2019-04-23T16:20:03Z

Seperreg:

=Overview=
[[File:Mosstree.jpg|right|[8]|thumb]]
:Moss is a group of plants that belong to the group Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Moss can be found in any wet envrinment because they rely heavily on water to grow, and reproduce. Rainforests and wetlands are great environments to find moss. They also love the shade, which is why they are found under rocks and at the forest floor. Moss is extremely resilient and can tolerant many toxins, which is why it can also be found in urban areas, growing in cracks in the sidewalk or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for invertebrates, it filters toxins out of water, and protects the ground from erosion.

=Structure=
[[File:mossstructure.png|left|Structure of Moss [2]|thumb]]
:Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that carry out photosynthesis.

=Life Cycle=
[[File:mossssessss.jpg|right|175px|Moss Sex Organs|thumb|]]
:Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an umbrella shaped antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, which is looks like little fingers, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.

=Environmental Role=
:Mosses play an important part in stabilizing soil, and reducing erosion. Their rhiziods grip the ground and can hold on to clay, gravel, and sandy substrates. Moss is very tough, and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater. Undesirable elements like mercury, iron, and lead are filtered our through moss, which means that moss can be used to restore land that has been abandoned due to bad soil conditions. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants picked up in run off, like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to retain a lot of water, which means it creates humid environments, where other plants can flourish more easily. It also aids in the decomposition of organic material, such as fallen trees.
:In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-hebivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer.

=References=
:[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].
:[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].
:[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].
:[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].
:[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].
:[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].
:[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].
:[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].
:[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].

Moss

2019-04-23T16:19:23Z

Seperreg:

=Overview=
[[File:Mosstree.jpg|right|[8]|thumb]]
:Moss is a group of plants that belong to the group Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Moss can be found in any wet envrinment because they rely heavily on water to grow, and reproduce. Rainforests and wetlands are great environments to find moss. They also love the shade, which is why they are found under rocks and at the forest floor. Moss is extremely resilient and can tolerant many toxins, which is why it can also be found in urban areas, growing in cracks in the sidewalk or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for invertebrates, it filters toxins out of water, and protects the ground from erosion.

=Structure=
[[File:mossstructure.png|left|Structure of Moss [2]|thumb]]
:Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that carry out photosynthesis.

=Life Cycle=
[[File:mossssessss.jpg|right|175px|Moss Sex Organs|thumb|]]
:Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an umbrella shaped antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, which is looks like little fingers, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.

=Environmental Role=
:Mosses play an important part in stabilizing soil, and reducing erosion. Their rhiziods grip the ground and can hold on to clay, gravel, and sandy substrates. Moss is very tough, and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater. Undesirable elements like mercury, iron, and lead are filtered our through moss, which means that moss can be used to restore land that has been abandoned due to bad soil conditions. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants picked up in run off, like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to retain a lot of water, which means it creates humid environments, where other plants can flourish more easily. It also aids in the decomposition of organic material, such as fallen trees.
:In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-hebivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer.

=References=
:[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].
:[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].
:[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].
:[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].
:[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-
female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants.
:[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].
:[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].
:[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].
:[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].

Seperreg:

=Overview=
[[File:Rhizosphere.jpg|left|150px|[9]|thumb]]
:The rhizosphere is the portion of soil surrounding the roots of plants, and it is a hot spot for life. It is influenced by chemicals secreted by plants through their roots, called '''''root exudation''''''. Different plants secrete different things, so the environment is very unqiue to the local vegetation. Exudates can even alter the pH of the rhizosphere. The uniqueness of the rhizosphere from place to place and plant to plant explain the different types [microorganisms] that inhabit it. [[File:Roots.jpg|right|[5]|thumb]]
Depending on the type of plant, the rhizosphere can extend 2-80 mm away from the roots. In the vicinity of roots, the soil is significantly wetter, and the high moisture levels protect plants from drying out and contribute to the dense population of [microorganisms]. '''''Rhizodeposition''''' is considered all the material lost from plant roots into the rhizosphere. This includes water soluble exudates, dead roots and root hairs, and gases, like carbon dioxide.

=Root Exudation=
[[File:rootexudate.jpg|right|175px|Root Exudation [2]|thumb]]
:Root exudation is the process of chemical excretion from the roots of plants as a means of interaction with the other organisms in soil. Amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, and vitamins are all examples of exudates. In order for a plant to survive and thrive, it must have the ability to detect and perceive changes in the local environment. It is also one of the most important factors affecting microbial life and growth. ''Root to root'' and ''root to microbe'' commmunication are two types of interactions that occur in the rhizosphere due to root exudation.
::*'''''Root to Root''''' interaction includes the growth and development of other plants nearby. The chemical messages sent out in root exudation are signals to prevent invading roots.
::*'''''Root to microbe''''' interaction can be used in both positive and negative situations. ''Positive'' communication is used in order to attract [mycorrhizal] fungi colonization on the root as well as nitrogen fixing bacteria. To create nodulation of fungi on their roots, the plants secrete flavonoids that attract the organisms. ''Negative'' communication is used when plants need to defend themselves from parasitic [microorganisms] and pathogenic bacteria. In these cases, defense proteins are secreted and continuously attack pathogens.

=Habitat for Critters=
[[File:mycorrhizal.jpg|left|190px|Mycorrhizal Fungi [3]|thumb]]
:The rhizosphere supports a diverse and densely populated microbial community. The rhizosphere can vary greatly because different plants give off different signals in root exudation. This variance affects which [microorganisms] inhabit it.
:
:Even though plants produce their own food through photsynthesis, they have trouble obtaining and absorbing essential nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. [Mycorrhizal] fungi can easily obtain these nutrients, and since they live on plant roots, the plants can gain them as well. The fungi get carbohydrates from the plants that they use for energy, so the relationship between them is symbiotic.

=References=
:[1] Bishnoi, Usha. “Plant Microbe Interactions.” Advances in Botanical Research, 2015, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].
:[2] Baetz, Ulrike, and Enrico Martinoia. “Root Exudates: The Hidden Part of Plant Defense.” Science Direct, Feb. 2014, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138513002598]].
:[3] Chadwick, Douglas H. “Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Amazing Underground Secret to a Better Garden.” Mother Earth News, 2014, [[https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/gardening-techniques/mycorrhizal-fungi-zm0z14aszkin]].
:[4] Cheng, Weixin, and Alexander Gershenson. “Carbon Fluxes in the Rhizosphere.” The Rhizosphere, 2007, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].
:[5] “Crop Gene Discovery Gets to the Root of Food Security.” Phys.org, 4 Dec. 2017, [[https://phys.org/news/2017-12-crop-gene-discovery-root-food.html]].
:[6] Lines-Kelly, Rebecca. “The Rhizosphere.” Soil Biology Basics, [[https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/42259/Rhizosphere.pdf]].
:[7] Koo, B-J, and CD Barton. “Root Exudates and Microorganisms.” Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123485304004616]].
:[8] Pace, Matthew. “Hidden Partners: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plants.” The New York Botanical Garden, [[https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/mycorrhizae.asp.html]].
:[9] Schley, Lacy. “That Word You Heard: Rhizosphere.” Discover, 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://discovermagazine.com/2019/mar/that-word-you-heard-rhizosphere]].
:[10] Walker, Travis S., et al. “Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology.” Plant Physiology, [[https://www.plantphysiol.org/content/132/1/44]].

Rhizosphere

2019-04-16T22:13:59Z

Seperreg:

=Overview=
[[File:Rhizosphere.jpg|left|150px|[9]|thumb]]
:The rhizosphere is the portion of soil surrounding the roots of plants, and it is a hot spot for life. It is influenced by chemicals secreted by plants through their roots, called '''''root exudation''''''. Different plants secrete different things, so the environment is very unqiue to the local vegetation. Exudates can even alter the pH of the rhizosphere. [[File:Roots.jpg|right|[5]|thumb]] The uniqueness of the rhizosphere from place to place and plant to plant explain the different types [microorganisms] that inhabit it.
Depending on the type of plant, the rhizosphere can extend 2-80 mm away from the roots. In the vicinity of roots, the soil is significantly wetter, and the high moisture levels protect plants from drying out and contribute to the dense population of [microorganisms]. '''''Rhizodeposition''''' is considered all the material lost from plant roots into the rhizosphere. This includes water soluble exudates, dead roots and root hairs, and gases, like carbon dioxide.

=Root Exudation=
[[File:rootexudate.jpg|right|175px|Root Exudation [2]|thumb]]
:Root exudation is the process of chemical excretion from the roots of plants as a means of interaction with the other organisms in soil. Amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, and vitamins are all examples of exudates. In order for a plant to survive and thrive, it must have the ability to detect and perceive changes in the local environment. It is also one of the most important factors affecting microbial life and growth. ''Root to root'' and ''root to microbe'' commmunication are two types of interactions that occur in the rhizosphere due to root exudation.
::*'''''Root to Root''''' interaction includes the growth and development of other plants nearby. The chemical messages sent out in root exudation are signals to prevent invading roots.
::*'''''Root to microbe''''' interaction can be used in both positive and negative situations. ''Positive'' communication is used in order to attract [mycorrhizal] fungi colonization on the root as well as nitrogen fixing bacteria. To create nodulation of fungi on their roots, the plants secrete flavonoids that attract the organisms. ''Negative'' communication is used when plants need to defend themselves from parasitic [microorganisms] and pathogenic bacteria. In these cases, defense proteins are secreted and continuously attack pathogens.

=Habitat for Critters=
[[File:mycorrhizal.jpg|left|190px|Mycorrhizal Fungi [3]|thumb]]
:The rhizosphere supports a diverse and densely populated microbial community. The rhizosphere can vary greatly because different plants give off different signals in root exudation. This variance affects which [microorganisms] inhabit it.
:
:Even though plants produce their own food through photsynthesis, they have trouble obtaining and absorbing essential nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. [Mycorrhizal] fungi can easily obtain these nutrients, and since they live on plant roots, the plants can gain them as well. The fungi get carbohydrates from the plants that they use for energy, so the relationship between them is symbiotic.

=References=
:[1] Bishnoi, Usha. “Plant Microbe Interactions.” Advances in Botanical Research, 2015, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].
:[2] Baetz, Ulrike, and Enrico Martinoia. “Root Exudates: The Hidden Part of Plant Defense.” Science Direct, Feb. 2014, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138513002598]].
:[3] Chadwick, Douglas H. “Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Amazing Underground Secret to a Better Garden.” Mother Earth News, 2014, [[https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/gardening-techniques/mycorrhizal-fungi-zm0z14aszkin]].
:[4] Cheng, Weixin, and Alexander Gershenson. “Carbon Fluxes in the Rhizosphere.” The Rhizosphere, 2007, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].
:[5] “Crop Gene Discovery Gets to the Root of Food Security.” Phys.org, 4 Dec. 2017, [[https://phys.org/news/2017-12-crop-gene-discovery-root-food.html]].
:[6] Lines-Kelly, Rebecca. “The Rhizosphere.” Soil Biology Basics, [[https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/42259/Rhizosphere.pdf]].
:[7] Koo, B-J, and CD Barton. “Root Exudates and Microorganisms.” Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123485304004616]].
:[8] Pace, Matthew. “Hidden Partners: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plants.” The New York Botanical Garden, [[https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/mycorrhizae.asp.html]].
:[9] Schley, Lacy. “That Word You Heard: Rhizosphere.” Discover, 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://discovermagazine.com/2019/mar/that-word-you-heard-rhizosphere]].
:[10] Walker, Travis S., et al. “Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology.” Plant Physiology, [[https://www.plantphysiol.org/content/132/1/44]].