https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?action=history&feed=atom&title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi 2026-06-15T07:53:12Z Revision history for this page on the wiki MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7697&oldid=prev 2022-03-30T20:56:52Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:56, 30 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l28">Line 28:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 28:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Process of nutrient transport===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Process of nutrient transport===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nutrients are absorbed from the surrounding soil and transported to the plant roots through the use of three components: soil-fungus interface, fungus-apoplast interface, and apoplast-root interface. Once nutrients have reached the fungus-apoplast interface, the fungus keeps some of the acquired nutrients to maintain its own homeostasis. Up to 86% of the host&#039;s nitrogen requirements can be provided by the fungus, while keeping around 15% of the plant&#039;s net primary productivity. [11]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nutrients are absorbed from the surrounding soil and transported to the plant roots through the use of three components: soil-fungus interface, fungus-apoplast interface, and apoplast-root interface. Once nutrients have reached the fungus-apoplast interface, the fungus keeps some of the acquired nutrients to maintain its own homeostasis. Up to 86% of the host&#039;s nitrogen requirements can be provided by the fungus, while keeping around 15% of the plant&#039;s net primary productivity. [11]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">== Impacts ==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">While Ectomycorrhiza play an important role when they are present, it is estimated that they only have formed relationships with around two percent of plant species. This is a small number, but when they are present they can influence and help establish around thirty percent of the soil bacteria mass. The ECM fungi are an important part in ecosystems such as Boreal forests. They relay on their partner organism (trees) just as much as the trees relies on them. They can both survive without the other, but together they can prosper and even survive where they could not if alone. When present they can account for 10-30% of the assimilated carbon the host plant synthesizes. ECM also break down inorganic substances with its special enzymes that the plant can not, making such substances biologically available for uptake.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Agriculture and Restoration==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Agriculture and Restoration==</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7696&oldid=prev 2022-03-30T20:56:27Z

<p><span class="autocomment">Process of nutrient transport</span></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:56, 30 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l27">Line 27:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 27:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Process of nutrient transport===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Process of nutrient transport===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nutrients are absorbed from the surrounding soil and transported to the plant roots through the use of three components<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. The interfaces essentially describe the fairly obvious flow of nutrients.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Nutrients are absorbed from the surrounding soil and transported to the plant roots through the use of three components: <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">soil</ins>-fungus interface<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, fungus</ins>-apoplast interface<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and apoplast</ins>-root interface<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>Once nutrients have reached the fungus-apoplast interface, the fungus keeps some of the acquired nutrients to maintain its own homeostasis. Up to 86% of the host's nitrogen requirements can be provided by the fungus, while keeping around 15% of the plant's net primary productivity. [11]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">1</del>: <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Soil</del>-fungus interface</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">2: Fungus</del>-apoplast interface</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">3: Apoplast</del>-root interface</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once nutrients have reached the fungus-apoplast interface, the fungus keeps some of the acquired nutrients to maintain its own homeostasis. Up to 86% of the host's nitrogen requirements can be provided by the fungus, while keeping around 15% of the plant's net primary productivity. [11]</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Impacts ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Impacts ==</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7695&oldid=prev 2022-03-30T20:55:14Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:55, 30 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l24">Line 24:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 24:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Relationship in action===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Relationship in action===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once the fungus has infected the plant roots and the epidermal cells, the mantle can form. Upon initial colonization, increased polypeptide synthesis has been observed. [9] <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Arguably the most </del>important function of mycorrhizal fungi <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">as a whole </del>is its propensity to aid in the uptake of nitrogen<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. [10] Used in chlorophyll, enzymes</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and amino acids within the plant, nitrogen </del>is <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">required </del>for <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">most </del>vital <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">bodily </del>processes. Partnerships with mycorrhizal fungi allow <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">for </del>plants <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to have a leg up on competitors who </del>do not <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">have the privilege of fungi assistance to draw in more nutrients for use</del>.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Once the fungus has infected the plant roots and the epidermal cells, the mantle can form. Upon initial colonization, increased polypeptide synthesis has been observed. [9] <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">An </ins>important function of mycorrhizal fungi is its propensity to aid in the uptake of nitrogen, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">which </ins>is <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">used </ins>for vital processes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">within the plant</ins>. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[10] </ins>Partnerships with mycorrhizal fungi allow <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">can assist plants in outcompeting their neighboring </ins>plants <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that </ins>do not <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">from relationships with mycorrhizae</ins>.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Process of nutrient transport===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Process of nutrient transport===</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7694&oldid=prev 2022-03-30T20:47:30Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:47, 30 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l5">Line 5:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 5:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecto Vs. Endo.png|500px|thumb|right| Endomycorrhiza vs Ectomycorrhiza]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecto Vs. Endo.png|500px|thumb|right| Endomycorrhiza vs Ectomycorrhiza]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Ecto Vs. Endo.png|500px|thumb|right| Endomycorrhiza vs Ectomycorrhiza]]</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structures==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structures==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left). Photo from Nature Education Bonfante.]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left). Photo from Nature Education Bonfante.]]</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7693&oldid=prev 2022-03-30T20:45:56Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:45, 30 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ectomycorrhizal fungi. </ins>Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) are a subgroup of [[mycorrhizae]] that evolved with the first land plants around 450 million years ago. They form symbiotic relationships with [[plant roots]]. Despite ectomycorrhizae forming on about 2% of plant species on earth, they perform some of the most environmentally and economically beneficial interactions. [1] ECM assist plants in nutrient uptake and prevent the uptake of toxic or harmful materials and pathogens.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) are a subgroup of [[mycorrhizae]] that evolved with the first land plants around 450 million years ago. They form symbiotic relationships with [[plant roots]]. Despite ectomycorrhizae forming on about 2% of plant species on earth, they perform some of the most environmentally and economically beneficial interactions. [1] ECM assist plants in nutrient uptake and prevent the uptake of toxic or harmful materials and pathogens.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7692&oldid=prev 2022-03-30T20:45:11Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:45, 30 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l7">Line 7:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 7:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecto Vs. Endo.png|500px|thumb|right| Endomycorrhiza vs Ectomycorrhiza]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecto Vs. Endo.png|500px|thumb|right| Endomycorrhiza vs Ectomycorrhiza]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structures==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structures==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left) Photo from <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(textbook) </del>Nature Education Bonfante]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm diagram.jpg|thumb|Diagram of ectomycorrhizal fingal relationship (left)<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. </ins>Photo from Nature Education Bonfante<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">.</ins>]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Mantle===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Mantle===</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>A layer encasing the outside of the root tip in either a loose gathering or tight alignment of hyphae. The presence of the mantle can sometimes hinder root hair growth if the root is secured tightly.</div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l20">Line 20:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 20:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most recognizable part of an ECM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>The most recognizable part of an ECM relationship is the fruiting body. These growths are usually easy to spot with the naked eye. The function of the fruiting body is sexual reproduction to spread the fungus to new hosts.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Symbiotic <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">relationship with plant roots</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Symbiotic <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Relationship</ins>==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Mycorrhizae_2.jpg|200px|thumb|right| <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">With </del>ECM <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">on </del>left<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. Without on Right. Notice the size and color difference between the two and how the organisms with the ECM present are much </del>bigger and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'lush' in comparison </del>to <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the organisms </del>without it. ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Mycorrhizae_2.jpg|200px|thumb|right| <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Roots with </ins>ECM <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(</ins>left<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">) appear </ins>bigger and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">“more fluffy" compared </ins>to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">root systems </ins>without it <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(right)</ins>. ]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to attract and form an ECM relationship, plants release metabolites, or small molecules, that encourage hyphae to grow in the direction of the plant root. [7] [[Flavonoids]] are one example of a metabolite exuded by plant roots. [8] Once the hyphae approach and penetrate the outer membrane of the root cap, the fungus can begin to infect the plant. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Even though the plant has essentially invited the fungus to infect its roots</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">some </del>natural defenses still <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">exist and </del>resist the invasion by default for up to 21 days<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, in some cases</del>. [3]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>In order to attract and form an ECM relationship, plants release metabolites, or small molecules, that encourage hyphae to grow in the direction of the plant root. [7] [[Flavonoids]] are one example of a metabolite exuded by plant roots. [8] Once the hyphae approach and penetrate the outer membrane of the root cap, the fungus can begin to infect the plant. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In some cases</ins>, natural defenses <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">may </ins>still resist the invasion by default for up to 21 days. [3]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Relationship in action===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Relationship in action===</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7691&oldid=prev 2022-03-30T20:37:25Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:37, 30 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l41">Line 41:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 41:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While Ectomycorrhiza play an important role when they are present, it is estimated that they only have formed relationships with around two percent of plant species. This is a small number, but when they are present they can influence and help establish around thirty percent of the soil bacteria mass. The ECM fungi are an important part in ecosystems such as Boreal forests. They relay on their partner organism (trees) just as much as the trees relies on them. They can both survive without the other, but together they can prosper and even survive where they could not if alone. When present they can account for 10-30% of the assimilated carbon the host plant synthesizes. ECM also break down inorganic substances with its special enzymes that the plant can not, making such substances biologically available for uptake.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>While Ectomycorrhiza play an important role when they are present, it is estimated that they only have formed relationships with around two percent of plant species. This is a small number, but when they are present they can influence and help establish around thirty percent of the soil bacteria mass. The ECM fungi are an important part in ecosystems such as Boreal forests. They relay on their partner organism (trees) just as much as the trees relies on them. They can both survive without the other, but together they can prosper and even survive where they could not if alone. When present they can account for 10-30% of the assimilated carbon the host plant synthesizes. ECM also break down inorganic substances with its special enzymes that the plant can not, making such substances biologically available for uptake.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</del>==Agriculture<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">=</del>==</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Agriculture <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">and Restoration</ins>==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ectomycorrhizae.jpg|200px|thumb|right| An example of Ectomycorrhizae as a symbiont with a plant. ]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ectomycorrhizae.jpg|200px|thumb|right| An example of Ectomycorrhizae as a symbiont with a plant. ]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Due to the type </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">style (method) of agriculture most modern farmers practice, we do not see Ectomycorrhiza yet we do see mycorrhizas form [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]]. When it comes to harvesting trees on tree farms or </del>restoration <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">(read below)</del>, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">just planting a tree in the soil is not a guarantee that the tree is going to survive, let alone prosper. In order for </del>trees <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">to prosper, they need to be </del>planted <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">within </del>their native <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">range. If not, ECM biomass needs to be implanted in order for them to have a chance at survival</del>. Without their respective symbiotic partners in the soil, some tree species can struggle with the uptake of nutrients needed to survive<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, especially in a climate or area in which they would normally struggle to survive.</del></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In agricultural </ins>and restoration <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">efforts</ins>, trees <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are often </ins>planted <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">with ECM from </ins>their native <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">ranges</ins>.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Without their respective symbiotic partners in the soil, some tree species can struggle with the uptake of nutrients needed to survive.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Restoration===</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In harvest or restoration projects, the trees being introduced may need to be transferred with ECM from their native range. If a tree is being located outside of an area where its species is currently present, then it is much harder for it prosper without the novel mycorrhizae species it has evolved with being present in the soil. Knowing this relationship, when trying to restore old forest back to their former states, it makes sense that we should consider the condition and health of the soil also what species are present in it and which plant species are associated with them. Just like planting trees that don't like wet conditions (bogs, swamps) makes no sense, so should planting trees in/or without mycorrhizae that correlate and they evolved along side with other the past 400+ million years.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==Role in spread of invasive species==</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, ''Pinus contorta'' has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] ''Pinus contorta'' is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides</del>.</div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7690&oldid=prev 2022-03-30T20:23:14Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 16:23, 30 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">is </del>a subgroup of [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mycorrhiza</del>]] that form symbiotic relationships with [[<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Plant </del>roots]]. They differ from the subgroup [[endomycorrhizae]] in that they do not penetrate the roots and are mainly on the outside of the root system. The word Ectomycorrihiza stems from three Greek words<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; (</del>ἐκτός ektos, "outside"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>μύκης mykes, "fungus"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, </del>and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">)</del>. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">They mainly have relationships with Conifers and Oaks</del>.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ectomycorrhizal <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">fungi </ins>(ECM) <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are </ins>a subgroup of [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">mycorrhizae</ins>]] that <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">evolved with the first land plants around 450 million years ago. They </ins>form symbiotic relationships with [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">plant </ins>roots]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Despite ectomycorrhizae forming on about 2% of plant species on earth, they perform some of the most environmentally and economically beneficial interactions. [1] ECM assist plants in nutrient uptake and prevent the uptake of toxic or harmful materials and pathogens.</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>They differ from the subgroup [[endomycorrhizae]] in that they do not penetrate the roots and are mainly <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">found </ins>on the outside of the root system. The word Ectomycorrihiza stems from three Greek words<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">: </ins>ἐκτός ektos, "outside"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; </ins>μύκης mykes, "fungus"<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">; </ins>and ῥίζα rhiza, "root".  </div></td></tr> <tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[File:Ecto Vs. Endo</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">png|500px|thumb|right| Endomycorrhiza vs Ectomycorrhiza]]</ins></div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] ECM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">These communites are an important in many temperate and boreal forests across the world. Mycorrhizae have been around since around the time the first plants started to grow on land around 450 million years ago. They assist the plants (or the plants assist them, this is a chicken and the egg situation) with nutrient uptake that their roots would otherwise be unable to collect. They also provide an added layer in the plants natural defense system by preventing uptake of toxic or harmful materials and pathogens.</del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecto Vs. Endo.png|500px|thumb|right| Endomycorrhiza vs Ectomycorrhiza]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecto Vs. Endo.png|500px|thumb|right| Endomycorrhiza vs Ectomycorrhiza]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structures==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Structures==</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7419&oldid=prev 2022-03-11T21:55:35Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:55, 11 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l1">Line 1:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 1:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[File:Ecm pic.jpg|thumb|Photo courtesy of NY Botanical Gardens]]</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) is a subgroup of [[Mycorrhiza]]<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, with the other main group being [[Endomycorrhiza]], </del>that form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The main difference between Ecto- </del>and <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Endomycorrhizae is their location with in </del>the root <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">systems they choose to occupy</del>. The word Ectomycorrihiza stems from three Greek words; (ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root")<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">. They are most likely found on the outside of roots, they do not penetrate their symbiotic partners roots system</del>. They mainly have relationships with Conifers and Oaks.  </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) is a subgroup of [[Mycorrhiza]] that form symbiotic relationships with [[Plant roots]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">They differ from the subgroup [[endomycorrhizae]] in that they do not penetrate the roots </ins>and <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">are mainly on the outside of </ins>the root <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">system</ins>. The word Ectomycorrihiza stems from three Greek words; (ἐκτός ektos, "outside", μύκης mykes, "fungus", and ῥίζα rhiza, "root"). They mainly have relationships with Conifers and Oaks.  </div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] ECM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Only about 2% of the plant species on earth form endomycorrhizal relationships, but therein exist some of the most environmentally and economically important species. [1] ECM fungi tend towards specificity when choosing hosts, while [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] is much more generalized in its choosing.</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ectomycorrhizal_Fungi&diff=7361&oldid=prev 2022-03-11T21:27:33Z

<p></p> <table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface"> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <col class="diff-marker" /> <col class="diff-content" /> <tr class="diff-title" lang="en"> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 17:27, 11 March 2022</td> </tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno" id="mw-diff-left-l49">Line 49:</td> <td colspan="2" class="diff-lineno">Line 49:</td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Role in spread of invasive species==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==Role in spread of invasive species==</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, &#039;&#039;Pinus contorta&#039;&#039; has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] &#039;&#039;Pinus contorta&#039;&#039; is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Ectomycorrhizal fungi are more specialized in their formation of symbiotic relationships, so they are not hugely involved in the spread of non native species. That said, eucalypt and pine trees are obligate EcM trees and are often grown en masse on plantations, sometimes for commercial use. [5] In New Zealand, &#039;&#039;Pinus contorta&#039;&#039; has gained a foothold in natural ecosystems with the help of EcM relationships [6] &#039;&#039;Pinus contorta&#039;&#039; is native to the western United States and now compete with co-ocurring with native Nothofagus solandri var. cliffortioides.</div></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br></td></tr> <tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr> </table>

Tjpetell