Japanese giant salamander - Revision history

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2023-05-10T18:06:30Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:06, 10 May 2023
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	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==
	===Threats===		===Threats===
	Due to the species being highly endemic, the biggest threat to the Japanese giant salamander is habitat loss. This is due to human activity damming up riverbeds and freshwater sources occupied by the giant salamander. Climate change is also a source for concern to the Japanese giant salamander due to estimated rainfall increasing leading to the destruction of streambeds.<ref>Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, & Japan Meteorological Agency (2018): Climate change in Japan and its impacts. – Synthesis Report on Observations, Projections and Impact Assessments of Climate Change, 2018 Retrieved 05/9/2022 </ref> This introduction of the Chinese giant salamander has lead to hybridization between the two species, posing a big threat to the native species. Studies done from 2011 to 2013 showed that 95% of all Japanese giant salamanders captured were hybrids, and were captured in multiple locations.<ref name="natlzoo"> </ref>		Due to the species being highly endemic, the biggest threat to the Japanese giant salamander is habitat loss. This is due to human activity damming up riverbeds and freshwater sources occupied by the giant salamander. Climate change is also a source for concern to the Japanese giant salamander due to estimated rainfall increasing leading to the destruction of streambeds.<ref>Ministry of the Environment, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Ministry of [[Agriculture]], Forestry and Fisheries, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism, & Japan Meteorological Agency (2018): Climate change in Japan and its impacts. – Synthesis Report on Observations, Projections and Impact Assessments of Climate Change, 2018 Retrieved 05/9/2022 </ref> This introduction of the Chinese giant salamander has lead to hybridization between the two species, posing a big threat to the native species. Studies done from 2011 to 2013 showed that 95% of all Japanese giant salamanders captured were hybrids, and were captured in multiple locations.<ref name="natlzoo"> </ref>

	[[File:Andrias_japnonicus_distribution.gif\|left\|thumb\|Japanese giant salamander range. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_giant_salamander#/media/File:Andrias_japonicus_distribution.gif ]]		[[File:Andrias_japnonicus_distribution.gif\|left\|thumb\|Japanese giant salamander range. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_giant_salamander#/media/File:Andrias_japonicus_distribution.gif ]]

Rtcunnin: /* Behavior */

2022-05-11T18:49:41Z

Behavior

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:49, 11 May 2022
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	== Behavior ==		== Behavior ==
	The Japanese giant salamander occurs in freshwater locations ranging from relatively large ~~river~~ (20-50 m) to small headwater streams (0.5 - 4 m), due to the abundance of oxygen.		The Japanese giant salamander occurs in freshwater locations ranging from relatively large rivers (20-50 m) to small headwater streams (0.5 - 4 m), due to the abundance of oxygen.
	This is required for the Japanese giant salamander with its large size and lack of gills present.		This is required for the Japanese giant salamander with its large size and lack of gills present.

Colincli: /* Reproduction */

2022-05-11T16:50:39Z

Reproduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:50, 11 May 2022
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	Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.		Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.
	=== Reproduction ===		=== Reproduction ===
			[[File:Salamander_eggs.jpg\|right\|thumb\|Japanese giant salamander eggs. Retrieved from https://www.staradvertiser.com/2018/11/09/hawaii-news/breeding-pair-of-japanese-giant-salamanders-make-history-in-honolulu/]]

	During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref> These den masters protect their nests against other males and during breeding season females are allowed to come in and lay their eggs in these dens. Den-masters fertilize these eggs however other male Japanese giant salamanders fertilize these eggs due to a males semen stimulating other hiding males to join the breeding meaning a female may end up breeding with multiple males.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref> Researchers have shown that den-masters can be cannibalistic with its own unfertilized eggs theorizing "hygienic filial cannibalism", which implies selection and consumption of those to not spread disease or prevent the growth of the healthy eggs.		During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref> These den masters protect their nests against other males and during breeding season females are allowed to come in and lay their eggs in these dens. Den-masters fertilize these eggs however other male Japanese giant salamanders fertilize these eggs due to a males semen stimulating other hiding males to join the breeding meaning a female may end up breeding with multiple males.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref> Researchers have shown that den-masters can be cannibalistic with its own unfertilized eggs theorizing "hygienic filial cannibalism", which implies selection and consumption of those to not spread disease or prevent the growth of the healthy eggs.

Colincli: /* Reproduction */

2022-05-11T16:47:09Z

Reproduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:47, 11 May 2022
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	Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.		Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.
	=== Reproduction ===		=== Reproduction ===
	During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref> These den masters protect their nests against other males and during breeding season females are allowed to come in and lay their eggs in these dens. Den-masters fertilize these eggs however other male Japanese giant salamanders fertilize these eggs due to a males semen stimulating other hiding males to join the breeding meaning a female may end up breeding with multiple males.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref>		During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref> These den masters protect their nests against other males and during breeding season females are allowed to come in and lay their eggs in these dens. Den-masters fertilize these eggs however other male Japanese giant salamanders fertilize these eggs due to a males semen stimulating other hiding males to join the breeding meaning a female may end up breeding with multiple males.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref> Researchers have shown that den-masters can be cannibalistic with its own unfertilized eggs theorizing "hygienic filial cannibalism", which implies selection and consumption of those to not spread disease or prevent the growth of the healthy eggs.

	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==

Colincli: /* Reproduction */

2022-05-11T16:40:17Z

Reproduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:40, 11 May 2022
Line 44:		Line 44:
	Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.		Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.
	=== Reproduction ===		=== Reproduction ===
	During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref>		During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref> These den masters protect their nests against other males and during breeding season females are allowed to come in and lay their eggs in these dens. Den-masters fertilize these eggs however other male Japanese giant salamanders fertilize these eggs due to a males semen stimulating other hiding males to join the breeding meaning a female may end up breeding with multiple males.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref>

	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==

Colincli: /* Reproduction */

2022-05-11T16:35:40Z

Reproduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 11 May 2022
Line 44:		Line 44:
	Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.		Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.
	=== Reproduction ===		=== Reproduction ===
	During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.		During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.<ref name = amphibiaweb></ref>

	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==

Colincli: /* Reproduction */

2022-05-11T16:35:06Z

Reproduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 11 May 2022
Line 44:		Line 44:
	Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.		Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.
	=== Reproduction ===		=== Reproduction ===
	During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters. ~~<ref name=":5">{{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12433\|Journal of Zoology language volume=302}}</ref>~~		During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters.

	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==

Colincli: /* Reproduction */

2022-05-11T16:26:35Z

Reproduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:26, 11 May 2022
Line 44:		Line 44:
	Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.		Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.
	=== Reproduction ===		=== Reproduction ===
	During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters. <ref name=":5">{{~~Cite journal\|last1=Takahashi\|first1=M. K.\|last2=Okada\|first2=S.\|last3=Fukuda\|first3=Y.\|date=2017\|title=From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander\|url=~~https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12433\|~~journal=~~Journal of Zoology\|language~~=en\|~~volume=302~~\|issue=1\|pages=24–31\|doi=10.1111/jzo.12433\|issn=1469-7998~~}}</ref>		During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters. <ref name=":5">{{https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12433\|Journal of Zoology language volume=302}}</ref>

	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==

Colincli: /* Reproduction */

2022-05-11T16:24:58Z

Reproduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:24, 11 May 2022
Line 44:		Line 44:
	Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.		Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.
	=== Reproduction ===		=== Reproduction ===
	During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last1=Takahashi\|first1=M. K.\|last2=Okada\|first2=S.\|last3=Fukuda\|first3=Y.\|date=2017\|title=From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander\|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12433\|journal=Journal of Zoology\|language=en\|volume=302\|issue=1\|pages=24–31\|doi=10.1111/jzo.12433\|issn=1469-7998}}</ref>		During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last1=Takahashi\|first1=M. K.\|last2=Okada\|first2=S.\|last3=Fukuda\|first3=Y.\|date=2017\|title=From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander\|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12433\|journal=Journal of Zoology\|language=en\|volume=302\|issue=1\|pages=24–31\|doi=10.1111/jzo.12433\|issn=1469-7998}}</ref>

	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==

Colincli: /* Reproduction */

2022-05-11T16:24:14Z

Reproduction

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:24, 11 May 2022
Line 44:		Line 44:
	Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.		Compared to other salamanders the species remains in the water for its entire life due to it not having gills and does not live on land post metamorphosis. Japanese giant salamanders come to the surface to lie its head on the surface of the stream to get oxygen without going on land.
	=== Reproduction ===		=== Reproduction ===
	~~The Japanese giant salamander remains in bodies of water its entire life.~~ During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries.<ref>{{~~Kuwabara K. ;AshikagaK. ;Minamigawa N.; Nakanishi~~ M.~~; Shimada H~~.~~;Kamata H~~.~~; Fukumoto~~ Y.~~; 2005. The breeding ecology and conservation of the~~ Japanese giant salamander~~, Andrias japonicus, at Shijihara and Kamiishi in Tokyohira-cho, Hiroshima Prefecture~~\|journal=~~Natural History~~ of ~~Nishi-Chugoku Mountains~~ pages=~~101~~-~~133 (in Japanese with English abstract)~~}} ~~Retrieved 05/10/2022~~ </ref>		During the mating season, typically in late August and early September, sexually mature males start actively finding suitable nesting sites and often migrate upstream into smaller sections of the river or its tributaries. Nesting sites are highly sought after and are extremally competitive, leading to bigger individuals settling these areas and are considered den-masters. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal\|last1=Takahashi\|first1=M. K.\|last2=Okada\|first2=S.\|last3=Fukuda\|first3=Y.\|date=2017\|title=From embryos to larvae: seven-month-long paternal care by male Japanese giant salamander\|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jzo.12433\|journal=Journal of Zoology\|language=en\|volume=302\|issue=1\|pages=24–31\|doi=10.1111/jzo.12433\|issn=1469-7998}}</ref>

	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==