Earthworm - Revision history

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	Much of the land of North America has lacked earthworms since after the last ice age because they could not survive under glaciers. After the last great ice age, the forests and land of North America had adapted to decompose [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] without the use of earthworms, relying mainly on fungi, bacteria, and time. This led to a thick layer of hummus being present over most forest soils. When the Americas were found by colonizers from Europe and Asia, they brought with them their earthworms. They were likely brought accidentally or on purpose, by bringing plants, dumping their ship ballast, and/or through use as fish bait. Since then, these alien worms have been slowly colonizing more and more of North America and changing soil structure and processes as they do. [7][8]		Much of the land of North America has lacked earthworms since after the last ice age because they could not survive under glaciers. After the last great ice age, the forests and land of North America had adapted to decompose [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] without the use of earthworms, relying mainly on fungi, bacteria, and time. This led to a thick layer of hummus being present over most forest soils. When the Americas were found by colonizers from Europe and Asia, they brought with them their earthworms. They were likely brought accidentally or on purpose, by bringing plants, dumping their ship ballast, and/or through use as fish bait. Since then, these alien worms have been slowly colonizing more and more of North America and changing soil structure and processes as they do. [7][8]

	These introduced worms decompose organic matter at a much faster rate than previously done by fungi and bacteria, which leads to a significantly thinner layer of hummus present. It is not clear yet what the specific effects of this will be, as well as the effects of interactions between alien earthworms and native earthworms(of previously non-glaciated areas). [7]		These introduced worms decompose [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] at a much faster rate than previously done by fungi and bacteria, which leads to a significantly thinner layer of hummus present. It is not clear yet what the specific effects of this will be, as well as the effects of interactions between alien earthworms and native earthworms(of previously non-glaciated areas). [7]

	==References==		==References==

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2025-05-02T19:16:53Z

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	==Invasive Earthworms in North America==		==Invasive Earthworms in North America==
	Much of the land of North America has lacked earthworms since after the last ice age because they could not survive under glaciers. After the last great ice age, the forests and land of North America had adapted to decompose organic matter without the use of earthworms, relying mainly on fungi, bacteria, and time. This led to a thick layer of hummus being present over most forest soils. When the Americas were found by colonizers from Europe and Asia, they brought with them their earthworms. They were likely brought accidentally or on purpose, by bringing plants, dumping their ship ballast, and/or through use as fish bait. Since then, these alien worms have been slowly colonizing more and more of North America and changing soil structure and processes as they do. [7][8]		Much of the land of North America has lacked earthworms since after the last ice age because they could not survive under glaciers. After the last great ice age, the forests and land of North America had adapted to decompose [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] without the use of earthworms, relying mainly on fungi, bacteria, and time. This led to a thick layer of hummus being present over most forest soils. When the Americas were found by colonizers from Europe and Asia, they brought with them their earthworms. They were likely brought accidentally or on purpose, by bringing plants, dumping their ship ballast, and/or through use as fish bait. Since then, these alien worms have been slowly colonizing more and more of North America and changing soil structure and processes as they do. [7][8]

	These introduced worms decompose organic matter at a much faster rate than previously done by fungi and bacteria, which leads to a significantly thinner layer of hummus present. It is not clear yet what the specific effects of this will be, as well as the effects of interactions between alien earthworms and native earthworms(of previously non-glaciated areas). [7]		These introduced worms decompose organic matter at a much faster rate than previously done by fungi and bacteria, which leads to a significantly thinner layer of hummus present. It is not clear yet what the specific effects of this will be, as well as the effects of interactions between alien earthworms and native earthworms(of previously non-glaciated areas). [7]

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2025-05-01T18:44:50Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 14:44, 1 May 2025
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	Earthworms are ecosystem engineers and play very important roles in soil formation and processes. Some of their largest effects are as a result of their burrows, as well as their digestion of soil and castings. Earthworms of the endogeic and anecic variety make systems of burrows underground, both horizontal and vertical. These burrows, whether temporary or permanent, are a source of aeration for the soil and improve water intake by the soil. [3]		Earthworms are ecosystem engineers and play very important roles in soil formation and processes. Some of their largest effects are as a result of their burrows, as well as their digestion of soil and castings. Earthworms of the endogeic and anecic variety make systems of burrows underground, both horizontal and vertical. These burrows, whether temporary or permanent, are a source of aeration for the soil and improve water intake by the soil. [3]

	These burrows are also lined with earthworm castings. Casts are made as earthworms ingest mineral soil and/or [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]], then mix them in the gut. This is mixed with gut secretions from the earthworm that enrich it. As earthworms digest soil, the soil is colonized in the earthworm's gut, by the microbes that live there. When the cast is excreted, the microbes continue to live on in it. This makes earthworm burrows a "hot-spot" for microbial activity, and are thus named the [[Drilosphere]]. The earthworms excrete this mixture as either a slurry or separate pellets. These could be within or on top of the soil, depending on the worm category. Earthworm excretions have a high organic matter content, and thus enrich the soil around them and increase fertility. [7] Experiments found that on long-term, no-till soil from the [[drilosphere]], that the soil was enriched in NO3−, NH4+ and soluble organic C. These soils hosted far greater populations of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria when compared to nondrilosphere soil. [9]		These burrows are also lined with earthworm castings. Casts are made as earthworms ingest mineral soil and/or [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]], then mix them in the gut. This is mixed with gut secretions from the earthworm that enrich it. As earthworms digest soil, the soil is colonized in the earthworm's gut, by the microbes that live there. When the cast is excreted, the microbes continue to live on in it. This makes earthworm burrows a "hot-spot" for microbial activity, and are thus named the [[Drilosphere]]. The earthworms excrete this mixture as either a slurry or separate pellets. These could be within or on top of the soil, depending on the worm category. Earthworm excretions have a high [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] content, and thus enrich the soil around them and increase fertility. [7] Experiments found that on long-term, no-till soil from the [[drilosphere]], that the soil was enriched in NO3−, NH4+ and soluble organic C. These soils hosted far greater populations of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria when compared to nondrilosphere soil. [9]

	==Invasive Earthworms in North America==		==Invasive Earthworms in North America==

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2024-06-17T17:30:37Z

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← Older revision		Revision as of 13:30, 17 June 2024
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	Earthworms are ecosystem engineers and play very important roles in soil formation and processes. Some of their largest effects are as a result of their burrows, as well as their digestion of soil and castings. Earthworms of the endogeic and anecic variety make systems of burrows underground, both horizontal and vertical. These burrows, whether temporary or permanent, are a source of aeration for the soil and improve water intake by the soil. [3]		Earthworms are ecosystem engineers and play very important roles in soil formation and processes. Some of their largest effects are as a result of their burrows, as well as their digestion of soil and castings. Earthworms of the endogeic and anecic variety make systems of burrows underground, both horizontal and vertical. These burrows, whether temporary or permanent, are a source of aeration for the soil and improve water intake by the soil. [3]

	These burrows are also lined with earthworm castings. Casts are made as earthworms ingest mineral soil and/or organic matter, then mix them in the gut. This is mixed with gut secretions from the earthworm that enrich it. As earthworms digest soil, the soil is colonized in the earthworm's gut, by the microbes that live there. When the cast is excreted, the microbes continue to live on in it. This makes earthworm burrows a "hot-spot" for microbial activity, and are thus named the [[Drilosphere]]. The earthworms excrete this mixture as either a slurry or separate pellets. These could be within or on top of the soil, depending on the worm category. Earthworm excretions have a high organic matter content, and thus enrich the soil around them and increase fertility. [7] Experiments found that on long-term, no-till soil from the [[drilosphere]], that the soil was enriched in NO3−, NH4+ and soluble organic C. These soils hosted far greater populations of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria when compared to nondrilosphere soil. [9]		These burrows are also lined with earthworm castings. Casts are made as earthworms ingest mineral soil and/or [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]], then mix them in the gut. This is mixed with gut secretions from the earthworm that enrich it. As earthworms digest soil, the soil is colonized in the earthworm's gut, by the microbes that live there. When the cast is excreted, the microbes continue to live on in it. This makes earthworm burrows a "hot-spot" for microbial activity, and are thus named the [[Drilosphere]]. The earthworms excrete this mixture as either a slurry or separate pellets. These could be within or on top of the soil, depending on the worm category. Earthworm excretions have a high organic matter content, and thus enrich the soil around them and increase fertility. [7] Experiments found that on long-term, no-till soil from the [[drilosphere]], that the soil was enriched in NO3−, NH4+ and soluble organic C. These soils hosted far greater populations of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria when compared to nondrilosphere soil. [9]

	==Invasive Earthworms in North America==		==Invasive Earthworms in North America==

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2023-06-05T19:11:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:11, 5 June 2023
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	===Endogeic Earthworms===		===Endogeic Earthworms===
	Endogeic Earthworms are moderately sized and unpigmented. They inhabit the mineral level of the soil, ranging from 0-80 cm below ground. Subcategories of endogeic earthworms are: Polyhumic, Mesohumic, Endo-anecic, and Oligohumic. These all inhabit slightly different zones with different organic matter content. [7]		Endogeic Earthworms are moderately sized and unpigmented. They inhabit the mineral level of the soil, ranging from 0-80 cm below ground. Subcategories of endogeic earthworms are: Polyhumic, Mesohumic, Endo-anecic, and Oligohumic. These all inhabit slightly different zones with different [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] content. [7]

	'''Polyhumic worms''' live on surface soil or in the root zone and prefer soil with high organic content. They are small-sized, less than 15 cm. They tend to make temporary horizontal burrows. [7]		'''Polyhumic worms''' live on surface soil or in the root zone and prefer soil with high organic content. They are small-sized, less than 15 cm. They tend to make temporary horizontal burrows. [7]

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2023-05-10T18:05:01Z

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	[3] Edwards, Clive A. "Earthworms" Natural Resources Conservation Service Soils, USDA, Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863		[3] Edwards, Clive A. "Earthworms" Natural Resources Conservation Service Soils, USDA, Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863

	[4] "Earthworm Biology – The Science of the Natural Decomposers" BiologyWise, Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://biologywise.com/earthworm-biology		[4] "Earthworm Biology – The Science of the Natural [[Decomposers]]" BiologyWise, Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://biologywise.com/earthworm-biology

	[5] Painter, Tammie. "How Do Earthworms Reproduce?" Sciencing.com, Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://sciencing.com/bring-the-outdoors-inside-with-these-nature-kits-for-kids-13763822.html		[5] Painter, Tammie. "How Do Earthworms Reproduce?" Sciencing.com, Retrieved April 27, 2021, from https://sciencing.com/bring-the-outdoors-inside-with-these-nature-kits-for-kids-13763822.html

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2023-03-31T18:27:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:27, 31 March 2023
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	They are hermaphrodites, each earthworm exhibiting both male and female sexual organs.		They are hermaphrodites, each earthworm exhibiting both male and female sexual organs.

	Earthworms live in temperate and tropical soils all over the world, anywhere there is appropriate water content and temperature for at least part of the year. Though, they are most abundant in forests and grasslands of temperate and tropical regions. Earthworm diet includes any organic matter they encounter, like plant matter, fungi, bacteria, or any other organism small enough to be eaten. Their digestive tract is one way, they eat with their mouth on one end and excrete waste at the other end of their body. The same muscles that allow for their movement through [[soil]] also push their food through their digestive system. [1][4]		Earthworms live in temperate and tropical soils all over the world, anywhere there is appropriate water content and temperature for at least part of the year. Though, they are most abundant in forests and grasslands of temperate and tropical regions. Earthworm diet includes any [[Organic Matter\|organic matter]] they encounter, like plant matter, fungi, bacteria, or any other organism small enough to be eaten. Their digestive tract is one way, they eat with their mouth on one end and excrete waste at the other end of their body. The same muscles that allow for their movement through [[soil]] also push their food through their digestive system. [1][4]

	==Scientific Classification==		==Scientific Classification==

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2022-05-06T18:02:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:02, 6 May 2022
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	The Earthworm is the common name for invertebrates in the order of Opisthopora or Haplotaxida, which includes hundreds of species, with many different families. As a result, there is great [[diversity]] within the term "earthworms". They have other folk names such as nightcrawler, angleworm, dewworm, rainworm, etc. [1]		The Earthworm is the common name for [[invertebrates]] in the order of Opisthopora or Haplotaxida, which includes hundreds of species, with many different families. As a result, there is great [[diversity]] within the term "earthworms". They have other folk names such as nightcrawler, angleworm, dewworm, rainworm, etc. [1]
	[[File:earthworms.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Earthworm]]		[[File:earthworms.jpg\|thumb\|right\|Earthworm]]
	==Overview==		==Overview==

Eralvut at 20:30, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T20:30:34Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:30, 11 March 2022
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	==Invasive Earthworms in North America==		==Invasive Earthworms in North America==
	Much of the land of North America has lacked earthworms since after the last ice age because they could not survive under glaciers. After the last great ice age, the forests and land of North America had adapted to decompose organic matter without the use of earthworms, relying mainly on fungi, bacteria, and time. This led to a thick layer of hummus being present over most forest soils. When the Americas were found by ~~travelers~~ from Europe and Asia, they brought with them their earthworms. They were likely brought accidentally or on purpose, by bringing plants, dumping their ship ballast, and/or through use as fish bait. Since then, these alien worms have been slowly colonizing more and more of North America and changing soil structure and processes as they do. [7][8]		Much of the land of North America has lacked earthworms since after the last ice age because they could not survive under glaciers. After the last great ice age, the forests and land of North America had adapted to decompose organic matter without the use of earthworms, relying mainly on fungi, bacteria, and time. This led to a thick layer of hummus being present over most forest soils. When the Americas were found by colonizers from Europe and Asia, they brought with them their earthworms. They were likely brought accidentally or on purpose, by bringing plants, dumping their ship ballast, and/or through use as fish bait. Since then, these alien worms have been slowly colonizing more and more of North America and changing soil structure and processes as they do. [7][8]

	These introduced worms decompose organic matter at a much faster rate than previously done by fungi and bacteria, which leads to a significantly thinner layer of hummus present. It is not clear yet what the specific effects of this will be, as well as the effects of interactions between alien earthworms and native earthworms(of previously non-glaciated areas). [7]		These introduced worms decompose organic matter at a much faster rate than previously done by fungi and bacteria, which leads to a significantly thinner layer of hummus present. It is not clear yet what the specific effects of this will be, as well as the effects of interactions between alien earthworms and native earthworms(of previously non-glaciated areas). [7]

Eralvut at 20:28, 11 March 2022

2022-03-11T20:28:36Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:28, 11 March 2022
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	==Ecology==		==Ecology==
	Earthworms are ecosystem engineers and play very important roles in soil formation and processes. Some of their largest effects are as a result of their burrows, as well as their digestion of soil and castings. Earthworms of the endogeic and ~~Anecic~~ variety make systems of burrows underground, both horizontal and vertical. These burrows, whether temporary or permanent, are a source of aeration for the soil and improve water intake by the soil. [3]		Earthworms are ecosystem engineers and play very important roles in soil formation and processes. Some of their largest effects are as a result of their burrows, as well as their digestion of soil and castings. Earthworms of the endogeic and anecic variety make systems of burrows underground, both horizontal and vertical. These burrows, whether temporary or permanent, are a source of aeration for the soil and improve water intake by the soil. [3]

	These burrows are also lined with earthworm castings. Casts are made as earthworms ingest mineral soil and/or organic matter, then mix them in the gut. This is mixed with gut secretions from the earthworm that enrich it. As earthworms digest soil, the soil is colonized in the earthworm's gut, by the microbes that live there. When the cast is excreted, the microbes continue to live on in it. This makes earthworm burrows a "hot-spot" for microbial activity, and are thus named the [[Drilosphere]]. The earthworms excrete this mixture as either a slurry or separate pellets. These could be within or on top of the soil, depending on the worm category. Earthworm excretions have a high organic matter content, and thus enrich the soil around them and increase fertility. [7] Experiments found that on long-term, no-till soil from the [[drilosphere]], that the soil was enriched in NO3−, NH4+ and soluble organic C. These soils hosted far greater populations of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria when compared to nondrilosphere soil. [9]		These burrows are also lined with earthworm castings. Casts are made as earthworms ingest mineral soil and/or organic matter, then mix them in the gut. This is mixed with gut secretions from the earthworm that enrich it. As earthworms digest soil, the soil is colonized in the earthworm's gut, by the microbes that live there. When the cast is excreted, the microbes continue to live on in it. This makes earthworm burrows a "hot-spot" for microbial activity, and are thus named the [[Drilosphere]]. The earthworms excrete this mixture as either a slurry or separate pellets. These could be within or on top of the soil, depending on the worm category. Earthworm excretions have a high organic matter content, and thus enrich the soil around them and increase fertility. [7] Experiments found that on long-term, no-till soil from the [[drilosphere]], that the soil was enriched in NO3−, NH4+ and soluble organic C. These soils hosted far greater populations of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria when compared to nondrilosphere soil. [9]