American toad - Revision history

Rmdonnel: /* References */

2023-05-12T17:50:47Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:50, 12 May 2023
Line 42:		Line 42:
	1. Altig, Ronald, et al. Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada. 1st ed., Cornell University Press, 2015. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1tm7g59. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.		1. Altig, Ronald, et al. Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada. 1st ed., Cornell University Press, 2015. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1tm7g59. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

	2. (“Eastern American Toad Fact Sheet - Signs of the Seasons: A New England Phenology Program - University of Maine Cooperative Extension”)		2. “American Toad.” Illinois Department of Natural Resources, dnr.illinois.gov/education/wildaboutpages/wildaboutfrogs/waftamericantoad.html. Accessed 12 May 2023.

			3. (“Eastern American Toad Fact Sheet - Signs of the Seasons: A New England Phenology Program - University of Maine Cooperative Extension”)
	“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.		“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

	3. Grossman, Stacey. “Anaxyrus Americanus (American Toad).” Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anaxyrus_americanus/.		4. Grossman, Stacey. “Anaxyrus Americanus (American Toad).” Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anaxyrus_americanus/.

	4. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.		5. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

	5. Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.		6. Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.

	6. “Toads.” National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Amphibians/Toads. Accessed 12 May 2023.		7. “Toads.” National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Amphibians/Toads. Accessed 12 May 2023.

	7. Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.		8. Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.

Rmdonnel: /* References */

2023-05-12T17:47:09Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:47, 12 May 2023
Line 51:		Line 51:
	5. Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.		5. Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.

	6. Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.		6. “Toads.” National Wildlife Federation, www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Amphibians/Toads. Accessed 12 May 2023.

			7. Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.

Rmdonnel: /* References */

2023-05-12T17:45:17Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:45, 12 May 2023
Line 45:		Line 45:
	“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.		“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

	3. ~~Pauly~~, ~~Gregory B~~.~~, et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS~~ (~~BUFO~~).” ~~Evolution~~, no. ~~11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554~~/~~04-208~~.		3. Grossman, Stacey. “Anaxyrus Americanus (American Toad).” Animal Diversity Web, animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anaxyrus_americanus/.

	4. ~~Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads~~ of ~~the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae)~~.” ~~Copeia, no. 2, American Society~~ of ~~Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH)~~, ~~May 2007, pp~~. ~~304–14~~. ~~Crossref, doi:10.1643~~/~~0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2~~.0.~~co;2~~.		4. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

	5. ~~“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species~~.” ~~IUCN Red List~~ of ~~Threatened Species~~, ~~https~~:/~~/www~~.~~iucnredlist~~.~~org~~/~~species/54570/56843565~~. ~~Accessed 12 Apr~~. ~~2021~~.		5. Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.

			6. Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.

Rmdonnel: /* References */

2023-05-11T19:52:09Z

References

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:52, 11 May 2023
Line 40:		Line 40:
	== References ==		== References ==

	Altig, Ronald, et al. Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada. 1st ed., Cornell University Press, 2015. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1tm7g59. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.		1. Altig, Ronald, et al. Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada. 1st ed., Cornell University Press, 2015. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1tm7g59. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

	(“Eastern American Toad Fact Sheet - Signs of the Seasons: A New England Phenology Program - University of Maine Cooperative Extension”)		2. (“Eastern American Toad Fact Sheet - Signs of the Seasons: A New England Phenology Program - University of Maine Cooperative Extension”)
	“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.		“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

	Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.		3. Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.

	Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.		4. Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.

	“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.		5. “IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

Rmdonnel at 19:44, 11 May 2023

2023-05-11T19:44:31Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 11 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	~~[[File:bufame210.jpg\|right\|]]~~

	'''American toad''''' (Anaxyrus americanus)''		'''American toad''''' (Anaxyrus americanus)''

Rmdonnel at 19:44, 11 May 2023

2023-05-11T19:44:21Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 11 May 2023
Line 24:		Line 24:
	\|}		\|}
	Their name has recently changed from ''(Bufo americanus)'' to ''(Anaxyrus americanus)''.		Their name has recently changed from ''(Bufo americanus)'' to ''(Anaxyrus americanus)''.
			[[File:bufame210.jpg\|right\|]]
	== Description ==		== Description ==
	The American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. This species is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length with females generally being slightly larger than males. Its coloration can change depending on the temperature, humidity, and stress levels of the environment. American toads are predominantly brown and can display hues of red or olive green. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. They have noticeable warts on their skin, including two large ones behind their eyes. The warts behind their eyes are their parotoid glands which are major salivary glands found in [[animals]]. These parotoid glands secrete a bufotoxin that is used to deter predators. Bufotoxin is a milky toxin made up of steroid lactones and can cause illness and death in small animals. The bufotoxin in American toads is not fatal to humans but can cause allergic reactions. American toads typically only live to be a few years old in the wild, however, they can live up to around 10 years old in capacity. There is even a case of an American toad living 36 years in capacity until it died due to an accident.		The American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. This species is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length with females generally being slightly larger than males. Its coloration can change depending on the temperature, humidity, and stress levels of the environment. American toads are predominantly brown and can display hues of red or olive green. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. They have noticeable warts on their skin, including two large ones behind their eyes. The warts behind their eyes are their parotoid glands which are major salivary glands found in [[animals]]. These parotoid glands secrete a bufotoxin that is used to deter predators. Bufotoxin is a milky toxin made up of steroid lactones and can cause illness and death in small animals. The bufotoxin in American toads is not fatal to humans but can cause allergic reactions. American toads typically only live to be a few years old in the wild, however, they can live up to around 10 years old in capacity. There is even a case of an American toad living 36 years in capacity until it died due to an accident.

Rmdonnel at 19:44, 11 May 2023

2023-05-11T19:44:05Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:44, 11 May 2023
Line 26:		Line 26:
	== Description ==		== Description ==
	The American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. This species is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length with females generally being slightly larger than males. Its coloration can change depending on the temperature, humidity, and stress levels of the environment. American toads are predominantly brown and can display hues of red or olive green. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. They have noticeable warts on their skin, including two large ones behind their eyes. The warts behind their eyes are their parotoid glands which are major salivary glands found in [[animals]]. These parotoid glands secrete a bufotoxin that is used to deter predators. Bufotoxin is a milky toxin made up of steroid lactones and can cause illness and death in small animals. The bufotoxin in American toads is not fatal to humans but can cause allergic reactions. American toads typically only live to be a few years old in the wild, however, they can live up to around 10 years old in capacity. There is even a case of an American toad living 36 years in capacity until it died due to an accident.		The American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. This species is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length with females generally being slightly larger than males. Its coloration can change depending on the temperature, humidity, and stress levels of the environment. American toads are predominantly brown and can display hues of red or olive green. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. They have noticeable warts on their skin, including two large ones behind their eyes. The warts behind their eyes are their parotoid glands which are major salivary glands found in [[animals]]. These parotoid glands secrete a bufotoxin that is used to deter predators. Bufotoxin is a milky toxin made up of steroid lactones and can cause illness and death in small animals. The bufotoxin in American toads is not fatal to humans but can cause allergic reactions. American toads typically only live to be a few years old in the wild, however, they can live up to around 10 years old in capacity. There is even a case of an American toad living 36 years in capacity until it died due to an accident.

	~~[[File:bufame210.jpg\|right\|]]~~

	[[File:range23.gif\|right]]		[[File:range23.gif\|right]]

Rmdonnel at 19:43, 11 May 2023

2023-05-11T19:43:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:43, 11 May 2023
Line 26:		Line 26:
	== Description ==		== Description ==
	The American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. This species is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length with females generally being slightly larger than males. Its coloration can change depending on the temperature, humidity, and stress levels of the environment. American toads are predominantly brown and can display hues of red or olive green. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. They have noticeable warts on their skin, including two large ones behind their eyes. The warts behind their eyes are their parotoid glands which are major salivary glands found in [[animals]]. These parotoid glands secrete a bufotoxin that is used to deter predators. Bufotoxin is a milky toxin made up of steroid lactones and can cause illness and death in small animals. The bufotoxin in American toads is not fatal to humans but can cause allergic reactions. American toads typically only live to be a few years old in the wild, however, they can live up to around 10 years old in capacity. There is even a case of an American toad living 36 years in capacity until it died due to an accident.		The American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. This species is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length with females generally being slightly larger than males. Its coloration can change depending on the temperature, humidity, and stress levels of the environment. American toads are predominantly brown and can display hues of red or olive green. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. They have noticeable warts on their skin, including two large ones behind their eyes. The warts behind their eyes are their parotoid glands which are major salivary glands found in [[animals]]. These parotoid glands secrete a bufotoxin that is used to deter predators. Bufotoxin is a milky toxin made up of steroid lactones and can cause illness and death in small animals. The bufotoxin in American toads is not fatal to humans but can cause allergic reactions. American toads typically only live to be a few years old in the wild, however, they can live up to around 10 years old in capacity. There is even a case of an American toad living 36 years in capacity until it died due to an accident.

			[[File:bufame210.jpg\|right\|]]

	[[File:range23.gif\|right]]		[[File:range23.gif\|right]]

Rmdonnel: /* Range and Subspecies */

2023-05-11T17:52:29Z

Range and Subspecies

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:52, 11 May 2023
Line 31:		Line 31:
	== Range and Subspecies ==		== Range and Subspecies ==
	American toads can be found throughout most of the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. They prefer cool woodlands with lots of moisture but can live in meadows, fields, and gardens. American toads require small freshwater ponds for their early days when they start as tadpoles. As they develop, they hydrate their bodies by absorbing moisture through their thin skin, so they require a moist environment to survive. There are currently two recognized subspecies of the American toad - the Eastern American toad ''(Anaxyrus americanus)'' and the Dwarf American toad ''(Anaxyrus charlesmithi)''. The range of the Dwarf American toad is more concentrated and they are found in more southern states while the Eastern American toad occupies a range spanning the East coast of the United States and Canada, excluding the southernmost states.		American toads can be found throughout most of the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. They prefer cool woodlands with lots of moisture but can live in meadows, fields, and gardens. American toads require small freshwater ponds for their early days when they start as tadpoles. As they develop, they hydrate their bodies by absorbing moisture through their thin skin, so they require a moist environment to survive. There are currently two recognized subspecies of the American toad - the Eastern American toad ''(Anaxyrus americanus)'' and the Dwarf American toad ''(Anaxyrus charlesmithi)''. The range of the Dwarf American toad is more concentrated and they are found in more southern states while the Eastern American toad occupies a range spanning the East coast of the United States and Canada, excluding the southernmost states.

	~~[[File:range23.gif\|right]]~~

	== Life Cycle and Behavior ==		== Life Cycle and Behavior ==

Rmdonnel: /* Description */

2023-05-11T17:52:20Z

Description

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:52, 11 May 2023
Line 26:		Line 26:
	== Description ==		== Description ==
	The American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. This species is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length with females generally being slightly larger than males. Its coloration can change depending on the temperature, humidity, and stress levels of the environment. American toads are predominantly brown and can display hues of red or olive green. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. They have noticeable warts on their skin, including two large ones behind their eyes. The warts behind their eyes are their parotoid glands which are major salivary glands found in [[animals]]. These parotoid glands secrete a bufotoxin that is used to deter predators. Bufotoxin is a milky toxin made up of steroid lactones and can cause illness and death in small animals. The bufotoxin in American toads is not fatal to humans but can cause allergic reactions. American toads typically only live to be a few years old in the wild, however, they can live up to around 10 years old in capacity. There is even a case of an American toad living 36 years in capacity until it died due to an accident.		The American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. This species is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length with females generally being slightly larger than males. Its coloration can change depending on the temperature, humidity, and stress levels of the environment. American toads are predominantly brown and can display hues of red or olive green. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. They have noticeable warts on their skin, including two large ones behind their eyes. The warts behind their eyes are their parotoid glands which are major salivary glands found in [[animals]]. These parotoid glands secrete a bufotoxin that is used to deter predators. Bufotoxin is a milky toxin made up of steroid lactones and can cause illness and death in small animals. The bufotoxin in American toads is not fatal to humans but can cause allergic reactions. American toads typically only live to be a few years old in the wild, however, they can live up to around 10 years old in capacity. There is even a case of an American toad living 36 years in capacity until it died due to an accident.

			[[File:range23.gif\|right]]

	== Range and Subspecies ==		== Range and Subspecies ==