Soil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]

Turkey tail fungus

2022-05-10T19:31:56Z

Teresama: Created page with "== Introduction and Classification == caption Commonly known as Turkey tail fungus and scientifically known as ''Trametes v..."

== Introduction and Classification ==
[[File:Turkey-tail-pores-1024x768.jpg|right|200px|caption]]
Commonly known as Turkey tail fungus and scientifically known as ''Trametes versicolor'' (or ''Coriolus versicolor''), this fungus is used medicinally and is said to have numerous health benefits. Turkey tail is a [[saprobic]], or saprophytic fungus. This means it feeds on decaying wood and helps convert dead wood into consumable material for other [[organisms]], and breaks down wood into mulch and then [[soil]].

<u>Classification</u>
====== Kingdom - Fungi ======
====== Division - Basidomycota ======
====== Class - Hymenomycetes ======
====== Family - Polyporaceae ======
====== Order - Aphyllophorales ======
====== Genus - Trametes ======

== Appearance and Habitat ==
Turkey tail gets its name due to its resemblance to the tail of a turkey. The fan-shaped colorful strips are similar to the tail feathers of a male turkey. Stripes of orange, green blue, reddish-brown and white cover the velvety upper surface. It is fairly thin and pliable which is unusual for other fungi of its genus, and the cups can grow to widths of 4 inches. The mushrooms often grow together in shelf-like layers and form clusters. Turkey tail is one of the most common fungi in North American forests. In the United States, it has been identified in almost all 50 states. It resides on hardwood logs and conifer trees. It prefers shady wet areas in temperate forests and may be found across Asia and Europe as well. In our backyard, it can be spotted in Letchworth Woods on UB’s North Campus. Turkey tail does not have a stalk, but rather the cup attaches to the tree or log it inhabits. Small hairs cover the dark stripes and this differentiates the turkey tail from other fungi. Regarding texture, turkey tail is rough and leathery. Belonging to the polypore family, it has microscopic pores rather than gills which differentiates it from other fungi. Pores hold the spores that the fungus uses in reproduction, functioning similarly to gills.
[[File:Figure-6-tt.jpg|right|300px|caption]]

== Life Cycle ==
Turkey tail’s life cycle begins when wind blows haploid spores away from the pores. When they land in ideal conditions near other spores, they will grow into a germling. If grown together, during the plasmogamy life cycle stage, the two fungi will mesh their hyphae and mix cell content. Cells in the original germlings will contain different unfused nuclei, and the fungus stays in a dikaryotic state for the majority of its life. As time progresses, the conk of the polypore fungus, which is the fruiting body, will develop. The pore surface is located on the underside of the conk and covered with basidia. The basidia cells enable fusion of the nuclei in the dikaryotic cells, meiosis and the development of spores. Spores produced by basidia are known as basidiospores, and once they exit the basidia they may be carried by the wind to restart the cycle. The nature of their thick bodies allow them to survive through the winter, and can be seen growing on fallen logs in Mid April. The tough thick layer also prevents them from freezing though the winter.
[[File:Life cycle.jpg|right|200px|]]

== Ecological Function ==
Turkey tail supports forests by breaking down dead wood, recycling nutrients back to the soil and allowing space for new growth. It is a type of white rot fungi which means it possesses the [[properties]] to break down [[lignin]] in wood and degrade the cell wall components. The turkey tail’s observable soft and stringy white appearance is the result of lignin [[decomposition]]. White rot fungus can is found widely in hardwood forests with birch and aspen trees as well as degrade softwood like spruce and pine. Turkey tail is among the white rot fungi studied because of its ability to treat different types of lignocellulosic waste as a natural treatment rather than using thermal or chemical processes. The tough lignin in tree cell walls can only be broken down by fungi. Remaining trees, young stands and seedlings depend on nutrients in dead trees to survive and grow, and turkey tail helps decay, and thereby break down wood. Consequently, nutrients are supplied and reabsorbed by the released compounds. Another ecological service turkey tail provides is removing pollutants from wastewater and remediation of contaminated soils.
[[File:Mushroom life cycle.png|right|300px|]]

== Ability to Degrade Dyes ==
''Trametes versicolor'', or Turkey Tail Fungus, has demonstrated success at degrading dyes and color from manufacturing and industry waste. Around 10,000 various dyes and pigments are produced globally each year from printing, textile, pharmaceuticals, toy and food manufacturing. Through processing methods, large amounts of dyes are lost and enter wastewater streams. Azo dyes are the most commonly used and are resistant to aerobic biodegradation processes. Once present in water systems, they are difficult to break down.
Studies have shown that among other white-rot fungi, Trametes versicolor can break down compounds like lignin, xenobiotics (chemicals that are not normally produced by an organism or known to be associated with it) and dyes using nonspecific extracellular ligninolytic enzyme system.
[[File:042921-ber-fungi.jpg|thumb|300px]]

== Use in Medicine ==
Turkey tail has been used in traditional medicine in China and Japan for general health benefits and boosting immunity. However, perceptions surrounding its effectiveness vary and studies are still ongoing. Its unique active compound, Polysaccharide K (PSK), is converted to capsule form for medication and has been prescribed in lung cancer patients in Japan since the 1970’s. Recently, studies have investigated its effectiveness in treating breast and prostate cancer. The US Food and Drug Administration has not approved the use of turkey tail or the compound PSK as treatment for cancer or general ailments. In the United States, it has also not been approved as a dietary supplement nor been declared safe or effective. However, the USFDA did approve it for a clinical trial in 2012 on prostate cancer patients on chemotherapy. No definitive results have been found regarding evidence of its effectiveness against various types of cancer.
Turkey tail is also consumed as a tincture, tea or eaten. To create a tincture, simply cut pieces of the mushroom and place it in 40-50% alcohol for two weeks and then strain the liquid. To make tea, slowly boil the mushroom for 90 minutes. The hot water works to break down chitin, which makes up the structure of the mushroom and is too tough for humans to plainly digest. Some add turkey tail into slow cooked meals like strews and roasts.

== Works Cited ==
*Lisa Turner. “Super Mushrooms.” Better Nutrition, vol. 82, no. 3, Active Interest Media, 2020, pp. 22–23.

*Braesel, Jana, et al. “Biochemical and Genetic Basis of Orsellinic Acid Biosynthesis and Prenylation in a Stereaceous Basidiomycete.” Fungal Genetics and Biology, vol. 98, Elsevier Inc, 2017, pp. 12–19, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fgb.2016.11.007.

*Hodgkins, Fran. “Turkey Tail Mushroom.” The Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine: T-Z, Organizations, Glossary, Index, 2020, pp. 2700–02.

*https://www.macalester.edu/ordway/biodiversity/inventory/turkeytailfungus/#:~:text=The%20Turkey%20Tail%20fungus%20is,conifers%20in%20the%20United%20States.

*https://www.energy.gov/science/ber/articles/hungry-fungi-white-rot-fungi-eat-all-components-wood-they-decompose

File:Life cycle.jpg

2022-05-10T19:26:06Z

Teresama:

File:042921-ber-fungi.jpg

2022-05-10T19:18:57Z

Teresama:

File:Turkey-tail-pores-1024x768.jpg

2022-05-10T18:51:32Z

Teresama: turkey tail

== Summary ==
turkey tail

File:Mushroom life cycle .png

2022-05-10T18:50:36Z

Teresama: mushroom life cycle

== Summary ==
mushroom life cycle

File:Figure-6-tt.jpg

2022-05-10T18:26:13Z

Teresama: Types of turkey tail

== Summary ==
Types of turkey tail

Talk:Soil Ecology

2022-05-09T20:55:38Z

Teresama: Created page with "b"

User:Teresama

2022-04-22T02:25:17Z

Teresama: Created page with "Soil Spotlight: Phragmites australis Profile: Phragmites australis, commonly known as “phragmites” is an abundant perennial wetland grass in the Grass family (Poaceae). T..."

Soil Spotlight: Phragmites australis
Profile: Phragmites australis, commonly known as “phragmites” is an abundant perennial wetland grass in the Grass family (Poaceae). They can grow up to 20 feet tall and have a vast rhizome network belowground.
Habitat and range: Phragmites originated from Europe, and has a worldwide distribution, now including the United States. They are listed as invasive in CO, CT, DC, DE, GA, IN, KY, MD, MI, NC, NH, NJ, NY, OH, PA, TN, VA, VT, and WI.

They prefer sunny wetland areas and are found in elevated areas of brackish and freshwater, as they cannot survive in permanently standing water and must rely on the seasonal flooding of high water tables and fluctuation of water levels. This includes marshes, along riverbanks, swales, oxbow lakes, lakeshores, backwater areas of rivers and streams, springs and pond margins. They thrive in disturbed areas with soil that is highly acidic or polluted. Subsequently, you can spot them growing in large amounts along highways, road sides, drainage ditches, dredged areas and disturbed plant communities. They will also encroach on healthy plant communities, which is why they are so destructive.
Behavior and life cycle: Phragmites spread by aggressively colonizing disturbed soils and forming monocultures in the space it grows in. It can establish itself by spreading seeds or rhizome segments. They compete with other plants such as wild rice, cattails, and native wetland orchids, and do so by growing densely which blocks out light for surrounding plants. Belowground, the vast rhizome network leaves little space for other plants’ roots. The

The growth period of shoot emergence begins around April and lasts until June. Here, shoots grow from buds of existing stems, stolons and rhizomes. From July to August, flowering occurs and they remain green until frost in the fall. They will begin to pale in color and become brittle. The stems endure throughout the winter until new growth begins in the spring.

Methods of control:
Chemical: The herbicide glyphosate is utilized to control the spread.

Control burns are glyphosate has been applied as part of the chemical control method. The fire helps remove the previous year’s growth. This then allows managers to assess how effective the herbicide is and if there is remaining vegetation that requires spot treatment herbicide.

Biological: Goats are sometimes used to forage on phragmites, but this method isn’t widely used.
Physical: This method requires cutting the reed and digging up the rhizomes, or frequently mowing the area. Success rates are not high because phragmites can be reestablished from seeds or other existing rhizomes. It is also difficult to cover large areas at a time using this method.

Naked amoebae

2022-03-23T18:57:40Z

Teresama: /* Reproduction */

[[File: NakedAmoeba.jpg|380px|thumb|right| Figure 1- Naked labose amoeba. Photo showing the polymorphic trait of naked amoeba"]]
=='''Overview'''==
A Naked [[Amoeba]] is a taxonomic classification of [[soil protozoa]] found in a variety of agricultural, grassland, and forested soils. These are the simplest and most voracious of all the [[soil]] [[protozoa]] and the most dominant in numbers, including a variety of species. [[Naked Amoeba]], as well as other [[protozoans]], exploit tiny microhabitats that are unavailable to other larger [[soil organisms]], such as "[[Nematodes]]". Like other soil protozoa, they promote soil [[decomposition]] by enhancing bacterial metabolism, consuming excess bacteria, and excreting simple compounds utilized by plants. 

=='''Habitat'''==
[[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] make up a large portion of [[soil organisms| microfauna]] in a variety of soil habitats. The reason for their higher populations in soil is most likely due to the fact that their sliding motion on surfaces enable them to feed on the soil particles, where most of the bacteria grow, and their highly flexible cells are well adapted for grazing activities within the thin water films surrounding the soil particles [4]. They are also members of aquatic freshwater and coastal marine environments, sometime founds in decaying vegetation from streams. Amoebae may also be found in treatment plant recovery from toxic discharge to a treatment plant, areas with low dissolved oxygen levels and waste waste environments. There is still little known about their role in aquatic ecosystems and they are not highly abundant in nature.

Also due to their shape and size, they are easily able to reach very small cavities or pores in the soil aggregates and feed on bacteria that would otherwise be inaccessible to predators [5]. 
It is common for this variety of soil protozoa to be found in the [[rhizosphere]] due to the abundance of bacterial flora surrounding the plant root zones.

To collect amoebae, place a jar upside down so that is it is hovering above the sediment surface. Let air escape so the top layer enters the jar, but try to avoid deeper sediment from entering. If no amoebae are present, add rice grains into the jar and let them rot so the bacteria eating the rice will then be consumed by the amoebae.

=='''Movement & Anatomy'''==
[[File: Protists.png|350x350px|thumb|left|Figure 2- adapted from Figure 4.5 - "Morphology of four types of soil protozoa: (a) flagellate (Bodo); (b) naked amoeba (Naegleria); (c) testacean (Hyalosphenia); (d) ciliate (Oxytricha) [6]."]]
Differing from [[testacean| Testate Amoeba]], which have a hard shell, [[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] do not.
Amoebae are polymorphic; a single cell can adopt very different shapes, especially when it is stationary or moves in a non-coordinated manner, often changing the direction of locomotion. They move and feed through the use of [[pseudopods]], which are bulges of cytoplasm formed by the coordinated action of actin microfilaments pushing out the plasma membrane that surrounds the cell.
Movement of protists varies greatly amongst species, however it generally involves the polymerization of cytoskeletal proteins (actin and myosin) at the leading edge of the pseudopod, followed by the flow of cytoplasmic material into the vacancy produced through the polymerization process. The flow of cytoplasm provides the momentum necessary to propel the organism [7].

=='''Dietary Processes'''==
[[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] are [[phagotrophic]], meaning they engulf the entirety of the organism in order to digest it. Phagocytosis involves the process of the amoeba extending its pseudopods and then creating a vacuole of the food within its cytoplasm, which it then digests using enzymes before releasing the processed material into the surrounding environment.
[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Figure 3- a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]
They can consume a variety of food sources, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and other fine particulate matter in soils. A majority of bacteria consumed in soil is conducted by [[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]], as they are the most abundant and most efficient at [[decomposing]] bacteria [5].

=='''Reproduction'''==
These [[organisms]] reproduce asexually via binary fission (mitosis), the splitting of one cell into two genetically identical daughter cells. They also reproduce via syngamy, which is the fusion of two cells. 


=='''References'''==
{{reflist}}
[1] Coleman, D.J., Callaham, M. A., Jr., Crossley, D.A.. November 2017. 'The Fundamentals of Soil [[Ecology]]'. Third Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.

[2] Singleton, Paul. 2006. 'Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology'. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. https://archive.org/details/dictionarymicrob00sing_558

[3] Bamforth, S.S. 1980. 'Terrestrial protozoa'. J. Protozool. 27, 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04227.

[4] Clarholm, Marianne . 1981. 'Protozoan Grazing of Bacteria in Soil--lmpact and Importance'. Microbial Ecology.7, p. 343-350.

[5] Foster, R.C., Domar, J.F.. 1991. 'Bacteria-grazing amoeba in situ in the rhizosphere'. Biol. Fertil. Soils 11, p.83-87.

[6] Louiser, J.D., Bamforth, S.S.. 1990. 'Soil Protozoa'. Soil Biology Guide. Wiley, New York, p. 97-136.

Naked amoebae

2022-03-23T18:47:05Z

Teresama: /* Habitat */

[[File: NakedAmoeba.jpg|380px|thumb|right| Figure 1- Naked labose amoeba. Photo showing the polymorphic trait of naked amoeba"]]
=='''Overview'''==
A Naked [[Amoeba]] is a taxonomic classification of [[soil protozoa]] found in a variety of agricultural, grassland, and forested soils. These are the simplest and most voracious of all the [[soil]] [[protozoa]] and the most dominant in numbers, including a variety of species. [[Naked Amoeba]], as well as other [[protozoans]], exploit tiny microhabitats that are unavailable to other larger [[soil organisms]], such as "[[Nematodes]]". Like other soil protozoa, they promote soil [[decomposition]] by enhancing bacterial metabolism, consuming excess bacteria, and excreting simple compounds utilized by plants. 

=='''Habitat'''==
[[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] make up a large portion of [[soil organisms| microfauna]] in a variety of soil habitats. The reason for their higher populations in soil is most likely due to the fact that their sliding motion on surfaces enable them to feed on the soil particles, where most of the bacteria grow, and their highly flexible cells are well adapted for grazing activities within the thin water films surrounding the soil particles [4]. They are also members of aquatic freshwater and coastal marine environments, sometime founds in decaying vegetation from streams. Amoebae may also be found in treatment plant recovery from toxic discharge to a treatment plant, areas with low dissolved oxygen levels and waste waste environments. There is still little known about their role in aquatic ecosystems and they are not highly abundant in nature.

Also due to their shape and size, they are easily able to reach very small cavities or pores in the soil aggregates and feed on bacteria that would otherwise be inaccessible to predators [5]. 
It is common for this variety of soil protozoa to be found in the [[rhizosphere]] due to the abundance of bacterial flora surrounding the plant root zones.

To collect amoebae, place a jar upside down so that is it is hovering above the sediment surface. Let air escape so the top layer enters the jar, but try to avoid deeper sediment from entering. If no amoebae are present, add rice grains into the jar and let them rot so the bacteria eating the rice will then be consumed by the amoebae.

=='''Movement & Anatomy'''==
[[File: Protists.png|350x350px|thumb|left|Figure 2- adapted from Figure 4.5 - "Morphology of four types of soil protozoa: (a) flagellate (Bodo); (b) naked amoeba (Naegleria); (c) testacean (Hyalosphenia); (d) ciliate (Oxytricha) [6]."]]
Differing from [[testacean| Testate Amoeba]], which have a hard shell, [[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] do not.
Amoebae are polymorphic; a single cell can adopt very different shapes, especially when it is stationary or moves in a non-coordinated manner, often changing the direction of locomotion. They move and feed through the use of [[pseudopods]], which are bulges of cytoplasm formed by the coordinated action of actin microfilaments pushing out the plasma membrane that surrounds the cell.
Movement of protists varies greatly amongst species, however it generally involves the polymerization of cytoskeletal proteins (actin and myosin) at the leading edge of the pseudopod, followed by the flow of cytoplasmic material into the vacancy produced through the polymerization process. The flow of cytoplasm provides the momentum necessary to propel the organism [7].

=='''Dietary Processes'''==
[[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] are [[phagotrophic]], meaning they engulf the entirety of the organism in order to digest it. Phagocytosis involves the process of the amoeba extending its pseudopods and then creating a vacuole of the food within its cytoplasm, which it then digests using enzymes before releasing the processed material into the surrounding environment.
[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Figure 3- a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]
They can consume a variety of food sources, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and other fine particulate matter in soils. A majority of bacteria consumed in soil is conducted by [[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]], as they are the most abundant and most efficient at [[decomposing]] bacteria [5].

=='''Reproduction'''==
These [[organisms]] reproduce asexually via fission, the splitting of one cell, or via syngamy, which is the fusion of two cells. 

=='''References'''==
{{reflist}}
[1] Coleman, D.J., Callaham, M. A., Jr., Crossley, D.A.. November 2017. 'The Fundamentals of Soil [[Ecology]]'. Third Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.

[2] Singleton, Paul. 2006. 'Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology'. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. https://archive.org/details/dictionarymicrob00sing_558

[3] Bamforth, S.S. 1980. 'Terrestrial protozoa'. J. Protozool. 27, 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04227.

[4] Clarholm, Marianne . 1981. 'Protozoan Grazing of Bacteria in Soil--lmpact and Importance'. Microbial Ecology.7, p. 343-350.

[5] Foster, R.C., Domar, J.F.. 1991. 'Bacteria-grazing amoeba in situ in the rhizosphere'. Biol. Fertil. Soils 11, p.83-87.

[6] Louiser, J.D., Bamforth, S.S.. 1990. 'Soil Protozoa'. Soil Biology Guide. Wiley, New York, p. 97-136.

Naked amoebae

2022-03-23T18:37:31Z

Teresama: /* Habitat */

[[File: NakedAmoeba.jpg|380px|thumb|right| Figure 1- Naked labose amoeba. Photo showing the polymorphic trait of naked amoeba"]]
=='''Overview'''==
A Naked [[Amoeba]] is a taxonomic classification of [[soil protozoa]] found in a variety of agricultural, grassland, and forested soils. These are the simplest and most voracious of all the [[soil]] [[protozoa]] and the most dominant in numbers, including a variety of species. [[Naked Amoeba]], as well as other [[protozoans]], exploit tiny microhabitats that are unavailable to other larger [[soil organisms]], such as "[[Nematodes]]". Like other soil protozoa, they promote soil [[decomposition]] by enhancing bacterial metabolism, consuming excess bacteria, and excreting simple compounds utilized by plants. 

=='''Habitat'''==
[[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] make up a large portion of [[soil organisms| microfauna]] in a variety of soil habitats. The reason for their higher populations in soil is most likely due to the fact that their sliding motion on surfaces enable them to feed on the soil particles, where most of the bacteria grow, and their highly flexible cells are well adapted for grazing activities within the thin water films surrounding the soil particles [4]. They are also members of aquatic freshwater and coastal marine environments. There is still little known about their role in aquatic ecosystems.

Also due to their shape and size, they are easily able to reach very small cavities or pores in the soil aggregates and feed on bacteria that would otherwise be inaccessible to predators [5]. 
It is common for this variety of soil protozoa to be found in the [[rhizosphere]] due to the abundance of bacterial flora surrounding the plant root zones.

=='''Movement & Anatomy'''==
[[File: Protists.png|350x350px|thumb|left|Figure 2- adapted from Figure 4.5 - "Morphology of four types of soil protozoa: (a) flagellate (Bodo); (b) naked amoeba (Naegleria); (c) testacean (Hyalosphenia); (d) ciliate (Oxytricha) [6]."]]
Differing from [[testacean| Testate Amoeba]], which have a hard shell, [[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] do not.
Amoebae are polymorphic; a single cell can adopt very different shapes, especially when it is stationary or moves in a non-coordinated manner, often changing the direction of locomotion. They move and feed through the use of [[pseudopods]], which are bulges of cytoplasm formed by the coordinated action of actin microfilaments pushing out the plasma membrane that surrounds the cell.
Movement of protists varies greatly amongst species, however it generally involves the polymerization of cytoskeletal proteins (actin and myosin) at the leading edge of the pseudopod, followed by the flow of cytoplasmic material into the vacancy produced through the polymerization process. The flow of cytoplasm provides the momentum necessary to propel the organism [7].

=='''Dietary Processes'''==
[[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]] are [[phagotrophic]], meaning they engulf the entirety of the organism in order to digest it. Phagocytosis involves the process of the amoeba extending its pseudopods and then creating a vacuole of the food within its cytoplasm, which it then digests using enzymes before releasing the processed material into the surrounding environment.
[[File:Naked_amoeba.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Figure 3- a naked amoeba engulfing its prey (phagocytosis)]]
They can consume a variety of food sources, such as bacteria, fungi, algae, and other fine particulate matter in soils. A majority of bacteria consumed in soil is conducted by [[Naked amoeba|Naked Amoeba]], as they are the most abundant and most efficient at [[decomposing]] bacteria [5].

=='''Reproduction'''==
These [[organisms]] reproduce asexually via fission, the splitting of one cell, or via syngamy, which is the fusion of two cells. 

=='''References'''==
{{reflist}}
[1] Coleman, D.J., Callaham, M. A., Jr., Crossley, D.A.. November 2017. 'The Fundamentals of Soil [[Ecology]]'. Third Edition. Elsevier Academic Press.

[2] Singleton, Paul. 2006. 'Dictionary of Microbiology and Molecular Biology'. 3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons. https://archive.org/details/dictionarymicrob00sing_558

[3] Bamforth, S.S. 1980. 'Terrestrial protozoa'. J. Protozool. 27, 33–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1550-7408.1980.tb04227.

[4] Clarholm, Marianne . 1981. 'Protozoan Grazing of Bacteria in Soil--lmpact and Importance'. Microbial Ecology.7, p. 343-350.

[5] Foster, R.C., Domar, J.F.. 1991. 'Bacteria-grazing amoeba in situ in the rhizosphere'. Biol. Fertil. Soils 11, p.83-87.

[6] Louiser, J.D., Bamforth, S.S.. 1990. 'Soil Protozoa'. Soil Biology Guide. Wiley, New York, p. 97-136.

"Arthropoda"

2022-03-23T18:25:19Z

Teresama:

http://soil.geology.buffalo.edu/index.php/Soil_organisms

"Arthropoda"

2022-03-11T21:21:59Z

Teresama:

http://soil.geology.buffalo.edu/index.php/Soil_organisms
Tessie