Epiphytes - Revision history

Almonaco at 14:24, 2 May 2025

2025-05-02T14:24:19Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:24, 2 May 2025
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	== Description & Overview ==		== Description & Overview ==

	[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]		[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]

	Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.		Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.
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	As stated, the orchid family (Orchidaceae) is one of incredible diversity. Across all orchids, though, with their variety of shapes, sizes, and growth strategies, they each have six waxy or velvety "petal-like parts" <ref name= "orchid">University of Wisonsin-Madison. (5 Nov 2010). "Orchids." Wisconsin [[Horticulture]]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/orchids/.</ref>. These plants can either grow terrestrially or epiphytically (relying on trees for this growth). Higher precipitation and temperatures typically lead to the growth of epiphytic orchids. Therefore, they tend to display this growth strategy in the humid climate of tropical areas. When orchids display epiphytic growth, their leaves tend to become thick and their aerial roots become covered in a layer of dead skin cells. These adaptations help the plant to better conserve and absorb water. Other adaptations of epiphytic orchids include having pseudobulbs that help retain water and practicing Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve water <ref name= "keppel">Taylor, A., Keppel, G., Weigelt, P., Zotz, G., Kreft, H.. (2021). "Functional traits are key to understanding orchid diversity on islands." Ecography. 44: 703–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05410.</ref>.		As stated, the orchid family (Orchidaceae) is one of incredible diversity. Across all orchids, though, with their variety of shapes, sizes, and growth strategies, they each have six waxy or velvety "petal-like parts" <ref name= "orchid">University of Wisonsin-Madison. (5 Nov 2010). "Orchids." Wisconsin [[Horticulture]]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/orchids/.</ref>. These plants can either grow terrestrially or epiphytically (relying on trees for this growth). Higher precipitation and temperatures typically lead to the growth of epiphytic orchids. Therefore, they tend to display this growth strategy in the humid climate of tropical areas. When orchids display epiphytic growth, their leaves tend to become thick and their aerial roots become covered in a layer of dead skin cells. These adaptations help the plant to better conserve and absorb water. Other adaptations of epiphytic orchids include having pseudobulbs that help retain water and practicing Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve water <ref name= "keppel">Taylor, A., Keppel, G., Weigelt, P., Zotz, G., Kreft, H.. (2021). "Functional traits are key to understanding orchid diversity on islands." Ecography. 44: 703–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05410.</ref>.

	[[File:orchid13.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]		[[File:orchid13.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]

	[[File:orchid15.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]		[[File:orchid15.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]

	===Bromeliads===		===Bromeliads===
Line 33:		Line 33:
	http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-05-2022</ref>.		http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-05-2022</ref>.

	[[File:bromeliad12.jpg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Catopsis nutans'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by avocat, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]		[[File:bromeliad12.jpg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Catopsis nutans'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by avocat, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]

	===Ferns===		===Ferns===
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	The fern family Polypodiaceae has unique adaptations that allow its species to thrive epiphytically. One such adaptation is poikilohydry, which allows these plants to survive and recover from significant periods of dehydration. Additionally, species in this family have specialized methods that allow them to collect [[humus]] as an alternative way to obtain nutrients <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.		The fern family Polypodiaceae has unique adaptations that allow its species to thrive epiphytically. One such adaptation is poikilohydry, which allows these plants to survive and recover from significant periods of dehydration. Additionally, species in this family have specialized methods that allow them to collect [[humus]] as an alternative way to obtain nutrients <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.

	[[File:fern1.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Fern (''Pleopeltis polypodioides'') Growing on a Tree in Costa Rica (Photographed by meadowfawnie, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]		[[File:fern1.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Fern (''Pleopeltis polypodioides'') Growing on a Tree in Costa Rica (Photographed by meadowfawnie, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>.]]

	== References ==		== References ==

Almonaco at 14:23, 2 May 2025

2025-05-02T14:23:33Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:23, 2 May 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== Description & Overview ==		== Description & Overview ==

	[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]

	Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.		Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.
Line 22:		Line 22:
	As stated, the orchid family (Orchidaceae) is one of incredible diversity. Across all orchids, though, with their variety of shapes, sizes, and growth strategies, they each have six waxy or velvety "petal-like parts" <ref name= "orchid">University of Wisonsin-Madison. (5 Nov 2010). "Orchids." Wisconsin [[Horticulture]]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/orchids/.</ref>. These plants can either grow terrestrially or epiphytically (relying on trees for this growth). Higher precipitation and temperatures typically lead to the growth of epiphytic orchids. Therefore, they tend to display this growth strategy in the humid climate of tropical areas. When orchids display epiphytic growth, their leaves tend to become thick and their aerial roots become covered in a layer of dead skin cells. These adaptations help the plant to better conserve and absorb water. Other adaptations of epiphytic orchids include having pseudobulbs that help retain water and practicing Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve water <ref name= "keppel">Taylor, A., Keppel, G., Weigelt, P., Zotz, G., Kreft, H.. (2021). "Functional traits are key to understanding orchid diversity on islands." Ecography. 44: 703–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05410.</ref>.		As stated, the orchid family (Orchidaceae) is one of incredible diversity. Across all orchids, though, with their variety of shapes, sizes, and growth strategies, they each have six waxy or velvety "petal-like parts" <ref name= "orchid">University of Wisonsin-Madison. (5 Nov 2010). "Orchids." Wisconsin [[Horticulture]]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/orchids/.</ref>. These plants can either grow terrestrially or epiphytically (relying on trees for this growth). Higher precipitation and temperatures typically lead to the growth of epiphytic orchids. Therefore, they tend to display this growth strategy in the humid climate of tropical areas. When orchids display epiphytic growth, their leaves tend to become thick and their aerial roots become covered in a layer of dead skin cells. These adaptations help the plant to better conserve and absorb water. Other adaptations of epiphytic orchids include having pseudobulbs that help retain water and practicing Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve water <ref name= "keppel">Taylor, A., Keppel, G., Weigelt, P., Zotz, G., Kreft, H.. (2021). "Functional traits are key to understanding orchid diversity on islands." Ecography. 44: 703–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05410.</ref>.

	[[File:orchid13.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:orchid13.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]

	[[File:orchid15.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:orchid15.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]

	===Bromeliads===		===Bromeliads===
Line 33:		Line 33:
	http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-05-2022</ref>.		http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/2236-8906-05-2022</ref>.

	[[File:bromeliad12.jpg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Catopsis nutans'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by avocat, 2025). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:bromeliad12.jpg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Catopsis nutans'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by avocat, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]

	===Ferns===		===Ferns===
Line 41:		Line 41:
	The fern family Polypodiaceae has unique adaptations that allow its species to thrive epiphytically. One such adaptation is poikilohydry, which allows these plants to survive and recover from significant periods of dehydration. Additionally, species in this family have specialized methods that allow them to collect [[humus]] as an alternative way to obtain nutrients <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.		The fern family Polypodiaceae has unique adaptations that allow its species to thrive epiphytically. One such adaptation is poikilohydry, which allows these plants to survive and recover from significant periods of dehydration. Additionally, species in this family have specialized methods that allow them to collect [[humus]] as an alternative way to obtain nutrients <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.

	[[File:fern1.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Fern (''Pleopeltis polypodioides'') Growing on a Tree in Costa Rica (Photographed by meadowfawnie, 2025). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:fern1.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Fern (''Pleopeltis polypodioides'') Growing on a Tree in Costa Rica (Photographed by meadowfawnie, 2025) <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>].]

	== References ==		== References ==

Almonaco at 23:30, 28 April 2025

2025-04-28T23:30:47Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:30, 28 April 2025
Line 3:		Line 3:
	[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]

	Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.		Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.

	== Ecology & Evolution ==		== Ecology & Evolution ==
Line 45:		Line 45:
	== References ==		== References ==
	<ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>		<ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>
	<ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>		<ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>
	<ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>		<ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>
	<ref name= "taylor">Taylor, A., Zotz G., Weigelt P., Cai L.,Karger D. N., König C., & Kreft H. (2022). "Vascular epiphytes contribute disproportionately to global centres of plant diversity." Global Ecology and Biogeography, 31: 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13411.</ref>		<ref name= "taylor">Taylor, A., Zotz G., Weigelt P., Cai L.,Karger D. N., König C., & Kreft H. (2022). "Vascular epiphytes contribute disproportionately to global centres of plant diversity." Global Ecology and Biogeography, 31: 62–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.13411.</ref>

Linares4: /* Ecology & Evolution */

2025-04-17T02:07:56Z

Ecology & Evolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:07, 16 April 2025
Line 3:		Line 3:
	[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]

	Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.		Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant [[Ecology]]. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.

	== [[Ecology]] & Evolution ==		== Ecology & Evolution ==

	Ecologically, epiphytes exhibit opportunism, filling gaps in an ecosystem when possible and often growing in tree crowns. Most vascular plants can display epiphytic growth if they are in the appropriate conditions. For example, the aforementioned "accidental epiphytes" result from a usually terrestrial species taking advantage of beneficial conditions in its microhabitat. In these cases, a plant species may have a fundamental niche in which it can grow epiphytically but is usually not able to due to competition or lack of resources <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>.		Ecologically, epiphytes exhibit opportunism, filling gaps in an ecosystem when possible and often growing in tree crowns. Most vascular plants can display epiphytic growth if they are in the appropriate conditions. For example, the aforementioned "accidental epiphytes" result from a usually terrestrial species taking advantage of beneficial conditions in its microhabitat. In these cases, a plant species may have a fundamental niche in which it can grow epiphytically but is usually not able to due to competition or lack of resources <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>.

Gjmaltbi: /* Ferns */

2025-04-01T00:07:33Z

Ferns

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:07, 31 March 2025
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	===Ferns===		===Ferns===

	Ferns are one of Earth's oldest plant groups, and today this group has approximately 10,500 species, with its diversity only outnumbered by flowering plants <ref name= "pinson">Pinson, Jerald. (2021). "About Ferns." American Fern Society. https://www.amerfernsoc.org/about-ferns.</ref>. About 29 percent of ferns are epiphytic, and this growth style dates back to the Cretaceous period for ferns <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>. Therefore, the [[fern]] gametophyte and sporophyte forms have uniquely and ~~adequatley~~ adapted to this lifestyle. For example, epiphytic fern gametophytes are observed to have more dissection and branching in their morphology as compared to terrestrial fern gametophytes. This is useful in reproduction for epiphytic ferns, as they do not have to rely on the previously mentioned seed dispersion methods of wind and birds. A fern can grow and branch out far enough in order to reach another fern in order to reproduce <ref name= "pinson">Pinson, Jerald. (2021). "About Ferns." American Fern Society. https://www.amerfernsoc.org/about-ferns.</ref>.		Ferns are one of Earth's oldest plant groups, and today this group has approximately 10,500 species, with its diversity only outnumbered by flowering plants <ref name= "pinson">Pinson, Jerald. (2021). "About Ferns." American Fern Society. https://www.amerfernsoc.org/about-ferns.</ref>. About 29 percent of ferns are epiphytic, and this growth style dates back to the Cretaceous period for ferns <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>. Therefore, the [[fern]] gametophyte and sporophyte forms have uniquely and adequately adapted to this lifestyle. For example, epiphytic fern gametophytes are observed to have more dissection and branching in their morphology as compared to terrestrial fern gametophytes. This is useful in reproduction for epiphytic ferns, as they do not have to rely on the previously mentioned seed dispersion methods of wind and birds. A fern can grow and branch out far enough in order to reach another fern in order to reproduce <ref name= "pinson">Pinson, Jerald. (2021). "About Ferns." American Fern Society. https://www.amerfernsoc.org/about-ferns.</ref>.

	The fern family Polypodiaceae has unique adaptations that allow its species to thrive epiphytically. One such adaptation is poikilohydry, which allows these plants to survive and recover from significant periods of dehydration. Additionally, species in this family have specialized methods that allow them to collect [[humus]] as an alternative way to obtain nutrients <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.		The fern family Polypodiaceae has unique adaptations that allow its species to thrive epiphytically. One such adaptation is poikilohydry, which allows these plants to survive and recover from significant periods of dehydration. Additionally, species in this family have specialized methods that allow them to collect [[humus]] as an alternative way to obtain nutrients <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.

Gjmaltbi: /* Common Vascular Epiphytes */

2025-04-01T00:06:03Z

Common Vascular Epiphytes

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:06, 31 March 2025
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	===Orchids===		===Orchids===

	As stated, the orchid family (Orchidaceae) is one of incredible diversity. Across all orchids, though, with their variety of shapes, sizes, and growth strategies, they each have six waxy or velvety "petal-like parts" <ref name= "orchid">University of Wisonsin-Madison. (5 Nov 2010). "Orchids." Wisconsin [[Horticulture]]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/orchids/.</ref>. These plants can either grow terrestrially or epiphytically (relying on trees for this growth). Higher precipitation and temperatures typically lead to the growth of epiphytic orchids ~~will grow epiphtically~~. Therefore, they tend to display this growth strategy in the humid climate of tropical areas. When orchids display epiphytic growth, their leaves tend to become thick and their aerial roots become covered in a layer of dead skin cells. These adaptations help the plant to better conserve and absorb water. Other adaptations of epiphytic orchids include having pseudobulbs that help retain water and practicing Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve water <ref name= "keppel">Taylor, A., Keppel, G., Weigelt, P., Zotz, G., Kreft, H.. (2021). "Functional traits are key to understanding orchid diversity on islands." Ecography. 44: 703–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05410.</ref>.		As stated, the orchid family (Orchidaceae) is one of incredible diversity. Across all orchids, though, with their variety of shapes, sizes, and growth strategies, they each have six waxy or velvety "petal-like parts" <ref name= "orchid">University of Wisonsin-Madison. (5 Nov 2010). "Orchids." Wisconsin [[Horticulture]]. University of Wisconsin-Madison. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/orchids/.</ref>. These plants can either grow terrestrially or epiphytically (relying on trees for this growth). Higher precipitation and temperatures typically lead to the growth of epiphytic orchids. Therefore, they tend to display this growth strategy in the humid climate of tropical areas. When orchids display epiphytic growth, their leaves tend to become thick and their aerial roots become covered in a layer of dead skin cells. These adaptations help the plant to better conserve and absorb water. Other adaptations of epiphytic orchids include having pseudobulbs that help retain water and practicing Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis to conserve water <ref name= "keppel">Taylor, A., Keppel, G., Weigelt, P., Zotz, G., Kreft, H.. (2021). "Functional traits are key to understanding orchid diversity on islands." Ecography. 44: 703–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ecog.05410.</ref>.

	[[File:orchid13.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:orchid13.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Orchid (''Guarianthe skinneri'') Growing on a Tree in Mexico (Photographed by Alexis López Hernández, 2025). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]

Almonaco at 21:56, 30 March 2025

2025-03-30T21:56:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:56, 30 March 2025
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name~~= ~~"pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]~~		== Description & Overview ==

			[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|center\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]


	~~== Description & Overview =~~=

	Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.		Epiphytes, specifically vascular epiphytes, are those plants that germinate and take root on other plants. These plants generally exhibit commensal relationships with their host plants, and therefore epiphytes receive shelter and protection with no cost or benefit to their host plant <ref name= "naranjo">Naranjo, C., Iriondo, J., Riofrio, M., Lara-Romero, C.. (2019). "Evaluating the structure of commensalistic epiphyte–phorophyte networks: a comparative perspective of biotic interactions" AoB PLANTS. 11(2): plz011. https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/plz011.</ref>. Epiphytes can be both obligate and facultative <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Facultative epiphytes are plant species that grow terrestrially and epiphytically approximately the same amount of times across their distribution. If a species grows epiphytically at least 95 percent of the time, it is considered an obligate epiphyte <ref name= "hoeber">Hoeber, V. and Zotz, G.. (15 Mar 2022). "Accidental epiphytes: Ecological insights and evolutionary implications." Ecological Monographs. The Ecological Society of America. 92(4): e1527. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecm.1527.</ref>. Plants that grow on other plants for only a portion of their life are referred to as "hemi-epiphytes" <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Additionally "accidental epiphytes" can occur when a plant that does not usually grow epiphytically at any point in its life cycle does so due to a need or opportunity for resources <ref name= "zotz">Zotz, Gerhard. (12 Nov 2012). "The systematic distribution of vascular epiphytes – a critical update." Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. The Linnean Society of London. 171: 453–481. https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article/171/3/453/2416203.</ref>. Epiphytes account for approximately 10 percent of all plant [[diversity]]. It is estimated that over 24,000 vascular plants are considered to be epiphytes, and they are most commonly concentrated in tropical areas where they can provide significant [[Ecosystem Services\|ecosystem services]] <ref name= "nieder">Nieder, J., Prosperi, J., Michaloud, G.. (2001). "Epiphytes and their contribution to canopy diveristy." Plant Ecology. Kluwer Academic Publishers. 153: 51-63. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226617674_Epiphytes_and_their_contribution_to_canopy_diversity.</ref>. Since epiphytes usually have no direct contact with soil, their most common threat is desiccation, thus these plants have many unique adaptations that allow them to conserve water and thrive <ref name= "dubuisson">Dubuisson, J., Schneider, H., Hennequin, S.. (2009). "Epiphytism in ferns: diversity and history." C.R. Biologies. 332: 120-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2008.08.018.</ref>.

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	[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg~~\|none~~\|1100px~~\|text-top~~\|thumb\|~~romeliad~~ (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]

Almonaco at 02:36, 30 March 2025

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← Older revision		Revision as of 22:36, 29 March 2025
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	[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|~~Bromeliad~~ (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|none\|1100px\|text-top\|thumb\|romeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]

Almonaco at 02:29, 30 March 2025

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	[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]		[[File:bromeliad10.jpeg\|1100px\|thumb\|Bromeliad (''Tillandsia aeranthos'') Growing on a Tree in Argentina (Photographed by nicochimento, 2020). <ref name= "pics">iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/.</ref>]]