Aggregate formation - Revision history

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2023-05-10T18:03:13Z

The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles">https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles</a>).

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:03, 10 May 2023
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==		== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==
	Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria. [1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for [[microorganisms]] living in the [[soil]]. [2]		Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria. [1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect [[porosity]], water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for [[microorganisms]] living in the [[soil]]. [2]

	[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]		[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]
Line 23:		Line 23:

	Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates. [7] These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall.		Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates. [7] These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall.
	While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive [[soil]]. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability. [6] Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake. [4] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4.) [10] If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture. [4] Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.		While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive [[soil]]. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability. [6] Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake. [4] The United States Department of [[Agriculture]] (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4.) [10] If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture. [4] Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.

	==References==		==References==

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2023-03-31T18:25:49Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:25, 31 March 2023
Line 55:		Line 55:
	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302		https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302

	[11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.		[11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - [[Emerald Ash Borer]] Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2022-05-06T18:01:10Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:01, 6 May 2022
Line 14:		Line 14:
	== Macroaggregates ==		== Macroaggregates ==
	When [[plant roots]] penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high [[diversity]] in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.		When [[plant roots]] penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high [[diversity]] in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.
	[[File:USDA_aggregates.png\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]		[[File:USDA_aggregates.png\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in [[lignin]], a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]

	[[File:Rootz.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]]		[[File:Rootz.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]]
Line 37:		Line 37:
	https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf		https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf

	[5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.		[5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated [[Organic Matter]].” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.
	https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X		https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X

Njhenshu: The LinkTitles extension automatically added links to existing pages (https://github.com/bovender/LinkTitles).

2021-04-29T17:03:15Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:03, 29 April 2021
Line 13:		Line 13:

	== Macroaggregates ==		== Macroaggregates ==
	When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.		When [[plant roots]] penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high [[diversity]] in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.
	[[File:USDA_aggregates.png\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]		[[File:USDA_aggregates.png\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]

Line 26:		Line 26:

	==References==		==References==
	[1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.		[1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil [[Ecology]]''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.

	[2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.		[2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.
	https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time		https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time

	[3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.		[3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical [[Properties]].” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.
	https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties		https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties

Scdejoy at 03:48, 8 May 2019

2019-05-08T03:48:04Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:48, 7 May 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==		== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==
	Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for [[microorganisms]] living in the [[soil]]. [2]		Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria. [1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for [[microorganisms]] living in the [[soil]]. [2]

	[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]		[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]

Scdejoy at 03:46, 8 May 2019

2019-05-08T03:46:45Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:46, 7 May 2019
Line 22:		Line 22:
	== Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability ==		== Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability ==

	Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall.		Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates. [7] These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall.
	While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive [[soil]]. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10]. If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.		While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive [[soil]]. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability. [6] Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake. [4] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4.) [10] If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture. [4] Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.

	==References==		==References==

Scdejoy at 03:41, 8 May 2019

2019-05-08T03:41:37Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:41, 7 May 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==		== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==
	Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2]		Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for [[microorganisms]] living in the [[soil]]. [2]

	[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]		[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]
Line 23:		Line 23:

	Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall.		Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall.
	While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United ~~State~~ Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.		While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive [[soil]]. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10]. If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.

	==References==		==References==

Scdejoy at 03:06, 7 May 2019

2019-05-07T03:06:11Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 23:06, 6 May 2019
Line 4:		Line 4:
	[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]		[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]

			[[File:aggregate-sizes.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]

	~~[[File:aggregate-sizes.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]~~

	== Microaggregates ==		== Microaggregates ==

	Microaggregates (< 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]		Microaggregates (< 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]


	== Macroaggregates ==		== Macroaggregates ==
			When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.
			[[File:USDA_aggregates.png\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]

	[[File:Rootz.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]]		[[File:Rootz.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]]

	When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM).
	~~The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.~~

	[[File:USDA_aggregates.png\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]]

	Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]

	== Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability ==		== Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability ==

Scdejoy at 02:51, 7 May 2019

2019-05-07T02:51:44Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:51, 6 May 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==		== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==
	Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1]		Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2]

	[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]		[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]

	The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2]

	[[File:aggregate-sizes.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]		[[File:aggregate-sizes.png\|250px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]

Scdejoy at 02:50, 7 May 2019

2019-05-07T02:50:25Z

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:50, 6 May 2019
Line 1:		Line 1:
	== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==		== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==
	Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.		Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1]
			[[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]
	[1][[File:aggregates.png\|300px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]]

	The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2]		The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2]
Line 13:		Line 12:

	== Macroaggregates ==		== Macroaggregates ==
	[[File:Rootz.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation. ]]		[[File:Rootz.png\|150px\|thumb\|left\|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]]

	When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM).		When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM).
Line 19:		Line 18:

	[[File:USDA_aggregates.png\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]]		[[File:USDA_aggregates.png\|180px\|thumb\|right\|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]]
	Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable ~~aggregates breed~~ more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]
			Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]

	== Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability ==		== Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability ==