Angiosperms - Revision history

Eavolker at 19:56, 7 May 2021

2021-05-07T19:56:09Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:56, 7 May 2021
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	==Overview==		==Overview==
	Angiosperms are the largest and most diverse plant group within the kingdom Plante. This plant group consists of over 300,000 flowering plants and makes up 80% of plants that are living today [1]. Angiosperms are defined by being vascular seed plants where the ovule (egg) is fertilized and then enclosed into a hollow ovary. These contrast with another group that exists in the kingdom Plante, gymnosperms in which seeds (fertilized ovule) are not enclosed within the ovary and are often exposed (the most common examples being conifers and their cones) [1]. Angiosperms are a group of seed plants, also known as spermatophytes [2].		Angiosperms are the largest and most diverse plant group within the kingdom [[Plante]]. This plant group consists of over 300,000 flowering plants and makes up 80% of plants that are living today [1]. Angiosperms are defined by being vascular seed plants where the ovule (egg) is fertilized and then enclosed into a hollow ovary. These contrast with another group that exists in the kingdom Plante, [[gymnosperms]] in which seeds (fertilized ovule) are not enclosed within the ovary and are often exposed (the most common examples being conifers and their cones) [1]. Angiosperms are a group of seed plants, also known as spermatophytes [2].

	==Clades==		==Clades==
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	===Eudicots===		===Eudicots===
	[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]		[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]
	One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6].		One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either [[pinnate]] or [[palmate]]. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6].

	====Pinnate Vs. Palmte====		====Pinnate Vs. Palmte====

Eavolker: /* Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution */

2021-05-05T17:57:21Z

Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:57, 5 May 2021
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	==Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution==		==Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution==
	By analyzing ancient pollen fossil clumps from angiosperms, scientists can properly say that the earliest flowering plants were insect pollinated. These pollen clumps can be a result of natural remains of anthers, insect pellets, and insect packaging [8]. Scientists have found that species mainly relying on pollination by [[insects]] (86% of now extant basal angiosperm families) relied on pollinated by generalized insects, specialized pollen collecting insects, and other specialized pollinators [8]. Some important pollinators to angiosperms are bees, wasps, flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, and some small birds. Angiosperms and pollinators took place in a biological phenomenon known as coevolution. Coevolution is a phenomenon in which two or more species reciprocally affect each other evolution. Many flowering plants and insects rely so heavily on one another that their relationships are exclusive because they have coevolved to fit the specific needs of each other [9].		By analyzing ancient pollen fossil clumps from angiosperms, scientists can properly say that the earliest flowering plants were insect pollinated. These pollen clumps can be a result of natural remains of anthers, insect pellets, and insect packaging [8]. Scientists have found that species mainly relying on pollination by [[insects]] (86% of now extant basal angiosperm families) relied on pollinated by generalized insects, specialized pollen collecting insects, and other specialized pollinators [8]. Some important pollinators to angiosperms are bees, wasps, flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, and some small birds. Angiosperms and pollinators took place in a biological phenomenon known as coevolution. Coevolution is a phenomenon in which two or more species reciprocally affect each other evolution. Many flowering plants and insects rely so heavily on one another that their relationships are exclusive because they have coevolved to fit the specific needs of each other [9].

			Short video summarizing the process of coevolution: https://www.britannica.com/video/21933/Insects-flowers-other-benefits

	==References==		==References==

Eavolker: /* Clades */

2021-05-05T17:53:49Z

Clades

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:53, 5 May 2021
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	===Eudicots===		===Eudicots===
	[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]		[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]
	One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6]. [[File:Pinnate_Palmate.jpeg\|500px\|thumb\|left\|Contrasting Pinnate and Palmate Structures]]		One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6].

			====Pinnate Vs. Palmte====
			[[File:Pinnate_Palmate.jpeg\|500px\|thumb\|left\|Contrasting Pinnate and Palmate Structures]]

	==Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution==		==Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution==

Eavolker: /* References */

2021-05-05T17:49:43Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:49, 5 May 2021
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	[7] What is the difference between Pinnate and Palmate. PEDIAA. June 4, 2019. https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-pinnate-and-palmate/		[7] What is the difference between Pinnate and Palmate. PEDIAA. June 4, 2019. https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-pinnate-and-palmate/

			[8] Shusheng Hu, David L. Dilcher, David M. Jarzen. 2007. Early steps of angiosperms-pollinator coevolution. PNAS. 105:240-245. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0707989105

			[9] Coevolution. 2009. Understanding evolution. https://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/evo_33

Eavolker: /* Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution */

2021-05-05T17:45:52Z

Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 5 May 2021
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	==Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution==		==Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution==
			By analyzing ancient pollen fossil clumps from angiosperms, scientists can properly say that the earliest flowering plants were insect pollinated. These pollen clumps can be a result of natural remains of anthers, insect pellets, and insect packaging [8]. Scientists have found that species mainly relying on pollination by [[insects]] (86% of now extant basal angiosperm families) relied on pollinated by generalized insects, specialized pollen collecting insects, and other specialized pollinators [8]. Some important pollinators to angiosperms are bees, wasps, flies, beetles, butterflies, moths, and some small birds. Angiosperms and pollinators took place in a biological phenomenon known as coevolution. Coevolution is a phenomenon in which two or more species reciprocally affect each other evolution. Many flowering plants and insects rely so heavily on one another that their relationships are exclusive because they have coevolved to fit the specific needs of each other [9].

	==References==		==References==

Eavolker at 17:23, 5 May 2021

2021-05-05T17:23:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:23, 5 May 2021
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	[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]		[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]
	One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6]. [[File:Pinnate_Palmate.jpeg\|500px\|thumb\|left\|Contrasting Pinnate and Palmate Structures]]		One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6]. [[File:Pinnate_Palmate.jpeg\|500px\|thumb\|left\|Contrasting Pinnate and Palmate Structures]]

			==Angiosperm-Pollinator Coevolution==

	==References==		==References==

Eavolker: /* References */

2021-05-05T17:21:48Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:21, 5 May 2021
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	[6] Eudicot characteristics. https://james-vankley.com/PineywoodsPlants/groupkey/key_eudicotyledons.html.		[6] Eudicot characteristics. https://james-vankley.com/PineywoodsPlants/groupkey/key_eudicotyledons.html.

			[7] What is the difference between Pinnate and Palmate. PEDIAA. June 4, 2019. https://pediaa.com/what-is-the-difference-between-pinnate-and-palmate/

Eavolker: /* Eudicots */

2021-05-05T17:18:47Z

Eudicots

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:18, 5 May 2021
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	===Eudicots===		===Eudicots===
	[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]		[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]
	One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6]. [[File:Pinnate_Palmate.jpeg\|~~200px~~\|thumb\|~~right~~\|Contrasting Pinnate and Palmate Structures]]		One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6]. [[File:Pinnate_Palmate.jpeg\|500px\|thumb\|left\|Contrasting Pinnate and Palmate Structures]]

	==References==		==References==

Eavolker at 17:14, 5 May 2021

2021-05-05T17:14:39Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:14, 5 May 2021
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	===Eudicots===		===Eudicots===
	[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]		[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]
	One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6].		One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6]. [[File:Pinnate_Palmate.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Contrasting Pinnate and Palmate Structures]]

	==References==		==References==

Eavolker: /* Eudicots */

2021-05-05T17:13:00Z

Eudicots

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:13, 5 May 2021
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	===Eudicots===		===Eudicots===
	[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]		[[File:Senecio angulatus 003.jpeg\|200px\|thumb\|right\|Picture of Senecio angulatus as an example of an Eudicot]]
	One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6]. ~~[[File:Pinnate_Palmate.jpg]]~~		One of the largest groups of eudicots is the rosids (roses). Eudicots commonly have a repetitive flower structure that contains 5 sepals, 5 petals, 2 whorls of 5 stamen, and 3 or 5 fused carpels [5]. There are around 83,000 species in this group of angiosperms that we have discovered thus far. There is a rather large group within the rosids that are very economically and agriculturally important; it is termed the "nitrogen fixing clade" which consists of legumes, roses, apples, squashes, oaks, walnuts and many more [5]. Leaves of eudicots are usually characterized by netted venation (unlike monocots who have straight leaves and vascular structure) [6]. These netted vascular structures are either pinnate or palmate. Vascular structures and bundles are usually bundled around the pith and eudicots usually have 2 cotyledons instead of just one like a monocot [6].

	==References==		==References==