Hymenoptera - Revision history

Juliakal at 20:46, 30 March 2025

2025-03-30T20:46:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:46, 30 March 2025
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	!style="min-width:6em; \|Suborder:		!style="min-width:6em; \|Suborder:
	\|style="min-width:6em; \|Apocrita - Ants, Bees, Wasps		\|style="min-width:6em; \|''Apocrita'' - Ants, Bees, Wasps
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	!style="min-width:6em; \|Suborder:		!style="min-width:6em; \|Suborder:
	\|style="min-width:6em; \|Symphyta - Sawflies, some wasps		\|style="min-width:6em; \|''Symphyta'' - Sawflies, some wasps
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Jplamacc at 17:23, 12 March 2025

2025-03-12T17:23:24Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:23, 12 March 2025
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	The Hymenopteran who have evolved into a societal way of living(Cretaceous Period), similar to pre-historical humans, created a very well adapted form of resilience for the succession of its offspring. However, many different species still live solitarily, requiring others only for mating. The organisms, who have a social life, live in a nest (ants) or a hive (bees, wasps), which are all descendants of one queen. When the hive or nest is established by a queen in early spring, it begins producing its offspring that will work in their pre-assigned roles, depending on their gender. <!--Great section. maybe give a few examples of solitary living species-->		The Hymenopteran who have evolved into a societal way of living(Cretaceous Period), similar to pre-historical humans, created a very well adapted form of resilience for the succession of its offspring. However, many different species still live solitarily, requiring others only for mating. The organisms, who have a social life, live in a nest (ants) or a hive (bees, wasps), which are all descendants of one queen. When the hive or nest is established by a queen in early spring, it begins producing its offspring that will work in their pre-assigned roles, depending on their gender. <!--Great section. maybe give a few examples of solitary living species-->

			[[File:Bee-anatomy-worker.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|left\|Bee's anatomy]]
			[[File:ANATOMY-OF-A-WASP-min.png\|200px\|left\|thumb\|Wasp's anatomy]]
	== Anatomy ==		== Anatomy ==
	~~[[File:Bee-anatomy-worker.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Bee's anatomy]]~~
	~~[[File:ANATOMY-OF-A-WASP-min.png\|200px\|right\|thumb\|Wasp's anatomy]]~~

	The anatomy of hymenopterans are very similar to other insects. The ones who fly, usually have two pairs of wings. Their mouths can have two forms, just mandibles used for chewing, or with the addition of the proboscis used for drinking liquids, such as nectar. They have two larger compound eyes, used to differentiate brightness and color, and also three smaller eyes called "ocelli" that are much simpler. Flying insects have their hind wings with hooked bristles called "hamuli" that holds both the fore wings and hind wings together. The number of hamuli vary between species and their sizes, with wasps having more than the usual two to three hamuli present in smaller species. Like most insects, their bodies are divided into three sections, head, thorax and abdomen.		The anatomy of hymenopterans are very similar to other insects. The ones who fly, usually have two pairs of wings. Their mouths can have two forms, just mandibles used for chewing, or with the addition of the proboscis used for drinking liquids, such as nectar. They have two larger compound eyes, used to differentiate brightness and color, and also three smaller eyes called "ocelli" that are much simpler. Flying insects have their hind wings with hooked bristles called "hamuli" that holds both the fore wings and hind wings together. The number of hamuli vary between species and their sizes, with wasps having more than the usual two to three hamuli present in smaller species. Like most insects, their bodies are divided into three sections, head, thorax and abdomen.

Jplamacc: Reorganizing Taxonomic Table - Test 1 | Need to fix image and text wrapping of Description

2025-03-10T03:18:10Z

Reorganizing Taxonomic Table - Test 1 | Need to fix image and text wrapping of Description

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 == Definition  ==
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 The Hymenoptera is a large order of [[organisms]] within the phylum [[Arthropoda]], which contains [[insects]] like, bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants. The name is derived from the greek words "Hymen" or "membrane" and "Ptera" or "wings", which is perfectly describing the fact that their wings are connected into one point called the "Hamuli", and the membraneous tissue it is formed. Like most insects, these appeared at an early stage of earth's history, which according to a study done by D.A. Grimaldi, M.S. Engel et al [11], have been around since 281 million years ago (Triassic Period).
 The Hymenopteran who have evolved into a societal way of living(Cretaceous Period), similar to pre-historical humans, created a very well adapted form of resilience for the succession of its offspring. However, many different species still live solitarily, requiring others only for mating. The organisms, who have a social life, live in a nest (ants) or a hive (bees, wasps), which are all descendants of one queen. When the hive or nest is established by a queen in early spring, it begins producing its offspring that will work in their pre-assigned roles, depending on their gender. <!--Great section. maybe give a few examples of solitary living species-->
 == Anatomy ==

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2023-05-10T18:06:21Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles">https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles</a>).

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:06, 10 May 2023
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	'''Ants''': True social insects. Wingless workers forage for resources		'''Ants''': True social insects. Wingless workers forage for resources

	1)''Formicidae'': Ants		1)''[[Formicidae]]'': Ants

	'''Solitary Bees''': Adults build their individual nests and provision them with plant material (nectar or pollen)		'''Solitary Bees''': Adults build their individual nests and provision them with plant material (nectar or pollen)
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	[3]Contributors, W. 2021, March 12. Hymenoptera. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera.		[3]Contributors, W. 2021, March 12. Hymenoptera. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera.

	[4]Department of Entomology. 2015. Hymenoptera. NC State Agriculture and Life Sciences. https://genent.cals.ncsu.edu/insect-identification/hymenoptera/.		[4]Department of Entomology. 2015. Hymenoptera. NC State [[Agriculture]] and Life Sciences. https://genent.cals.ncsu.edu/insect-identification/hymenoptera/.

	[5]The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1999. Wasp. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/animal/wasp.		[5]The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1999. Wasp. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/animal/wasp.

Mfantine: /* Ecology */

2021-05-04T21:28:08Z

Ecology

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:28, 4 May 2021
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	'''Pollination''':[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]		'''Pollination''':[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]

	Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. Therefore, plants have evolved a symbiotic relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers. <!--A brief explanation of why this an important would strengthen this paragraph-->		Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. Therefore, plants have evolved a symbiotic relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers. One of the reasons to why this is very important, is because without the help of pollinators, plants would have an even smaller chance for fertilization, since wind and water are not the best option. <!--A brief explanation of why this an important would strengthen this paragraph-->
	<!--Great page and awesome content! my one suggestion would be to try and make it more formal sounding, like using "we" less-->		<!--Great page and awesome content! my one suggestion would be to try and make it more formal sounding, like using "we" less-->

	== References ==		== References ==

Ddietric: Peer review editing

2021-04-29T03:09:36Z

Peer review editing

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:09, 28 April 2021
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	== Definition ==		== Definition ==

	The Hymenoptera is a large order of organisms within the phylum Arthropoda, which contains insects like, bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants. The name is derived from the greek words "Hymen" or "membrane" and "Ptera" or "wings", which is perfectly describing the fact that their wings are connected into one point called the "Hamuli", and the membraneous tissue it is formed. Like most insects, these appeared at an early stage of earth's history, which according to a study done by D.A. Grimaldi, M.S. Engel et al [11], have been around since 281 million years ago (Triassic Period).		The Hymenoptera is a large order of [[organisms]] within the phylum [[Arthropoda]], which contains [[insects]] like, bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants. The name is derived from the greek words "Hymen" or "membrane" and "Ptera" or "wings", which is perfectly describing the fact that their wings are connected into one point called the "Hamuli", and the membraneous tissue it is formed. Like most insects, these appeared at an early stage of earth's history, which according to a study done by D.A. Grimaldi, M.S. Engel et al [11], have been around since 281 million years ago (Triassic Period).
	The Hymenopteran who have evolved into a societal way of living(Cretaceous Period), similar to pre-historical humans, created a very well adapted form of resilience for the succession of its offspring. However, many different species still live solitarily, requiring others only for mating. The organisms, who have a social life, live in a nest (ants) or a hive (bees, wasps), which are all descendants of one queen. When the hive or nest is established by a queen in early spring, it begins producing its offspring that will work in their pre-assigned roles, depending on their gender.		The Hymenopteran who have evolved into a societal way of living(Cretaceous Period), similar to pre-historical humans, created a very well adapted form of resilience for the succession of its offspring. However, many different species still live solitarily, requiring others only for mating. The organisms, who have a social life, live in a nest (ants) or a hive (bees, wasps), which are all descendants of one queen. When the hive or nest is established by a queen in early spring, it begins producing its offspring that will work in their pre-assigned roles, depending on their gender. <!--Great section. maybe give a few examples of solitary living species-->

	== Classification ==		== Classification ==
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	The larvae of the hymenoptera have a head region, three thoracic segments, and nine or ten abdominal segments. The hymenoptera, is further divided into the Symphyta and Apocrita. The former includes sawflies, whose larvae feed on leaves, have large mandibles for chewing; six thoracic limbs, and six to eight abdominal prolegs. However, their prolegs do not have spines, and their antennae are reduced to just stubs. Furthermore, the larvae that lives on wood or stem borers have no abdominal prolegs and the thoracic legs are smaller than the non-borers.		The larvae of the hymenoptera have a head region, three thoracic segments, and nine or ten abdominal segments. The hymenoptera, is further divided into the Symphyta and Apocrita. The former includes sawflies, whose larvae feed on leaves, have large mandibles for chewing; six thoracic limbs, and six to eight abdominal prolegs. However, their prolegs do not have spines, and their antennae are reduced to just stubs. Furthermore, the larvae that lives on wood or stem borers have no abdominal prolegs and the thoracic legs are smaller than the non-borers.

	The Apocrita, whose species are wasps and bees, however, cannot live freely. The lack of legs, and their shape resembling a maggot, requires them to be taken care either by the solitary wasp who laid them, or by the workers and queen in a beehive. If the larvae was laid by a wasp, it will most likely be living inside of the immobilized insect it captured, where the offspring can feed off of the prey. The larvae laid in the insect have some morphological differences, the head is reduced into the prothorax, the compound eyes are poorly developed, with no ocelli; very small or absent antennae and toothlike mandibles. It also lacks the ability to defecate, since their digestive system is not completed, to avoid contamination in the environment they live. The larvae that has a stinger, generally has ten spiracles, for breathing, while the parasitic form usually has nine.		The Apocrita, whose species are wasps and bees, however, cannot live freely. The lack of legs, and their shape resembling a maggot, requires them to be taken care either by the solitary wasp who laid them, or by the workers and queen in a beehive. If the larvae was laid by a wasp, it will most likely be living inside of the immobilized insect it captured, where the offspring can feed off of the prey. The larvae laid in the insect have some morphological differences, the head is reduced into the prothorax, the compound eyes are poorly developed, with no ocelli; very small or absent antennae and toothlike mandibles. It also lacks the ability to defecate, since their digestive system is not completed, to avoid contamination in the environment they live. The larvae that has a stinger, generally has ten spiracles, for breathing, while the parasitic form usually has nine. <!--Sub-headings would help break up this paragraph heavy section-->

	== Reproduction ==		== Reproduction ==
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	In the order Hymenoptera, reproduction uses the Haplodiploid sex-determination system, in which the number of chromosomes determines their gender. If the eggs are fertilized by both parent's gametes, the individual is diploid and develops into a female. [[File:1920px-Haplodiploid Sex Determination in Honey Bees.svg.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Haplodiploid system diagram]] However, if the egg is not fertilized by two sets of gametes, the zygote is haploid, and develops into a male. The important factor in this system is that the female is under total control of which gender her offspring will be, depending on what the nest or hive needs in the moment.		In the order Hymenoptera, reproduction uses the Haplodiploid sex-determination system, in which the number of chromosomes determines their gender. If the eggs are fertilized by both parent's gametes, the individual is diploid and develops into a female. [[File:1920px-Haplodiploid Sex Determination in Honey Bees.svg.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Haplodiploid system diagram]] However, if the egg is not fertilized by two sets of gametes, the zygote is haploid, and develops into a male. The important factor in this system is that the female is under total control of which gender her offspring will be, depending on what the nest or hive needs in the moment.

	Although this system seems very simple to understand, it actually is much more complex than only the number os chromosomes present. In many hymenopterans, the gender is determined in a single gene locus with many alleles. In these organisms, males are haploid and females are diploid heterozygous at the sex locus. However, a diploid organism could be homozygous which develops into a male. This is more likely to happen when we have parents who were siblings reproducing. Diploid males are known for being produced by inbreeding, in many ant, bee, and wasp species. These males organisms, usually are infertile but you can find some species with fertile diploid males.		Although this system seems very simple to understand, it actually is much more complex than only the number of chromosomes present. In many hymenopterans, the gender is determined in a single gene locus with many alleles. In these organisms, males are haploid and females are diploid heterozygous at the sex locus. However, a diploid organism could be homozygous which develops into a male. This is more likely to happen when we have parents who were siblings reproducing. Diploid males are known for being produced by inbreeding, in many ant, bee, and wasp species. These males organisms, usually are infertile but you can find some species with fertile diploid males.

	A problem that appears due to this reproduction system is that females on average have more genes in common with their sisters than with their daughters. Therefore, cooperation among kindred females may be unusually advantageous, which contributed to the multiple origins of eusociality within this order. In many colonies, we see the removal of eggs laid by other workers due to the increase in relatedness to direct siblings, a behavior called worker policing.		A problem that appears due to this reproduction system is that females on average have more genes in common with their sisters than with their daughters. Therefore, cooperation among kindred females may be unusually advantageous, which contributed to the multiple origins of eusociality within this order. In many colonies, we see the removal of eggs laid by other workers due to the increase in relatedness to direct siblings, a behavior called worker policing.
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	== Major Families ==		== Major Families ==
			<!--Love this idea-->
	According to the NCSU Department of Entomology [4]		According to the NCSU Department of Entomology [4]

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	3)''Anthophoridae'': Carpenter bees		3)''Anthophoridae'': Carpenter bees

	'''Social Bees''': True social insects. Communities are found in nests in the soil (Bumble Bees) or in cavities (Honey Bees). Sterile female workers forage for resources such as nectar or pollen		'''Social Bees''': True social insects. Communities are found in nests in the [[soil]] (Bumble Bees) or in cavities (Honey Bees). Sterile female workers forage for resources such as nectar or pollen

	1)''Apidae'': Bumble bees and Honey bees		1)''Apidae'': Bumble bees and Honey bees
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	'''Pollination''':[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]		'''Pollination''':[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]

	Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. Therefore, plants have evolved a symbiotic relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers.		Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. Therefore, plants have evolved a symbiotic relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers. <!--A brief explanation of why this an important would strengthen this paragraph-->
			<!--Great page and awesome content! my one suggestion would be to try and make it more formal sounding, like using "we" less-->
	== References ==		== References ==

	[1]Bradshaw, C. J. A., and C. R. McMahon. 2008. Fecundity. Encyclopedia of Ecology:1535–1543.		[1]Bradshaw, C. J. A., and C. R. McMahon. 2008. Fecundity. Encyclopedia of [[Ecology]]:1535–1543.

	[2]Contributors, W. 2021, April 22. Wasp. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp.		[2]Contributors, W. 2021, April 22. Wasp. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp.

Mfantine: /* Ecology */

2021-04-28T18:00:48Z

Ecology

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:00, 28 April 2021
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	'''Pollination''':[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]		'''Pollination''':[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]

	Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. Therefore, plants have evolved a ~~mutualistic~~ relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers.		Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. Therefore, plants have evolved a symbiotic relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers.

	== References ==		== References ==

Mfantine at 15:12, 28 April 2021

2021-04-28T15:12:06Z

@@ Line 4: / Line 4: @@
 The Hymenoptera is a large order of organisms within the phylum Arthropoda, which contains insects like, bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants. The name is derived from the greek words "Hymen" or "membrane" and "Ptera" or "wings", which is perfectly describing the fact that their wings are connected into one point called the "Hamuli", and the membraneous tissue it is formed. Like most insects, these appeared at an early stage of earth's history, which according to a study done by D.A. Grimaldi, M.S. Engel et al [11], have been around since 281 million years ago (Triassic Period).
 The Hymenopteran who have evolved into a societal way of living(Cretaceous Period), similar to pre-historical humans, created a very well adapted form of resilience for the succession of its offspring. However, many different species still live solitarily, requiring others only for mating. The organisms, who have a social life, live in a nest (ants) or a hive (bees, wasps), which are all descendants of one queen. When the hive or nest is established by a queen in early spring, it begins producing its offspring that will work in their pre-assigned roles, depending on their gender.
 == Anatomy ==

Mfantine: /* Ecology */

2021-04-26T00:04:31Z

Ecology

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:04, 25 April 2021
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	== Ecology ==		== Ecology ==

	'''Eusociality''':		'''Eusociality''':[[File:Melissodes desponsa, f, face, Maine, Du Clos 2015-12-01-17.37 (24469964305).jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Melissodes desponsa bee body covered in pollen]]

	According to C.J.A. Bradshaw, C.R. McMahon [1], is an advanced social system where colonies of organisms are created for the succession of its offspring. This system exists when the adults belong to two or more overlapping generations, they take care cooperatively for the offspring, and are divided into reproductive and non-reproductive castes. This division of labor means that some females give up the ability to have offspring to facilitate reproduction by other individuals in the same colony.		According to C.J.A. Bradshaw, C.R. McMahon [1], is an advanced social system where colonies of organisms are created for the succession of its offspring. This system exists when the adults belong to two or more overlapping generations, they take care cooperatively for the offspring, and are divided into reproductive and non-reproductive castes. This division of labor means that some females give up the ability to have offspring to facilitate reproduction by other individuals in the same colony.
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	According to Norman F. Johnson [9], the beginning of such society is after a virgin queen from a colony mates with one or several males. Then, the queen builds her nest, which could be in the soil, a natural cavity, or out in the open. The colony founding can be sometimes cooperative, and determining which individual will become the primary reproducer is established through behavioral interactions among the founders. Males are only needed for insemination of the new queens, which soon after will die. The eggs produced by the new queen, will develop into the first female worker generation, which usually cannot reproduce. These workers have many functions, they take care of the offspring, forage for resources, defend the nest and the queen. These functions are sometimes divided by workers, and sometimes by morphological differences in their bodies. Once well established, more males and females are produced to continue the growth of the colony.		According to Norman F. Johnson [9], the beginning of such society is after a virgin queen from a colony mates with one or several males. Then, the queen builds her nest, which could be in the soil, a natural cavity, or out in the open. The colony founding can be sometimes cooperative, and determining which individual will become the primary reproducer is established through behavioral interactions among the founders. Males are only needed for insemination of the new queens, which soon after will die. The eggs produced by the new queen, will develop into the first female worker generation, which usually cannot reproduce. These workers have many functions, they take care of the offspring, forage for resources, defend the nest and the queen. These functions are sometimes divided by workers, and sometimes by morphological differences in their bodies. Once well established, more males and females are produced to continue the growth of the colony.

	'''Pollination''':		'''Pollination''':[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]

	Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. ~~[[File:Melissodes desponsa, f, face, Maine, Du Clos 2015-12-01-17.37 (24469964305).jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Melissodes desponsa bee body covered in pollen]]~~Therefore, plants have evolved a mutualistic relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers.[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]		Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. Therefore, plants have evolved a mutualistic relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers.

	== References ==		== References ==

Mfantine: /* Ecology */

2021-04-26T00:02:48Z

Ecology

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:02, 25 April 2021
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	According to C.J.A. Bradshaw, C.R. McMahon [1], is an advanced social system where colonies of organisms are created for the succession of its offspring. This system exists when the adults belong to two or more overlapping generations, they take care cooperatively for the offspring, and are divided into reproductive and non-reproductive castes. This division of labor means that some females give up the ability to have offspring to facilitate reproduction by other individuals in the same colony.		According to C.J.A. Bradshaw, C.R. McMahon [1], is an advanced social system where colonies of organisms are created for the succession of its offspring. This system exists when the adults belong to two or more overlapping generations, they take care cooperatively for the offspring, and are divided into reproductive and non-reproductive castes. This division of labor means that some females give up the ability to have offspring to facilitate reproduction by other individuals in the same colony.

	According to Norman F. Johnson, the beginning of such society is after a virgin queen from a colony mates with one or several males. Then, the queen builds her nest, which could be in the soil, a natural cavity, or out in the open. The colony founding can be sometimes cooperative, and determining which individual will become the primary reproducer is established through behavioral interactions among the founders. Males are only needed for insemination of the new queens, which soon after will die. The eggs produced by the new queen, will develop into the first female worker generation, which usually cannot reproduce. These workers have many functions, they take care of the offspring, forage for resources, defend the nest and the queen. These functions are sometimes divided by workers, and sometimes by morphological differences in their bodies. Once well established, more males and females are produced to continue the growth of the colony.		According to Norman F. Johnson [9], the beginning of such society is after a virgin queen from a colony mates with one or several males. Then, the queen builds her nest, which could be in the soil, a natural cavity, or out in the open. The colony founding can be sometimes cooperative, and determining which individual will become the primary reproducer is established through behavioral interactions among the founders. Males are only needed for insemination of the new queens, which soon after will die. The eggs produced by the new queen, will develop into the first female worker generation, which usually cannot reproduce. These workers have many functions, they take care of the offspring, forage for resources, defend the nest and the queen. These functions are sometimes divided by workers, and sometimes by morphological differences in their bodies. Once well established, more males and females are produced to continue the growth of the colony.

	'''Pollination''':		'''Pollination''':