Extremophiles - Revision history

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	[[File:Permafrost_-_polygon.jpg\|thumb\|Permafrozen Anartic soils that experience extreme dryness and high salinity. Halophiles and xerophiles may be found here.]]		[[File:Permafrost_-_polygon.jpg\|thumb\|Permafrozen Anartic soils that experience extreme dryness and high salinity. Halophiles and xerophiles may be found here.]]
	An Extremophile is an organism that experiences optimal growth in environments outside the realm of what is considered “normal” and may even require intense geochemical or physical conditions to survive [1]. Extremophiles associated with plants encompass all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Within these domains, they can be found in different phylums and groups such as Actinobacteria, [[Ascomycota]], Bacteroidetes, [[Basidiomycota]], Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Extremophilic microbes that benefit plant health and [[soil]] fertility are [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and bacteria found in the [[rhizosphere]] growing under abiotic stress conditions of temperature, salinity, pH and water deficiency. These microbes are said to be psychrophiles (-2°C to 20°C), thermophiles (60°C to 115°C), halophiles (2-5M), acidophiles (pH<4), alkaliphiles (pH>9) and xerophiles (water potential 0.75 kPa) [2]. Though not intensively studied until recently, extremophiles may have huge potential in the application of agriculture, biotechnology and bioremediation [3].		An Extremophile is an organism that experiences optimal growth in environments outside the realm of what is considered “normal” and may even require intense geochemical or physical conditions to survive [1]. Extremophiles associated with plants encompass all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Within these domains, they can be found in different phylums and groups such as Actinobacteria, [[Ascomycota]], Bacteroidetes, [[Basidiomycota]], Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Extremophilic microbes that benefit plant health and [[soil]] fertility are [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and bacteria found in the [[rhizosphere]] growing under abiotic stress conditions of temperature, salinity, pH and water deficiency. These microbes are said to be psychrophiles (-2°C to 20°C), thermophiles (60°C to 115°C), halophiles (2-5M), acidophiles (pH<4), alkaliphiles (pH>9) and xerophiles (water potential 0.75 kPa) [2]. Though not intensively studied until recently, extremophiles may have huge potential in the application of [[agriculture]], biotechnology and bioremediation [3].

	==Plant Health and Agriculture==		==Plant Health and Agriculture==

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2022-05-06T18:02:29Z

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	There has been success in applying these microbes as biofertilizers for crop improvement and soil health as a sustainable option[2]. Two rhizobacteria root endophytes that are found in Antarctica, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium brevicompactum, increased fitness in cayenne, lettuce, onion, and tomato in high salinity environments by limiting the intake of salt. This has useful application in reduction of saline stress on plants that are not saline tolerant, such as lettuce [4].		There has been success in applying these microbes as biofertilizers for crop improvement and soil health as a sustainable option[2]. Two rhizobacteria root endophytes that are found in Antarctica, Penicillium chrysogenum and Penicillium brevicompactum, increased fitness in cayenne, lettuce, onion, and tomato in high salinity environments by limiting the intake of salt. This has useful application in reduction of saline stress on plants that are not saline tolerant, such as lettuce [4].

	In another study, endophytic mycorrhizae isolated from the roots of a tomato grown in intense drought and saline conditions was found to activate and stimulate defense mechanisms in plants through the use of phytohormones to achieve improved growth [5]. There is an extreme interest in extremophilic microbes found in cold environments due to their ability to thrive in what is often a high salinity and arid environment, but full potential of these microbes in agriculture is still being discovered and researched, for example the recent increase in the reports of acidophiles found in plants growing within acidic soil [2].		In another study, endophytic [[mycorrhizae]] isolated from the roots of a tomato grown in intense drought and saline conditions was found to activate and stimulate defense mechanisms in plants through the use of phytohormones to achieve improved growth [5]. There is an extreme interest in extremophilic microbes found in cold environments due to their ability to thrive in what is often a high salinity and arid environment, but full potential of these microbes in agriculture is still being discovered and researched, for example the recent increase in the reports of acidophiles found in plants growing within acidic soil [2].

	==Bioremediation==		==Bioremediation==

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2021-04-29T17:04:17Z

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	[[File:Permafrost_-_polygon.jpg\|thumb\|Permafrozen Anartic soils that experience extreme dryness and high salinity. Halophiles and xerophiles may be found here.]]		[[File:Permafrost_-_polygon.jpg\|thumb\|Permafrozen Anartic soils that experience extreme dryness and high salinity. Halophiles and xerophiles may be found here.]]
	An Extremophile is an organism that experiences optimal growth in environments outside the realm of what is considered “normal” and may even require intense geochemical or physical conditions to survive [1]. Extremophiles associated with plants encompass all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Within these domains, they can be found in different phylums and groups such as Actinobacteria, Ascomycota, Bacteroidetes, Basidiomycota, Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Extremophilic microbes that benefit plant health and soil fertility are [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and bacteria found in the [[rhizosphere]] growing under abiotic stress conditions of temperature, salinity, pH and water deficiency. These microbes are said to be psychrophiles (-2°C to 20°C), thermophiles (60°C to 115°C), halophiles (2-5M), acidophiles (pH<4), alkaliphiles (pH>9) and xerophiles (water potential 0.75 kPa) [2]. Though not intensively studied until recently, extremophiles may have huge potential in the application of agriculture, biotechnology and bioremediation [3].		An Extremophile is an organism that experiences optimal growth in environments outside the realm of what is considered “normal” and may even require intense geochemical or physical conditions to survive [1]. Extremophiles associated with plants encompass all three domains of life: Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. Within these domains, they can be found in different phylums and groups such as Actinobacteria, [[Ascomycota]], Bacteroidetes, [[Basidiomycota]], Crenarchaeota, Euryarchaeota, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Extremophilic microbes that benefit plant health and [[soil]] fertility are [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and bacteria found in the [[rhizosphere]] growing under abiotic stress conditions of temperature, salinity, pH and water deficiency. These microbes are said to be psychrophiles (-2°C to 20°C), thermophiles (60°C to 115°C), halophiles (2-5M), acidophiles (pH<4), alkaliphiles (pH>9) and xerophiles (water potential 0.75 kPa) [2]. Though not intensively studied until recently, extremophiles may have huge potential in the application of agriculture, biotechnology and bioremediation [3].

	==Plant Health and Agriculture==		==Plant Health and Agriculture==
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	[[File:ValleLuna-002.jpg\|thumb\|The Atacama desert, subject of intensive research due to the diverse extremophilic organisms found residing there.]]		[[File:ValleLuna-002.jpg\|thumb\|The Atacama desert, subject of intensive research due to the diverse extremophilic organisms found residing there.]]
	[[File:Aspergillus sp. 4.5X (1).JPG\|left\|250px\|Aspergillus, a diverse fungi that contains many extremophiles.\|thumb]]		[[File:Aspergillus sp. 4.5X (1).JPG\|left\|250px\|Aspergillus, a diverse fungi that contains many extremophiles.\|thumb]]
	Bioremediation refers to the use of an organism in degradation of contaminants that pose environmental and human risks. There has been a number of extremophilic organisms successful in remediation of contaminated soil [3].		Bioremediation refers to the use of an organism in degradation of contaminants that pose environmental and human risks. There has been a number of extremophilic [[organisms]] successful in remediation of contaminated soil [3].

	Deinococcus radiodurans is a radiation-resistant bacteria occurring naturally in the cracks of rocks in Antarctica that has been genetically engineered by insertion of the mercuric reductase gene from Escherichia coli to be useful in remediation of heavy metals and radiation in nuclear waste sites. The gene combined with the bacteria's ability to tolerate radiation has made it a reliable option degrade mercury in radiation enriched soil environments [6].		Deinococcus radiodurans is a radiation-resistant bacteria occurring naturally in the cracks of rocks in Antarctica that has been genetically engineered by insertion of the mercuric reductase gene from Escherichia coli to be useful in remediation of heavy metals and radiation in nuclear waste sites. The gene combined with the bacteria's ability to tolerate radiation has made it a reliable option degrade mercury in radiation enriched soil environments [6].
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	==Biotechnology==		==Biotechnology==
	In a process known as bio-leaching, g, the removal of insoluble metal sulfides or oxides by using microorganisms, extremophiles are used as a sustainble option to mine ores, referred to as biomining. This is much more eco-friendly to soils and the surrounding environment. Biomining techniques have successfully been employed to mine metals such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, and uranium. The organisms used in this process are acidophiles such as Acidithiobacillus and Ferroplasma. In certain mining conditions there is extreme heat present, where thermophilic organisms Sulfolobus and Metallosphaera are utilized [15].		In a process known as bio-leaching, g, the removal of insoluble metal sulfides or oxides by using [[microorganisms]], extremophiles are used as a sustainble option to mine ores, referred to as biomining. This is much more eco-friendly to soils and the surrounding environment. Biomining techniques have successfully been employed to mine metals such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, and uranium. The organisms used in this process are acidophiles such as Acidithiobacillus and Ferroplasma. In certain mining conditions there is extreme heat present, where thermophilic organisms Sulfolobus and Metallosphaera are utilized [15].

	[[File:Blue-green algae and mineral deposits in Waimangu Stream (Hot Water Creek).jpg\|thumb\|Waimangu Stream, an example of where the acidophilc algae Cyanidium caldarium can be found.]]		[[File:Blue-green algae and mineral deposits in Waimangu Stream (Hot Water Creek).jpg\|thumb\|Waimangu Stream, an example of where the acidophilc algae Cyanidium caldarium can be found.]]

Kyledesi: /* Bioremediation */

2019-05-08T12:45:54Z

Bioremediation

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	Deinococcus radiodurans is a radiation-resistant bacteria occurring naturally in the cracks of rocks in Antarctica that has been genetically engineered by insertion of the mercuric reductase gene from Escherichia coli to be useful in remediation of heavy metals and radiation in nuclear waste sites. The gene combined with the bacteria's ability to tolerate radiation has made it a reliable option degrade mercury in radiation enriched soil environments [6].		Deinococcus radiodurans is a radiation-resistant bacteria occurring naturally in the cracks of rocks in Antarctica that has been genetically engineered by insertion of the mercuric reductase gene from Escherichia coli to be useful in remediation of heavy metals and radiation in nuclear waste sites. The gene combined with the bacteria's ability to tolerate radiation has made it a reliable option degrade mercury in radiation enriched soil environments [6].

	Acidophiles have been successfully utilized in remediation of heavy metal soil sites. The fungi in ''Aspergillus'', which also contains the species that causes black mold, and the bacteria ''A.ferrooxidans'', have been used to remove nickel from contaminated soil and wastewater. Extremophilic bacteria ~~cereus and~~ B. thuringiensis have been shown to increase extraction of Cd and Zn from Cd-rich soil and soil polluted with effluent from metal industry [14]. ''Acidithiobacillus sp'' has been successful in removing sulfur from coal in order to help prevent acid rain [8]. The soil of the Atacama desert, noted for its similarity to mars, is now being heavily studied due to the vast variety of extremophilic organisms found there with high bioremediation potential [9].		Acidophiles have been successfully utilized in remediation of heavy metal soil sites. The fungi in ''Aspergillus'', which also contains the species that causes black mold, and the bacteria ''A.ferrooxidans'', have been used to remove nickel from contaminated soil and wastewater. Extremophilic bacteria B. thuringiensis have been shown to increase extraction of Cd and Zn from Cd-rich soil and soil polluted with effluent from metal industry [14]. ''Acidithiobacillus sp'' has been successful in removing sulfur from coal in order to help prevent acid rain [8]. The soil of the Atacama desert, noted for its similarity to mars, is now being heavily studied due to the vast variety of extremophilic organisms found there with high bioremediation potential [9].

	==Biotechnology==		==Biotechnology==

Kyledesi at 12:40, 8 May 2019

2019-05-08T12:40:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 08:40, 8 May 2019
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	==Biotechnology==		==Biotechnology==
	In a process known as bio-leaching, g, the removal of insoluble metal sulfides or oxides by using microorganisms, extremophiles are used as a sustainble option to mine ores, referred to as biomining. This is much more eco-friendly to soils and the surrounding environment. Biomining techniques have successfully been employed to mine metals such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, and uranium. The organisms used in this process are acidophiles such as Acidithiobacillus and Ferroplasma. In certain mining conditions there is extreme heat present, where thermophilic organisms Sulfolobus and Metallosphaera are utilized [15].		In a process known as bio-leaching, g, the removal of insoluble metal sulfides or oxides by using microorganisms, extremophiles are used as a sustainble option to mine ores, referred to as biomining. This is much more eco-friendly to soils and the surrounding environment. Biomining techniques have successfully been employed to mine metals such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, and uranium. The organisms used in this process are acidophiles such as Acidithiobacillus and Ferroplasma. In certain mining conditions there is extreme heat present, where thermophilic organisms Sulfolobus and Metallosphaera are utilized [15].


	[[File:Blue-green algae and mineral deposits in Waimangu Stream (Hot Water Creek).jpg\|thumb\|Waimangu Stream, an example of where the acidophilc algae Cyanidium caldarium can be found.]]		[[File:Blue-green algae and mineral deposits in Waimangu Stream (Hot Water Creek).jpg\|thumb\|Waimangu Stream, an example of where the acidophilc algae Cyanidium caldarium can be found.]]

Kyledesi: /* Bioremediation */

2019-05-08T05:32:09Z

Bioremediation

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:32, 8 May 2019
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	Bioremediation refers to the use of an organism in degradation of contaminants that pose environmental and human risks. There has been a number of extremophilic organisms successful in remediation of contaminated soil [3].		Bioremediation refers to the use of an organism in degradation of contaminants that pose environmental and human risks. There has been a number of extremophilic organisms successful in remediation of contaminated soil [3].

	Deinococcus radiodurans is a radiation-resistant bacteria occurring naturally in the cracks of rocks in Antarctica that has been genetically engineered by ~~inserting a gene~~ the mercuric reductase gene from Escherichia coli to be useful in remediation of heavy metals and radiation in nuclear waste sites. The gene combined with the bacteria's ability to tolerate radiation has made it a reliable option degrade mercury in radiation enriched soil environments [6].		Deinococcus radiodurans is a radiation-resistant bacteria occurring naturally in the cracks of rocks in Antarctica that has been genetically engineered by insertion of the mercuric reductase gene from Escherichia coli to be useful in remediation of heavy metals and radiation in nuclear waste sites. The gene combined with the bacteria's ability to tolerate radiation has made it a reliable option degrade mercury in radiation enriched soil environments [6].

	Acidophiles have been successfully utilized in remediation of heavy metal soil sites. The fungi in ''Aspergillus'', which also contains the species that causes black mold, and the bacteria ''A.ferrooxidans'', have been used to remove nickel from contaminated soil and wastewater. Extremophilic bacteria cereus and B. thuringiensis have been shown to increase extraction of Cd and Zn from Cd-rich soil and soil polluted with effluent from metal industry [14]. ''Acidithiobacillus sp'' has been successful in removing sulfur from coal in order to help prevent acid rain [8]. The soil of the Atacama desert, noted for its similarity to mars, is now being heavily studied due to the vast variety of extremophilic organisms found there with high bioremediation potential [9].		Acidophiles have been successfully utilized in remediation of heavy metal soil sites. The fungi in ''Aspergillus'', which also contains the species that causes black mold, and the bacteria ''A.ferrooxidans'', have been used to remove nickel from contaminated soil and wastewater. Extremophilic bacteria cereus and B. thuringiensis have been shown to increase extraction of Cd and Zn from Cd-rich soil and soil polluted with effluent from metal industry [14]. ''Acidithiobacillus sp'' has been successful in removing sulfur from coal in order to help prevent acid rain [8]. The soil of the Atacama desert, noted for its similarity to mars, is now being heavily studied due to the vast variety of extremophilic organisms found there with high bioremediation potential [9].

Kyledesi: /* Refrences */

2019-05-08T05:25:04Z

Refrences

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	[14] G. U. Chibuike and S. C. Obiora,2014,“Heavy Metal Polluted Soils: Effect on Plants and Bioremediation Methods,” Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol.article ID 752708, 12 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708.		[14] G. U. Chibuike and S. C. Obiora,2014,“Heavy Metal Polluted Soils: Effect on Plants and Bioremediation Methods,” Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol.article ID 752708, 12 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708.

	[15 Coker J. A. (2016). Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. F1000Research, 5, F1000 Faculty Rev-396. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7432.1		[15] Coker J. A. (2016). Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. F1000Research, 5, F1000 Faculty Rev-396. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7432.1

Kyledesi: /* Bioremediation */

2019-05-08T05:24:38Z

Bioremediation

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:24, 8 May 2019
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	==Bioremediation==		==Bioremediation==
	[[File:ValleLuna-002.jpg\|thumb\|The Atacama desert, subject of intensive research due to the diverse extremophilic organisms found residing there.]]		[[File:ValleLuna-002.jpg\|thumb\|The Atacama desert, subject of intensive research due to the diverse extremophilic organisms found residing there.]]
	[[File:Aspergillus sp. 4.5X (1).JPG\|left\|250px\|Aspergillus sp, ~~an extremophilic~~ fungi that contains ~~the species that causes black mold. They are able to survive where high osmotic pressures exist~~.\|thumb]]		[[File:Aspergillus sp. 4.5X (1).JPG\|left\|250px\|Aspergillus, a diverse fungi that contains many extremophiles.\|thumb]]
	Bioremediation refers to the use of an organism in degradation of contaminants that pose environmental and human risks. There has been a number of extremophilic organisms successful in remediation of contaminated soil [3].		Bioremediation refers to the use of an organism in degradation of contaminants that pose environmental and human risks. There has been a number of extremophilic organisms successful in remediation of contaminated soil [3].

Kyledesi: /* Biotechnology */

2019-05-08T05:23:44Z

Biotechnology

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:23, 8 May 2019
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	==Biotechnology==		==Biotechnology==
	In a process known as bio-leaching, the ~~mobilization~~ of metal ~~cations~~, extremophiles are used as a sustainble option to mine ~~lower grade~~ ores.		In a process known as bio-leaching, g, the removal of insoluble metal sulfides or oxides by using microorganisms, extremophiles are used as a sustainble option to mine ores, referred to as biomining. This is much more eco-friendly to soils and the surrounding environment. Biomining techniques have successfully been employed to mine metals such as gold, silver, copper, zinc, nickel, and uranium. The organisms used in this process are acidophiles such as Acidithiobacillus and Ferroplasma. In certain mining conditions there is extreme heat present, where thermophilic organisms Sulfolobus and Metallosphaera are utilized [15].

Kyledesi: /* Refrences */

2019-05-08T05:14:27Z

Refrences

← Older revision		Revision as of 01:14, 8 May 2019
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	[14] G. U. Chibuike and S. C. Obiora,2014,“Heavy Metal Polluted Soils: Effect on Plants and Bioremediation Methods,” Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol.article ID 752708, 12 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708.		[14] G. U. Chibuike and S. C. Obiora,2014,“Heavy Metal Polluted Soils: Effect on Plants and Bioremediation Methods,” Applied and Environmental Soil Science, vol.article ID 752708, 12 pages, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/752708.

			[15 Coker J. A. (2016). Extremophiles and biotechnology: current uses and prospects. F1000Research, 5, F1000 Faculty Rev-396. doi:10.12688/f1000research.7432.1