Lichen - Revision history

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	A lichen is a compound organism made up of two species. A fungus and a cyanobacteria or green algae live symbiotically, and both benefit from this mutualistic relationship. It was found that fungal or fungus-like parasites of cyanobacteria or unicellular algae gain fixed nitrogen from their ability to ensheath and/or invade specialized tissues of a host. This positively benefits the fungus, and allows the host a layer of protection in exchange for nutrients [10]. This protection is in the form of the overgrowth of the host that allows for the formation of an "inconspicuous microfilamentous, globose or crustose thalli which are usually referred to as microlichens." [9]. The most common types of cyanobacteria that contribute to lichen formation are ''Nostoc'' or ''Scytonema''. The most common types of green algaes in lichen are pleurastrophycean green alga, such as ''Trebouxia'', ''Pseudotrebouxia'', or ''Myrmec''. In exchange for a safe habitat to live in, the cyanobacteria or green algae provide food to the fungus from their photosynthetic processes [10].		A lichen is a compound organism made up of two species. A fungus and a cyanobacteria or green [[algae]] live symbiotically, and both benefit from this mutualistic relationship. It was found that fungal or fungus-like parasites of cyanobacteria or unicellular algae gain fixed nitrogen from their ability to ensheath and/or invade specialized tissues of a host. This positively benefits the fungus, and allows the host a layer of protection in exchange for nutrients [10]. This protection is in the form of the overgrowth of the host that allows for the formation of an "inconspicuous microfilamentous, globose or crustose thalli which are usually referred to as microlichens." [9]. The most common types of cyanobacteria that contribute to lichen formation are ''Nostoc'' or ''Scytonema''. The most common types of green algaes in lichen are pleurastrophycean green alga, such as ''Trebouxia'', ''Pseudotrebouxia'', or ''Myrmec''. In exchange for a safe habitat to live in, the cyanobacteria or green algae provide food to the fungus from their photosynthetic processes [10].

	=Types of Lichen=		=Types of Lichen=

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	[2] Science, D. E., 2010, Primary and Secondary Succession. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenmm.html		[2] Science, D. E., 2010, Primary and Secondary Succession. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenmm.html

	[3] Lichen Biology, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/lichens/biology/index.shtml		[3] Lichen Biology, United States Department of [[Agriculture]] Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/lichens/biology/index.shtml

	[4] Ellis, Christopher J. “Lichen Epiphyte [[Diversity]]: A Species, Community and Trait-Based Review.” Perspectives in Plant [[Ecology]], Evolution and Systematics, vol. 14, no. 2, 2012, pp. 131–152., doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2011.10.001.		[4] Ellis, Christopher J. “Lichen Epiphyte [[Diversity]]: A Species, Community and Trait-Based Review.” Perspectives in Plant [[Ecology]], Evolution and Systematics, vol. 14, no. 2, 2012, pp. 131–152., doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2011.10.001.

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2022-05-06T18:02:59Z

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	=Pioneer Species=		=Pioneer Species=
	Lichen are considered pioneer species, or the first organism to appear in areas of primary succession [2] They are able to colonize bare rocks, and an ecosystem is then able to begin developing on them. The fungal partner in the lichen releases chemicals that break down rock minerals, which are then able to be consumed by the algal partner [9].		Lichen are considered [[pioneer species]], or the first organism to appear in areas of primary succession [2] They are able to colonize bare rocks, and an ecosystem is then able to begin developing on them. The fungal partner in the lichen releases chemicals that break down rock minerals, which are then able to be consumed by the algal partner [9].

	=Indication=		=Indication=

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2021-04-29T17:04:40Z

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	=Ecology=		=Ecology=
	Lichen play a huge role in the development of ecosystems, and also a huge role in established ecosystems. They play an important role in the water cycle in forests, greatly increasing the interception and absorption of precipitation [4]. Lichen are able to sequester limiting nutrients from the atmosphere, and these in turn become available to other organisms when lichen die, fall, and decompose, or through leachate [4]. The presence of lichen also provides increased habitat complexity for small organisms. There is a close relationship between lichen and [[invertebrates]], including [[Arachnids]] such as orabitid [[mites]], [[insects]], [[rotifers]], [[tardigrades]], and [[spiders]][4]. Providing habitat for these micro organisms is the base of the food chain, and provides food sources for the rest of the food web.		Lichen play a huge role in the development of ecosystems, and also a huge role in established ecosystems. They play an important role in the water cycle in forests, greatly increasing the interception and absorption of precipitation [4]. Lichen are able to sequester limiting nutrients from the atmosphere, and these in turn become available to other [[organisms]] when lichen die, fall, and decompose, or through leachate [4]. The presence of lichen also provides increased habitat complexity for small organisms. There is a close relationship between lichen and [[invertebrates]], including [[Arachnids]] such as orabitid [[mites]], [[insects]], [[rotifers]], [[tardigrades]], and [[spiders]][4]. Providing habitat for these micro organisms is the base of the food chain, and provides food sources for the rest of the food web.

	=Pioneer Species=		=Pioneer Species=
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	[3] Lichen Biology, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/lichens/biology/index.shtml		[3] Lichen Biology, United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/beauty/lichens/biology/index.shtml

	[4] Ellis, Christopher J. “Lichen Epiphyte Diversity: A Species, Community and Trait-Based Review.” Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, vol. 14, no. 2, 2012, pp. 131–152., doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2011.10.001.		[4] Ellis, Christopher J. “Lichen Epiphyte [[Diversity]]: A Species, Community and Trait-Based Review.” Perspectives in Plant [[Ecology]], Evolution and Systematics, vol. 14, no. 2, 2012, pp. 131–152., doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2011.10.001.

	[5] Lichens: More on Morphology: Univeristy of California at Berkeley. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenmm.html		[5] Lichens: More on Morphology: Univeristy of California at Berkeley. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenmm.html

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2019-05-05T21:12:59Z

Indication

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	=Indication=		=Indication=
	An indicator species is a species that tells something about the environment by their presence, or absence, in that environment. Lichens are indicators of environmental pollution. They have no way to detoxify and excrete harmful chemicals from the air, so absence of lichen in an ecosystem can be an indicator of environmental stress due to pollution [13].		An indicator species is a species that tells something about the environment by their presence, or absence, in that environment. Lichens are indicators of environmental pollution. They have no way to detoxify and excrete harmful chemicals from the air, so absence of lichen in an ecosystem can be an indicator of environmental stress due to pollution [1].

	==References==		==References==

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References

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	==References==		==References==
	[1] ~~Lewis~~, ~~Ricki~~. ~~"Lichen~~.~~" Biology~~, ~~edited by Melissa Sue Hill~~, ~~2nd 2d~~., ~~vol~~. 3, ~~Macmillan Reference USA, 2016, pp 12~~-~~13. Science in Context~~.		[1] Trishala K. Parmar, D. R., and Y.K. Agrawal, 2016, Bioindicators: the natural indicator of environmental pollution: Frontiers in Life Science, v. 9, no. 2, p. 110-118.

	[2] Science, D. E., 2010, Primary and Secondary Succession. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenmm.html		[2] Science, D. E., 2010, Primary and Secondary Succession. https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichenmm.html
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	[12]Fungus - Form and function of lichens, Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus.		[12]Fungus - Form and function of lichens, Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus.

	~~[13]~~

Sm423 at 21:09, 5 May 2019

2019-05-05T21:09:53Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:09, 5 May 2019
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	A lichen is a compound organism made up of two species. A fungus and a cyanobacteria or green algae live symbiotically, and both benefit from this mutualistic relationship. It was found that fungal or fungus-like parasites of cyanobacteria or unicellular algae gain fixed nitrogen from their ability to ensheath and/or invade specialized tissues of a host. This positively benefits the fungus, and allows the host a layer of protection in exchange for nutrients [10]. This protection is in the form of the overgrowth of the host that allows for the formation of an "inconspicuous microfilamentous, globose or crustose thalli which are usually referred to as microlichens." [9]. The most common types of cyanobacteria that contribute to lichen formation are ''Nostoc'' or ''Scytonema''. The most common types of green algaes in lichen are pleurastrophycean green alga, such as ''Trebouxia'', ''Pseudotrebouxia'', or ''Myrmec''. In exchange for a safe habitat to live in, the cyanobacteria or green algae provide food to the fungus from their photosynthetic processes[1].		A lichen is a compound organism made up of two species. A fungus and a cyanobacteria or green algae live symbiotically, and both benefit from this mutualistic relationship. It was found that fungal or fungus-like parasites of cyanobacteria or unicellular algae gain fixed nitrogen from their ability to ensheath and/or invade specialized tissues of a host. This positively benefits the fungus, and allows the host a layer of protection in exchange for nutrients [10]. This protection is in the form of the overgrowth of the host that allows for the formation of an "inconspicuous microfilamentous, globose or crustose thalli which are usually referred to as microlichens." [9]. The most common types of cyanobacteria that contribute to lichen formation are ''Nostoc'' or ''Scytonema''. The most common types of green algaes in lichen are pleurastrophycean green alga, such as ''Trebouxia'', ''Pseudotrebouxia'', or ''Myrmec''. In exchange for a safe habitat to live in, the cyanobacteria or green algae provide food to the fungus from their photosynthetic processes [10].

	=Types of Lichen=		=Types of Lichen=
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	=Indication=		=Indication=
	An indicator species is a species that tells something about the environment by their presence, or absence, in that environment. Lichens are indicators of environmental pollution. They have no way to detoxify and excrete harmful chemicals from the air, so absence of lichen in an ecosystem can be an indicator of environmental stress due to pollution [1].		An indicator species is a species that tells something about the environment by their presence, or absence, in that environment. Lichens are indicators of environmental pollution. They have no way to detoxify and excrete harmful chemicals from the air, so absence of lichen in an ecosystem can be an indicator of environmental stress due to pollution [13].

	==References==		==References==
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	[12]Fungus - Form and function of lichens, Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus.		[12]Fungus - Form and function of lichens, Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus.

			[13]

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2019-05-05T20:59:19Z

References

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	[9] Honegger, Rosmarie. “Tansley Review No. 60. Developmental Biology of Lichens.” The New Phytologist 125, no. 4 (1993): 659–77. Pg. 661.		[9] Honegger, Rosmarie. “Tansley Review No. 60. Developmental Biology of Lichens.” The New Phytologist 125, no. 4 (1993): 659–77. Pg. 661.

	[10] Biology, D. o., Lichens: Utah State University, p. What are they? How do the grow?		[10] Biology, D. o., Lichens: Utah State University, p. What are they? How do the grow? https://herbarium.usu.edu/fun-with-fungi/lichens.
	https://herbarium.usu.edu/fun-with-fungi/lichens.

	[11] Lepp, H., 2012, Form and structure - lichens, Australian National Botanic Gardens and Australian National Herbarium, Canberra. http://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/form-structure.html		[11] Lepp, H., 2012, Form and structure - lichens, Australian National Botanic Gardens and Australian National Herbarium, Canberra. http://www.anbg.gov.au/lichen/form-structure.html

	[12]Fungus - Form and function of lichens, Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus.		[12]Fungus - Form and function of lichens, Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/science/fungus.

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2019-05-05T20:59:04Z

References

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2019-05-05T20:49:39Z

References

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	[6] Silverside, A. J., October 2012, Lichen thallus types, illustrated (Alan Silverside's photographs of lichens (FAQ)).		[6] Silverside, A. J., October 2012, Lichen thallus types, illustrated (Alan Silverside's photographs of lichens (FAQ)).

	[7] ~~“Lichens \|~~ Microbiology.” https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/lichens/.		[7] Microbiology, Lichens. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/lichens/.

	[8] Lichens: Systematics. Berkeley.edu, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichensy.html.		[8] Lichens: Systematics. Berkeley.edu, www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/fungi/lichens/lichensy.html.