Clay - Revision history

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2025-05-01T18:44:33Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:44, 1 May 2025
Line 31:		Line 31:
	Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil\|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil\|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominant soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominant soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms\|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects\|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes\|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms\|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay-dominated soils, peat [[moss]] can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.		Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil\|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil\|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominant soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominant soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms\|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects\|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes\|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms\|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay-dominated soils, peat [[moss]] can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.
	<gallery mode=packed-hover>		<gallery mode=packed-hover>
	File:Macrofauna.jpg\|MacroFauna		File:Macrofauna.jpg\|[[Macrofauna\|MacroFauna]]
	File:Mesofauna.jpg\|[[Mesofauna]]		File:Mesofauna.jpg\|[[Mesofauna]]
	File:Microfauna.jpg\|Microfauna		File:Microfauna.jpg\|Microfauna

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2022-05-06T18:01:46Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles">https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles</a>).

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:01, 6 May 2022
Line 32:		Line 32:
	<gallery mode=packed-hover>		<gallery mode=packed-hover>
	File:Macrofauna.jpg\|MacroFauna		File:Macrofauna.jpg\|MacroFauna
	File:Mesofauna.jpg\|Mesofauna		File:Mesofauna.jpg\|[[Mesofauna]]
	File:Microfauna.jpg\|Microfauna		File:Microfauna.jpg\|Microfauna
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Nmdinard: /* Organisms That Live in Clay */

2022-03-16T20:08:58Z

Organisms That Live in Clay

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 16 March 2022
Line 29:		Line 29:

	== Organisms That Live in Clay ==		== Organisms That Live in Clay ==
	Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil\|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil\|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay ~~dominate~~ soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay ~~dominate~~ soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms\|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects\|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes\|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms\|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay dominated soils, peat [[moss]] can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.		Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil\|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil\|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominant soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominant soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms\|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects\|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes\|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms\|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay-dominated soils, peat [[moss]] can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.
	<gallery mode=packed-hover>		<gallery mode=packed-hover>
	File:Macrofauna.jpg\|MacroFauna		File:Macrofauna.jpg\|MacroFauna

Nmdinard: /* Sedimentary Clay */

2022-03-16T20:08:35Z

Sedimentary Clay

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 16 March 2022
Line 26:		Line 26:

	== Sedimentary Clay ==		== Sedimentary Clay ==
	Sedimentary clay consists of minerals broken down from the original parent material through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported ~~the~~ are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. Due to the water-clay bonds, clays can often act as larger particles such as silt of [[sand]], and require higher forces to be moved or changed. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in ~~there~~ size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a stickier [[soil\|soil]].		Sedimentary clay consists of minerals broken down from the original parent material through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported they are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. Due to the water-clay bonds, clays can often act as larger particles such as silt of [[sand]] and require higher forces to be moved or changed. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in their size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a stickier [[soil\|soil]].

	== Organisms That Live in Clay ==		== Organisms That Live in Clay ==

Nmdinard: /* Residual Clay */

2022-03-16T20:08:14Z

Residual Clay

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:08, 16 March 2022
Line 23:		Line 23:

	== Residual Clay ==		== Residual Clay ==
	Residual clay is what is left behind after the erosion processes of the parent rock material. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the ~~earths~~ surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is chemical weathering through solvents. Another example is when rocks such as limestone containing insoluble impurities are weathered and left behind as clay deposits. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily, limiting its uses.		Residual clay is what is left behind after the erosion processes of the parent rock material. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earth's surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is chemical weathering through solvents. Another example is when rocks such as limestone containing insoluble impurities are weathered and left behind as clay deposits. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily, limiting its uses.

	== Sedimentary Clay ==		== Sedimentary Clay ==

Nmdinard: /* Properties of Clay */

2022-03-16T20:07:32Z

Properties of Clay

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:07, 16 March 2022
Line 12:		Line 12:
	== Properties of Clay ==		== Properties of Clay ==
	[[File:Clay size.jpg\|thumb\|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]		[[File:Clay size.jpg\|thumb\|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]
	Clays can be found in a multitude of colors based on the minerals present, including red, brown, and even white. Clays deform plastically due to their structure and water content, meaning the physical changes are permanent. They become non-plastic when exposed to high heat or are dehydrated. Depending on the discipline, clays are classified based on their particle size, water content, or plasticity, which can distinguish them from similar particles such as [[silt]]. ~~Atterburg~~ limits can be tested which are a measure of the shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit.		Clays can be found in a multitude of colors based on the minerals present, including red, brown, and even white. Clays deform plastically due to their structure and water content, meaning the physical changes are permanent. They become non-plastic when exposed to high heat or are dehydrated. Depending on the discipline, clays are classified based on their particle size, water content, or plasticity, which can distinguish them from similar particles such as [[silt]]. Atterberg limits can be tested which are a measure of the shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit.

	In order to be classified as a clay, the particles must meet certain criteria. The grain size must be less than .002mm, resulting in a very high surface area. Clays have the ability to bond with water from the [[soil]] due to their molecular structures. Clays are made up of various minerals which are classified as hydrous aluminum phyllosilicates. These minerals may be iron, alkali metals, alkaline ~~earths~~ or other cations that may be found in the surrounding soil. The basic structure of the phyllosilicates is based on interconnected six member rings of SiO4-4 tetrahedra that extend outward in infinite sheets. Phyllosilicates may contain additional molecules such as hydroxyl ions and cations. This results in two basic groups of sheet silicates:		In order to be classified as clay, the particles must meet certain criteria. The grain size must be less than .002mm, resulting in a very high surface area. Clays have the ability to bond with water from the [[soil]] due to their molecular structures. Clays are made up of various minerals which are classified as hydrous aluminum phyllosilicates. These minerals may be iron, alkali metals, alkaline earth, or other cations that may be found in the surrounding soil. The basic structure of the phyllosilicates is based on interconnected six-member rings of SiO4-4 tetrahedra that extend outward in infinite sheets. Phyllosilicates may contain additional molecules such as hydroxyl ions and cations. This results in two basic groups of sheet silicates:

	1. The trioctahedral sheet silicates where each O or OH ion is surrounded by 3 divalent cations, like Mg+2 or Fe+2.		1. The trioctahedral sheet silicates where each O or OH ion is surrounded by 3 divalent cations, like Mg+2 or Fe+2.
Line 20:		Line 20:
	2. The dioctahedral sheet silicates where each O or OH ion is surrounded by 2 trivalent cations, usually Al+3.		2. The dioctahedral sheet silicates where each O or OH ion is surrounded by 2 trivalent cations, usually Al+3.

	These molecular structures ~~and~~ build upon themselves, resulting in sheet minerals such as talcs and micas. These minerals can be found in parent rocks and serve as the structural basis of clays, which allow them the ability to bond with water. However, in addition to these essential minerals which allow water to bond, clays can be made up of metal oxides, quartz, and organic material. These ~~characteristic~~ are essential to plant and animal life in soils, and these porous spaces between clay grains facilitate the creation of microhabitats and communities that contribute to the complexity and heterogeneity of [[soil]].		These molecular structures build upon themselves, resulting in sheet minerals such as talcs and micas. These minerals can be found in parent rocks and serve as the structural basis of clays, which allow them the ability to bond with water. However, in addition to these essential minerals which allow water to bond, clays can be made up of metal oxides, quartz, and organic material. These characteristics are essential to plant and animal life in soils, and these porous spaces between clay grains facilitate the creation of microhabitats and communities that contribute to the complexity and heterogeneity of [[soil]].

	== Residual Clay ==		== Residual Clay ==

Nmdinard: /* Origins of Clay */

2022-03-16T20:05:51Z

Origins of Clay

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:05, 16 March 2022
Line 8:		Line 8:
	2. Marine, which occurs on the floor of a body of water or within the Earth when it is near a heat source.		2. Marine, which occurs on the floor of a body of water or within the Earth when it is near a heat source.

	On the surface of the Earth, erosion by rain, wind, or [[animals]] leads to the continuous breakdown of particles. Most often, clays are formed due to chemical weathering, by low concentration carbonic acids or other solvents. These solvents leach through parent rock material and chemically break them down. Eventually, enough weathering occurs to form clays, which are less than .002mm in diameter. Some clays may form due to hydrothermal activity, where hot water circulates material over enough time to break them down to fine grained particles.		On the surface of the Earth, erosion by rain, wind, or [[animals]] leads to the continuous breakdown of particles. Most often, clays are formed due to chemical weathering, by low concentration carbonic acids or other solvents. These solvents leach through parent rock material and chemically break them down. Eventually, enough weathering occurs to form clays, which are less than .002mm in diameter. Some clays may form due to hydrothermal activity, where hot water circulates material over enough time to break them down to fine-grained particles.

	== Properties of Clay ==		== Properties of Clay ==

Mmlemere: /* Origins of Clay */

2021-04-29T16:09:04Z

Origins of Clay

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:09, 29 April 2021
Line 5:		Line 5:

	1. Continental, which is the weathering and erosion on Earth's surface		1. Continental, which is the weathering and erosion on Earth's surface

	2. Marine, which occurs on the floor of a body of water or within the Earth when it is near a heat source.		2. Marine, which occurs on the floor of a body of water or within the Earth when it is near a heat source.

Mmlemere: /* References */

2021-04-29T16:07:40Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:07, 29 April 2021
Line 41:		Line 41:

	* [1] "Clay Types, Geology, [[Properties]] and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [1] "Clay Types, Geology, [[Properties]] and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	* [2] "Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [2] "Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	* [3] "How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [3] "How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	* [4] "Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [4] "Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	* [5] Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [5] Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	* [6] Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [6] Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.

Mmlemere: /* References */

2021-04-29T16:07:25Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:44, 1 May 2025
Line 31:		Line 31:
	Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil\|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil\|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominant soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominant soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms\|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects\|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes\|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms\|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay-dominated soils, peat [[moss]] can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.		Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil\|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil\|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominant soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominant soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms\|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects\|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes\|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms\|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay-dominated soils, peat [[moss]] can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.
	<gallery mode=packed-hover>		<gallery mode=packed-hover>
	File:Macrofauna.jpg\|MacroFauna		File:Macrofauna.jpg\|[[Macrofauna\|MacroFauna]]
	File:Mesofauna.jpg\|[[Mesofauna]]		File:Mesofauna.jpg\|[[Mesofauna]]
	File:Microfauna.jpg\|Microfauna		File:Microfauna.jpg\|Microfauna

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:07, 29 April 2021
Line 7:		Line 7:
	2. Marine, which occurs on the floor of a body of water or within the Earth when it is near a heat source.		2. Marine, which occurs on the floor of a body of water or within the Earth when it is near a heat source.

	On the surface of the Earth, erosion by rain, wind, or animals leads to the continuous breakdown of particles. Most often, clays are formed due to chemical weathering, by low concentration carbonic acids or other solvents. These solvents leach through parent rock material and chemically break them down. Eventually, enough weathering occurs to form clays, which are less than .002mm in diameter. Some clays may form due to hydrothermal activity, where hot water circulates material over enough time to break them down to fine grained particles.		On the surface of the Earth, erosion by rain, wind, or [[animals]] leads to the continuous breakdown of particles. Most often, clays are formed due to chemical weathering, by low concentration carbonic acids or other solvents. These solvents leach through parent rock material and chemically break them down. Eventually, enough weathering occurs to form clays, which are less than .002mm in diameter. Some clays may form due to hydrothermal activity, where hot water circulates material over enough time to break them down to fine grained particles.

	== Properties of Clay ==		== Properties of Clay ==
	[[File:Clay size.jpg\|thumb\|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]		[[File:Clay size.jpg\|thumb\|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]
	Clays can be found in a multitude of colors based on the minerals present, including red, brown, and even white. Clays deform plastically due to their structure and water content, meaning the physical changes are permanent. They become non-plastic when exposed to high heat or are dehydrated. Depending on the discipline, clays are classified based on their particle size, water content, or plasticity, which can distinguish them from similar particles such as silt. Atterburg limits can be tested which are a measure of the shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit.		Clays can be found in a multitude of colors based on the minerals present, including red, brown, and even white. Clays deform plastically due to their structure and water content, meaning the physical changes are permanent. They become non-plastic when exposed to high heat or are dehydrated. Depending on the discipline, clays are classified based on their particle size, water content, or plasticity, which can distinguish them from similar particles such as [[silt]]. Atterburg limits can be tested which are a measure of the shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit.

	In order to be classified as a clay, the particles must meet certain criteria. The grain size must be less than .002mm, resulting in a very high surface area. Clays have the ability to bond with water from the [[soil]] due to their molecular structures. Clays are made up of various minerals which are classified as hydrous aluminum phyllosilicates. These minerals may be iron, alkali metals, alkaline earths or other cations that may be found in the surrounding soil. The basic structure of the phyllosilicates is based on interconnected six member rings of SiO4-4 tetrahedra that extend outward in infinite sheets. Phyllosilicates may contain additional molecules such as hydroxyl ions and cations. This results in two basic groups of sheet silicates:		In order to be classified as a clay, the particles must meet certain criteria. The grain size must be less than .002mm, resulting in a very high surface area. Clays have the ability to bond with water from the [[soil]] due to their molecular structures. Clays are made up of various minerals which are classified as hydrous aluminum phyllosilicates. These minerals may be iron, alkali metals, alkaline earths or other cations that may be found in the surrounding soil. The basic structure of the phyllosilicates is based on interconnected six member rings of SiO4-4 tetrahedra that extend outward in infinite sheets. Phyllosilicates may contain additional molecules such as hydroxyl ions and cations. This results in two basic groups of sheet silicates:
Line 25:		Line 25:

	== Sedimentary Clay ==		== Sedimentary Clay ==
	Sedimentary clay consists of minerals broken down from the original parent material through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. Due to the water-clay bonds, clays can often act as larger particles such as silt of sand, and require higher forces to be moved or changed. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a stickier [[soil\|soil]].		Sedimentary clay consists of minerals broken down from the original parent material through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. Due to the water-clay bonds, clays can often act as larger particles such as silt of [[sand]], and require higher forces to be moved or changed. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a stickier [[soil\|soil]].

	== Organisms That Live in Clay ==		== Organisms That Live in Clay ==
	Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil\|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil\|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms\|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects\|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes\|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms\|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay dominated soils, peat moss can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.		Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil\|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil\|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms\|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects\|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes\|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms\|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay dominated soils, peat [[moss]] can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.
	<gallery mode=packed-hover>		<gallery mode=packed-hover>
	File:Macrofauna.jpg\|MacroFauna		File:Macrofauna.jpg\|MacroFauna
Line 40:		Line 40:


	"Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [1] "Clay Types, Geology, [[Properties]] and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat." Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	"Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [2] "Earth Sciences: London's Geology." Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	"How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [3] "How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?" The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	"Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [4] "Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil." Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [5] Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.


	Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.		* [6] Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. "Clay Mineral." Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.