shown in a front view (left) and a longitudinal cross section (right) [18].]]		[[File:monocot_seed.png\|frame\|border\|left\|Seed structure in monocots shown in a front view (left) and a longitudinal cross section (right) [18].]]
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	=Reproductive Structures=		=Reproductive Structures=

	A monocot seed is comprised of the plant embryo, cotyledon and endosperm. The embryo will consume the endosperm and the cotyledon will transfer the stored energy to the embryo [12]. As the embryo develops it sends a primary root out of the seed coating and into the soil. A primary leaf is then pushed up through the seed coating to the surface. This process differs from dicots in that a dicot’s primary roots will grow towards the soil surface initially.		A monocot seed is comprised of the plant embryo, cotyledon and endosperm. The embryo will consume the endosperm and the cotyledon will transfer the stored energy to the embryo [12]. As the embryo develops it sends a primary root out of the seed coating and into the soil. A primary leaf is then pushed up through the seed coating to the surface. This process differs from [[dicots]] in that a dicot’s primary roots will grow towards the soil surface initially.