Ecosystem Services - Revision history

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:04, 29 April 2021
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	Ecosystem services are the many and varied benefits that humans freely gain from the natural environment and from properly-functioning ecosystems.		[[Ecosystem services]] are the many and varied benefits that humans freely gain from the natural environment and from properly-functioning ecosystems.
	[[File:apple.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Pollination is one type of ecosystem service [6]]]		[[File:apple.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|Pollination is one type of ecosystem service [6]]]
	== Denfinition ==		== Denfinition ==
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	Humans consume primarily organic materials for metabolic activity. The pollination of crops by bees is required for 15-30% of U.S. food production alone. [1] More than one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein, and in 2000 fisheries accounted for 12 percent of world food production.[5]		Humans consume primarily organic materials for metabolic activity. The pollination of crops by bees is required for 15-30% of U.S. food production alone. [1] More than one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein, and in 2000 fisheries accounted for 12 percent of world food production.[5]
	:-Materials		:-Materials
	Marine creatures provide numerous raw materials for things such as dyes, clothing, lime extracted from corals for building, or deep sea gas pockets. Biochemicals extracted from marine organisms have unique properties for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and numerous other products.[1]		Marine creatures provide numerous raw materials for things such as dyes, clothing, lime extracted from corals for building, or deep sea gas pockets. Biochemicals extracted from marine [[organisms]] have unique [[properties]] for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and numerous other products.[1]
	:-Water		:-Water
	Humans rely on water for a myriad of activities other than simply just drinking. Food must be grown and cooked with it, nearly everything is washed with it, and nearly every manufacturing process from cars to cosmetics requires the use of clean water at some point. Ecosystems are responsible for the purification of nearly all water humans use. New York City at one point had water lower than the standards required by the[[File:Water-droplet.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[9]]] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and needed a system to purify it. Instead of building a costly water filtration plant, which would also need to be operated and maintained, the city instead opted to restore the Catskill Watershed to its previous environmental standard, which provided clean water through the processes of natural soil absorption and filtration. Because the sewage and pesticides were no longer being dumped into the watershed, several million people suddenly had cheap access to clean water.[2]		Humans rely on water for a myriad of activities other than simply just drinking. Food must be grown and cooked with it, nearly everything is washed with it, and nearly every manufacturing process from cars to cosmetics requires the use of clean water at some point. Ecosystems are responsible for the purification of nearly all water humans use. New York City at one point had water lower than the standards required by the[[File:Water-droplet.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[9]]] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and needed a system to purify it. Instead of building a costly water filtration plant, which would also need to be operated and maintained, the city instead opted to restore the Catskill Watershed to its previous environmental standard, which provided clean water through the processes of natural soil absorption and filtration. Because the sewage and pesticides were no longer being dumped into the watershed, several million people suddenly had cheap access to clean water.[2]
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	:-Climate regulation		:-Climate regulation
	The elements of aquatic and marine ecosystems are the largest portion of the climate regulation process. Marine microorganisms consume the largest portion of carbon dioxide on the planet, vastly outpacing any terrestrial plant population. In addition to sequestering massive amounts of carbon, aquatic organisms release the largest proportion of oxygen into the atmosphere of any organism on earth. [1]		The elements of aquatic and marine ecosystems are the largest portion of the climate regulation process. Marine [[microorganisms]] consume the largest portion of carbon dioxide on the planet, vastly outpacing any terrestrial plant population. In addition to sequestering massive amounts of carbon, aquatic organisms release the largest proportion of oxygen into the atmosphere of any organism on earth. [1]
	:-Waste decomposition		:-Waste [[decomposition]]
	The treatment of wastes is another massive regulation of marine systems. Wastes can be both diluted and detoxified through the many exchanges nutrients make through their time in an ecosystem. Pollutants are removed from an environment through the eventual processes of microbes, or by natural exposure to oxygen and sunlight. Complex toxic compounds, after enough time, eventually are broken down into their more basic components and eventually reabsorbed as nutrients in a system.[1]		The treatment of wastes is another massive regulation of marine systems. Wastes can be both diluted and detoxified through the many exchanges nutrients make through their time in an ecosystem. Pollutants are removed from an environment through the eventual processes of microbes, or by natural exposure to oxygen and sunlight. Complex toxic compounds, after enough time, eventually are broken down into their more basic components and eventually reabsorbed as nutrients in a system.[1]
	:-Shelter		:-Shelter
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	[9]The Benefits of An Early Surfactant Application [WWW Document], 2019. [WWW Document]. Aquatrols Blog. URL https://blog.aquatrols.com/benefits-early-spring-surfactant/ (accessed 5.7.19).		[9]The Benefits of An Early Surfactant Application [WWW Document], 2019. [WWW Document]. Aquatrols Blog. URL https://blog.aquatrols.com/benefits-early-spring-surfactant/ (accessed 5.7.19).

	[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and soil erosion. URL https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759		[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and [[soil erosion]]. URL https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759

Ktcrease: /* Cultural services */

2019-05-08T00:39:33Z

Cultural services

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	=== Cultural services ===		=== Cultural services ===
	:Recreation and tourism		:-Recreation and tourism
	Sea sports are extremely popular within coastal ecosystems. Surfing, boating, fishing and swimming are all activities that could not be possible without a properly maintained marine or aquatic habitat. Hiking, biking and camping are also extremely popular activities which rely on the use of large expanses of ecosystems for their attractiveness.[1]		Sea sports are extremely popular within coastal ecosystems. Surfing, boating, fishing and swimming are all activities that could not be possible without a properly maintained marine or aquatic habitat. Hiking, biking and camping are also extremely popular activities which rely on the use of large expanses of ecosystems for their attractiveness.[1]


	== References ==		== References ==

Ktcrease: /* Regulating services */

2019-05-08T00:39:21Z

Regulating services

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:39, 7 May 2019
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	=== Regulating services ===		=== Regulating services ===

	:Climate regulation		:-Climate regulation
	The elements of aquatic and marine ecosystems are the largest portion of the climate regulation process. Marine microorganisms consume the largest portion of carbon dioxide on the planet, vastly outpacing any terrestrial plant population. In addition to sequestering massive amounts of carbon, aquatic organisms release the largest proportion of oxygen into the atmosphere of any organism on earth. [1]		The elements of aquatic and marine ecosystems are the largest portion of the climate regulation process. Marine microorganisms consume the largest portion of carbon dioxide on the planet, vastly outpacing any terrestrial plant population. In addition to sequestering massive amounts of carbon, aquatic organisms release the largest proportion of oxygen into the atmosphere of any organism on earth. [1]
	:~~waste~~ decomposition		:-Waste decomposition
	The treatment of wastes is another massive regulation of marine systems. Wastes can be both diluted and detoxified through the many exchanges nutrients make through their time in an ecosystem. Pollutants are removed from an environment through the eventual processes of microbes, or by natural exposure to oxygen and sunlight. Complex toxic compounds, after enough time, eventually are broken down into their more basic components and eventually reabsorbed as nutrients in a system.[1]		The treatment of wastes is another massive regulation of marine systems. Wastes can be both diluted and detoxified through the many exchanges nutrients make through their time in an ecosystem. Pollutants are removed from an environment through the eventual processes of microbes, or by natural exposure to oxygen and sunlight. Complex toxic compounds, after enough time, eventually are broken down into their more basic components and eventually reabsorbed as nutrients in a system.[1]
	:Shelter		:-Shelter
	In addition to being the literal components we make shelters from, different ecosystems provide shelter from natural events by virtue of their existence. Coastal ecosystems provide shelter from natural hazards and disturbances. Wetlands and their related vegetation absorb lots of water from sudden floods and storms, and then slowly release it as a more gentle and manageable process. These coastal forests and shoreline communities prevent erosion that can eventually upend and damage structures.[8][[File:WaterErosion.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[10]]]		In addition to being the literal components we make shelters from, different ecosystems provide shelter from natural events by virtue of their existence. Coastal ecosystems provide shelter from natural hazards and disturbances. Wetlands and their related vegetation absorb lots of water from sudden floods and storms, and then slowly release it as a more gentle and manageable process. These coastal forests and shoreline communities prevent erosion that can eventually upend and damage structures.[8][[File:WaterErosion.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[10]]]

Ktcrease: /* Provisioning services */

2019-05-08T00:38:58Z

Provisioning services

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:38, 7 May 2019
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	=== Provisioning services ===		=== Provisioning services ===
	:Food		:-Food
	Humans consume primarily organic materials for metabolic activity. The pollination of crops by bees is required for 15-30% of U.S. food production alone. [1] More than one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein, and in 2000 fisheries accounted for 12 percent of world food production.[5]		Humans consume primarily organic materials for metabolic activity. The pollination of crops by bees is required for 15-30% of U.S. food production alone. [1] More than one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein, and in 2000 fisheries accounted for 12 percent of world food production.[5]
	:Materials		:-Materials
	Marine creatures provide numerous raw materials for things such as dyes, clothing, lime extracted from corals for building, or deep sea gas pockets. Biochemicals extracted from marine organisms have unique properties for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and numerous other products.[1]		Marine creatures provide numerous raw materials for things such as dyes, clothing, lime extracted from corals for building, or deep sea gas pockets. Biochemicals extracted from marine organisms have unique properties for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and numerous other products.[1]
	:Water		:-Water
	Humans rely on water for a myriad of activities other than simply just drinking. Food must be grown and cooked with it, nearly everything is washed with it, and nearly every manufacturing process from cars to cosmetics requires the use of clean water at some point. Ecosystems are responsible for the purification of nearly all water humans use. New York City at one point had water lower than the standards required by the[[File:Water-droplet.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[9]]] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and needed a system to purify it. Instead of building a costly water filtration plant, which would also need to be operated and maintained, the city instead opted to restore the Catskill Watershed to its previous environmental standard, which provided clean water through the processes of natural soil absorption and filtration. Because the sewage and pesticides were no longer being dumped into the watershed, several million people suddenly had cheap access to clean water.[2]		Humans rely on water for a myriad of activities other than simply just drinking. Food must be grown and cooked with it, nearly everything is washed with it, and nearly every manufacturing process from cars to cosmetics requires the use of clean water at some point. Ecosystems are responsible for the purification of nearly all water humans use. New York City at one point had water lower than the standards required by the[[File:Water-droplet.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[9]]] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and needed a system to purify it. Instead of building a costly water filtration plant, which would also need to be operated and maintained, the city instead opted to restore the Catskill Watershed to its previous environmental standard, which provided clean water through the processes of natural soil absorption and filtration. Because the sewage and pesticides were no longer being dumped into the watershed, several million people suddenly had cheap access to clean water.[2]
	:Energy		:-Energy
	While most renewable energy comes from abiotic factors such as the sun, wind and tide, most energy consumed in this decade comes from fossil fuels. Ancient ecosystems rich in plants were killed and buried in a rapid process, and as a result we now enjoy high energy liquid, solid, and gaseous resources right under our feet. These sources of energy are the result of ancient ecosystems.[1]		While most renewable energy comes from abiotic factors such as the sun, wind and tide, most energy consumed in this decade comes from fossil fuels. Ancient ecosystems rich in plants were killed and buried in a rapid process, and as a result we now enjoy high energy liquid, solid, and gaseous resources right under our feet. These sources of energy are the result of ancient ecosystems.[1]

Ktcrease at 00:36, 8 May 2019

2019-05-08T00:36:22Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:36, 7 May 2019
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	[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and soil erosion. URL https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759		[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and soil erosion. URL https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759

	[

Ktcrease at 00:09, 8 May 2019

2019-05-08T00:09:13Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 20:09, 7 May 2019
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	=== Provisioning services ===		=== Provisioning services ===
	:Food		:Food
	Humans consume primarily organic materials for metabolic activity. The pollination of crops by bees is required for 15-30% of U.S. food production alone. [1] More than one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein, and in 2000 fisheries accounted for 12 percent of world food production.[2]		Humans consume primarily organic materials for metabolic activity. The pollination of crops by bees is required for 15-30% of U.S. food production alone. [1] More than one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein, and in 2000 fisheries accounted for 12 percent of world food production.[5]
	:Materials		:Materials
	Marine creatures provide numerous raw materials for things such as dyes, clothing, lime extracted from corals for building, or deep sea gas pockets. Biochemicals extracted from marine organisms have unique properties for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and numerous other products.[1]		Marine creatures provide numerous raw materials for things such as dyes, clothing, lime extracted from corals for building, or deep sea gas pockets. Biochemicals extracted from marine organisms have unique properties for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and numerous other products.[1]
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	[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and soil erosion. URL https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759		[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and soil erosion. URL https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759

			[

Ktcrease at 23:51, 7 May 2019

2019-05-07T23:51:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 19:51, 7 May 2019
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	[1]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis.		[1]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis.
	Island Press, Washington, DC. https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf		Island Press, Washington, DC. URL https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf

	[2]"Conservation of ecosystem services". Adam Purcell. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141129194450/http://basicbiology.net/biology/conservation/ecosystem_services.php		[2]"Conservation of ecosystem services". Adam Purcell. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 URL https://web.archive.org/web/20141129194450/http://basicbiology.net/biology/conservation/ecosystem_services.php

	[3]Raudsepp-Hearne, C. et al. 2010. Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade? Bioscience 60(8) 576–589. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/8/576/304804		[3]Raudsepp-Hearne, C. et al. 2010. Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade? Bioscience 60(8) 576–589. URL https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/8/576/304804

	[4]Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://wtf.tw/ref/ostrom_1990.pdf		[4]Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. URL https://wtf.tw/ref/ostrom_1990.pdf

	[5]~~MOlnar~~, ~~Michelle;~~ Clarke-Murray, ~~Cathryn;~~ Whitworth, ~~Jogn &~~ Tam~~, Jordan~~. ~~" 1 December 2014~~.		[5] Michelle Molnar, Cathryn Clarke-Murray, John Whitworth, and Jordan Tam. Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Services URL https://davidsuzuki.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/marine-coastal-ecosystem-services-pacific-north-coast-integrated-management-area-british-columbia.pdf

	[6]Apple Pollination Groups - Choosing Compatible Trees [WWW Document], n.d. [WWW Document]. GrowVeg. URL https://www.growveg.com/guides/apple-pollination-groups-choosing-compatible-trees/ (accessed 5.3.19).		[6]Apple Pollination Groups - Choosing Compatible Trees [WWW Document], n.d. [WWW Document]. GrowVeg. URL https://www.growveg.com/guides/apple-pollination-groups-choosing-compatible-trees/ (accessed 5.3.19).
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	[9]The Benefits of An Early Surfactant Application [WWW Document], 2019. [WWW Document]. Aquatrols Blog. URL https://blog.aquatrols.com/benefits-early-spring-surfactant/ (accessed 5.7.19).		[9]The Benefits of An Early Surfactant Application [WWW Document], 2019. [WWW Document]. Aquatrols Blog. URL https://blog.aquatrols.com/benefits-early-spring-surfactant/ (accessed 5.7.19).

	[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and soil erosion.		[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and soil erosion. URL https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759
	https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759

Ktcrease at 22:49, 7 May 2019

2019-05-07T22:49:43Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:49, 7 May 2019
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	[3]Raudsepp-Hearne, C. et al. 2010. Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade? Bioscience 60(8) 576–589. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/8/576/304804		[3]Raudsepp-Hearne, C. et al. 2010. Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade? Bioscience 60(8) 576–589. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/8/576/304804

	[4]Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.		[4]Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. https://wtf.tw/ref/ostrom_1990.pdf

	[5]MOlnar, Michelle; Clarke-Murray, Cathryn; Whitworth, Jogn & Tam, Jordan. " 1 December 2014.		[5]MOlnar, Michelle; Clarke-Murray, Cathryn; Whitworth, Jogn & Tam, Jordan. " 1 December 2014.

Ktcrease at 22:41, 7 May 2019

2019-05-07T22:41:35Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 18:41, 7 May 2019
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	=== Supporting services ===		=== Supporting services ===
	These services include, but are not limited to, [[Nutrient Cycling]], primary production, [[soil]] formation, habitat provision and pollination. Each of these services do not directly contribute to benefit by humans, but instead are the foundation of most if not all other services. These services are generally the hardest to notice and appreciate, and as such are often neglected when considering the value of an ecosystem as a whole.		These services include, but are not limited to, [[Nutrient Cycling]], primary production, [[soil]] formation, habitat provision and pollination. Each of these services may not directly contribute to benefit by humans, but instead are the foundation of most if not all other services. These services are generally the hardest to notice and appreciate, and as such are often neglected when considering the value of an ecosystem as a whole. [1]

	=== Provisioning services ===		=== Provisioning services ===
	:Food		:Food
	Humans consume primarily organic materials for metabolic activity. The pollination of crops by bees is required for 15-30% of U.S. food production alone. More than one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein, and in 2000 fisheries accounted for 12 percent of world food production.[2]		Humans consume primarily organic materials for metabolic activity. The pollination of crops by bees is required for 15-30% of U.S. food production alone. [1] More than one billion people worldwide rely on fish as their main source of animal protein, and in 2000 fisheries accounted for 12 percent of world food production.[2]
	:Materials		:Materials
	Marine creatures provide numerous raw materials for things such as dyes, clothing, lime extracted from corals for building, or deep sea gas pockets. Biochemicals extracted from marine organisms have unique properties for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and numerous other products.		Marine creatures provide numerous raw materials for things such as dyes, clothing, lime extracted from corals for building, or deep sea gas pockets. Biochemicals extracted from marine organisms have unique properties for pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and numerous other products.[1]
	:Water		:Water
	Humans rely on water for a myriad of activities other than simply just drinking. Food must be grown and cooked with it, nearly everything is washed with it, and nearly every manufacturing process from cars to cosmetics requires the use of clean water at some point. Ecosystems are responsible for the purification of nearly all water humans use. New York City at one point had water lower than the standards required by the[[File:Water-droplet.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|]] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and needed a system to purify it. Instead of building a costly water filtration plant, which would also need to be operated and maintained, the city instead opted to restore the Catskill Watershed to its previous environmental standard, which provided clean water through the processes of natural soil absorption and filtration. Because the sewage and pesticides were no longer being dumped into the watershed, several million people suddenly had cheap access to clean water.[2]		Humans rely on water for a myriad of activities other than simply just drinking. Food must be grown and cooked with it, nearly everything is washed with it, and nearly every manufacturing process from cars to cosmetics requires the use of clean water at some point. Ecosystems are responsible for the purification of nearly all water humans use. New York City at one point had water lower than the standards required by the[[File:Water-droplet.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[9]]] U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, and needed a system to purify it. Instead of building a costly water filtration plant, which would also need to be operated and maintained, the city instead opted to restore the Catskill Watershed to its previous environmental standard, which provided clean water through the processes of natural soil absorption and filtration. Because the sewage and pesticides were no longer being dumped into the watershed, several million people suddenly had cheap access to clean water.[2]
	:Energy		:Energy
	While most renewable energy comes from abiotic factors such as the sun, wind and tide, most energy consumed in this decade comes from fossil fuels. Ancient ecosystems rich in plants were killed and buried in a rapid process, and as a result we now enjoy high energy liquid, solid, and gaseous resources right under our feet. These sources of energy are the result of ancient ecosystems.		While most renewable energy comes from abiotic factors such as the sun, wind and tide, most energy consumed in this decade comes from fossil fuels. Ancient ecosystems rich in plants were killed and buried in a rapid process, and as a result we now enjoy high energy liquid, solid, and gaseous resources right under our feet. These sources of energy are the result of ancient ecosystems.[1]

	=== Regulating services ===		=== Regulating services ===

	:Climate regulation		:Climate regulation
	The elements of aquatic and marine ecosystems are the largest portion of the climate regulation process. Marine microorganisms consume the largest portion of carbon dioxide on the planet, vastly outpacing any terrestrial plant population. In addition to sequestering massive amounts of carbon, aquatic organisms release the largest proportion of oxygen into the atmosphere of any organism on earth.		The elements of aquatic and marine ecosystems are the largest portion of the climate regulation process. Marine microorganisms consume the largest portion of carbon dioxide on the planet, vastly outpacing any terrestrial plant population. In addition to sequestering massive amounts of carbon, aquatic organisms release the largest proportion of oxygen into the atmosphere of any organism on earth. [1]
	:waste decomposition		:waste decomposition
	The treatment of wastes is another massive regulation of marine systems. Wastes can be both diluted and detoxified through the many exchanges nutrients make through their time in an ecosystem. Pollutants are removed from an environment through the eventual processes of microbes, or by natural exposure to oxygen and sunlight. Complex toxic compounds, after enough time, eventually are broken down into their more basic components and eventually reabsorbed as nutrients in a system.		The treatment of wastes is another massive regulation of marine systems. Wastes can be both diluted and detoxified through the many exchanges nutrients make through their time in an ecosystem. Pollutants are removed from an environment through the eventual processes of microbes, or by natural exposure to oxygen and sunlight. Complex toxic compounds, after enough time, eventually are broken down into their more basic components and eventually reabsorbed as nutrients in a system.[1]
	:Shelter		:Shelter
	In addition to being the literal components we make shelters from, different ecosystems provide shelter from natural events by virtue of their existence. Coastal ecosystems provide shelter from natural hazards and disturbances. Wetlands and their related vegetation absorb lots of water from sudden floods and storms, and then slowly release it as a more gentle and manageable process. These coastal forests and shoreline communities prevent erosion that can eventually upend and damage structures.[8][[File:WaterErosion.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|]]		In addition to being the literal components we make shelters from, different ecosystems provide shelter from natural events by virtue of their existence. Coastal ecosystems provide shelter from natural hazards and disturbances. Wetlands and their related vegetation absorb lots of water from sudden floods and storms, and then slowly release it as a more gentle and manageable process. These coastal forests and shoreline communities prevent erosion that can eventually upend and damage structures.[8][[File:WaterErosion.jpg\|300px\|thumb\|right\|[10]]]

	=== Cultural services ===		=== Cultural services ===
	:Recreation and tourism		:Recreation and tourism
	Sea sports are extremely popular within coastal ecosystems. Surfing, boating, fishing and swimming are all activities that could not be possible without a properly maintained marine or aquatic habitat. Hiking, biking and camping are also extremely popular activities which rely on the use of large expanses of ecosystems for their attractiveness.		Sea sports are extremely popular within coastal ecosystems. Surfing, boating, fishing and swimming are all activities that could not be possible without a properly maintained marine or aquatic habitat. Hiking, biking and camping are also extremely popular activities which rely on the use of large expanses of ecosystems for their attractiveness.[1]


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	[1]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis.		[1]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis.
	Island Press, Washington, DC.		Island Press, Washington, DC. https://www.millenniumassessment.org/documents/document.356.aspx.pdf

	[2]"Conservation of ecosystem services". Adam Purcell. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014		[2]"Conservation of ecosystem services". Adam Purcell. Archived from the original on 29 November 2014 https://web.archive.org/web/20141129194450/http://basicbiology.net/biology/conservation/ecosystem_services.php

	[3]Raudsepp-Hearne, C. et al. 2010. Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade? Bioscience 60(8) 576–589.		[3]Raudsepp-Hearne, C. et al. 2010. Untangling the Environmentalist's Paradox: Why is Human Well-being Increasing as Ecosystem Services Degrade? Bioscience 60(8) 576–589. https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/60/8/576/304804

	[4]Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.		[4]Ostrom, E. 1990. Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
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	[8]C., A.C., Hernández, M.E., Moreno-Casasola, P., Espinosa, E.C., R., A.R., Mata, D.I., 2011. Soil water retention and carbon pools in tropical forested wetlands and marshes of the Gulf of Mexico. Hydrological Sciences Journal 56, 1388–1406. doi:10.1080/02626667.2011.629786		[8]C., A.C., Hernández, M.E., Moreno-Casasola, P., Espinosa, E.C., R., A.R., Mata, D.I., 2011. Soil water retention and carbon pools in tropical forested wetlands and marshes of the Gulf of Mexico. Hydrological Sciences Journal 56, 1388–1406. doi:10.1080/02626667.2011.629786

			[9]The Benefits of An Early Surfactant Application [WWW Document], 2019. [WWW Document]. Aquatrols Blog. URL https://blog.aquatrols.com/benefits-early-spring-surfactant/ (accessed 5.7.19).

			[10]Eatherington, F., 2008. Plum Creek Logging and soil erosion.
			https://www.flickr.com/photos/umpquawild/2514313759

Ktcrease: /* Supporting services */

2019-05-06T13:17:33Z

Supporting services

← Older revision		Revision as of 09:17, 6 May 2019
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	=== Supporting services ===		=== Supporting services ===
	:include, but are not limited to, [[Nutrient Cycling]], primary production, [[soil]] formation, habitat provision and pollination. Each of these services do not directly contribute to benefit by humans, but instead are the foundation of most if not all other services. These services are generally the hardest to notice and appreciate, and as such are often neglected when considering the value of an ecosystem as a whole.		These services include, but are not limited to, [[Nutrient Cycling]], primary production, [[soil]] formation, habitat provision and pollination. Each of these services do not directly contribute to benefit by humans, but instead are the foundation of most if not all other services. These services are generally the hardest to notice and appreciate, and as such are often neglected when considering the value of an ecosystem as a whole.

	=== Provisioning services ===		=== Provisioning services ===