https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Scdejoy 2026-04-08T22:32:02Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4717 2019-05-08T03:48:04Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria. [1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for [[microorganisms]] living in the [[soil]]. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.<br /> [[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]<br /> <br /> [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates. [7] These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive [[soil]]. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability. [6] Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake. [4] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4.) [10] If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture. [4] Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4716 2019-05-08T03:46:45Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for [[microorganisms]] living in the [[soil]]. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.<br /> [[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]<br /> <br /> [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates. [7] These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive [[soil]]. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability. [6] Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake. [4] The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4.) [10] If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture. [4] Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4715 2019-05-08T03:41:37Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for [[microorganisms]] living in the [[soil]]. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.<br /> [[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]<br /> <br /> [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive [[soil]]. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10]. If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4713 2019-05-08T03:33:28Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the [[Annelids]] phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the '''epegeic''', depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Epegeic Earthworms''' are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other '''epegeic''' migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|''Dendrobaena octaedra'' [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|''Eiseniella tetraedra''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|''Eudrilus eugeniae''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|''Lumbricus castaneus'' [7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Dendrobaena octaedra''''' ====<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is a small (2-4 cm) '''epegeic''' with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eudrilus eugeniae''''' ====<br /> ''Eudrilus eugeniae'' is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – ''Eisenia foetida'' and ''Perionyx excavatus'' are also able to speed up the [[decomposition]] process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Lumbricus castaneus''''' ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The ''Castaneus'' is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eiseniella tetraedra''''' ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, '''epigeic''' species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their [[humus]] consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralization of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer [[microorganisms]] and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of [[decomposition]] of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by ''Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus'' and ''Populus'' trees.[3] '''Epigeics''' physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogeneous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertebrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have a limited impact on the mineral structure of the soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effects on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4712 2019-05-08T03:32:23Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the [[Annelids]] phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the '''epegeic''', depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Epegeic Earthworms''' are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other '''epegeic''' migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|''Dendrobaena octaedra'' [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|''Eiseniella tetraedra''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|''Eudrilus eugeniae''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|''Lumbricus castaneus'' [7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Dendrobaena octaedra''''' ====<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is a small (2-4 cm) '''epegeic''' with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eudrilus eugeniae''''' ====<br /> ''Eudrilus eugeniae'' is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – ''Eisenia foetida'' and ''Perionyx excavatus'' are also able to speed up the [[decomposition]] process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Lumbricus castaneus''''' ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The ''Castaneus'' is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eiseniella tetraedra''''' ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, '''epigeic''' species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their [[humus]] consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralization of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer [[microorganisms]] and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of [[decomposition]] of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by ''Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus'' and ''Populus'' trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogeneous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertebrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have a limited impact on the mineral structure of the soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effects on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4710 2019-05-08T03:27:46Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the [[Annelids]] phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. '''Epegeic''' earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn '''epigeic''' during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other '''epegeic''' migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|''Dendrobaena octaedra'' [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|''Eiseniella tetraedra''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|''Eudrilus eugeniae''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|''Lumbricus castaneus'' [7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Dendrobaena octaedra''''' ====<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is a small (2-4 cm) '''epegeic''' with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eudrilus eugeniae''''' ====<br /> ''Eudrilus eugeniae'' is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – ''Eisenia foetida'' and ''Perionyx excavatus'' are also able to speed up the [[decomposition]] process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Lumbricus castaneus''''' ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The ''Castaneus'' is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eiseniella tetraedra''''' ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, '''epigeic''' species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their [[humus]] consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralization of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer [[microorganisms]] and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of [[decomposition]] of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by ''Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus'' and ''Populus'' trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have a limited impact on the mineral structure of the soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effects on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4706 2019-05-08T03:23:55Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the [[Annelids]] phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the '''epegeic''', depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. '''Epegeic''' earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Epegeic''' Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn '''epigeic''' during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other '''epegeic''' migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|''Dendrobaena octaedra'' [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|''Eiseniella tetraedra''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|''Eudrilus eugeniae''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|''Lumbricus castaneus'' [7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Dendrobaena octaedra''''' ====<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is a small (2-4 cm) '''epegeic''' with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eudrilus eugeniae''''' ====<br /> ''Eudrilus eugeniae'' is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – ''Eisenia foetida'' and ''Perionyx excavatus'' are also able to speed up the [[decomposition]] process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Lumbricus castaneus''''' ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The ''Castaneus'' is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eiseniella tetraedra''''' ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their [[humus]] consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralization of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer [[microorganisms]] and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of [[decomposition]] of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by ''Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus'' and ''Populus'' trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have a limited impact on the mineral structure of the soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effects on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4696 2019-05-08T03:16:06Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the [[Annelids]] phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Epegeic''' Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] '''Epegeics''' share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] '''Epegeics''' inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other ''epegeic'' migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|''Dendrobaena octaedra'' [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|''Eiseniella tetraedra''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|''Eudrilus eugeniae''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|''Lumbricus castaneus'' [7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Dendrobaena octaedra''''' ====<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is a small (2-4 cm) '''epegeic''' with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eudrilus eugeniae''''' ====<br /> ''Eudrilus eugeniae'' is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – ''Eisenia foetida'' and ''Perionyx excavatus'' are also able to speed up the [[decomposition]] process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Lumbricus castaneus''''' ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The ''Castaneus'' is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eiseniella tetraedra''''' ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their [[humus]] consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralization of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer [[microorganisms]] and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of [[decomposition]] of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by ''Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus'' and ''Populus'' trees.[3] '''Epigeics''' physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of '''epegeics'''.[1] Although some invasive '''epegeics''' change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have a limited impact on the mineral structure of the soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effects on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Opiliones&diff=4677 2019-05-08T02:56:06Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> == Common Names ==<br /> <br /> '''Opiliones''' are commonly referred to as harvest men, but are also known as daddy long legs, granddaddy long legs, harvest spiders, shepherd spiders, or phalangids.<br /> Opiliones were once scientifically classified as ''phalangida'', which you may see used in older literature. The more common name &quot;daddy long legs&quot; may also be mistakenly used to refer to the unrelated crane fly (''Tipulidae'') and the cellar spider (''Pholcidae'').[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Opiliones&amp;oldid=1016769.]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> Opiliones are delicate, shy forms, and are among the largest of arachnids in woodlands [2].<br /> '''Opiliones''' can be differentiated from spiders by looking closely at what appears to be one body segment, but is actually two fused segments, which is consitent with spiders. Daddy long-legs do not possess silk glands, and can not spin webs. Unlike spiders, harvest men lack venom glands associated with their chelicerae. True of all arachnids, fertilization is by direct contact with female. Males of most taxa possess a penis, which is also referred to as a pene, or an aedagus. [3]<br /> <br /> Harvest men are known for their exceptionally long walking legs compared to body size, although some species do have shorter legs. In more advanced species of harvest men, the first five abdominal segments are often fused into a dorsal shield called the scutum, which is normally fused with the carapace. Sometimes this shield is only present in males.They have a second pair of legs that are longer than the others and work as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.<br /> <br /> Typical body lengths do not exceed 7 millimeters, with some species smaller than one millimeter. The largest species ''Trogulus Torosus'' can reach a length of 22 millimeters. [4] Leg spans are much larger and some species can exceed 160 millimeter. [1]<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> <br /> Opiliones are found globally with the exception of Antarctica.<br /> <br /> Forests, grasslands, wetlands, mountains, caves, chaparral, and even human dwellings make for suitable Opilione habitats.<br /> <br /> Tropical systems hold the most '''Opilione''' species. The neo-tropics and Indo-Malayan are<br /> the most diverse realms with respectively 2691 species (41%) and 1337 species (20%). These two tropical regions are then home to<br /> almost 2/3 of the Opiliones. The third most diverse realm is the pale arctic with 819 species (13%),<br /> mostly because of its sheer size. The African tropics have 745 species (11%). Australasia with 564 species has<br /> 9% and Ne-arctic with 379 species has less than 6%. The total sum of species of all realms is slightly different<br /> from the total Opiliones because a few species are shared between regions. [5]<br /> <br /> == Species ==<br /> There are an estimated 6600 species worldwide that are classified in 4 sub-orders and then divided into 45 families.<br /> === Suborders ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Lani.jpg|200px|left|''Laniatore F. Phalangodidae'' [3] |thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Trogulushirtus,adult,Croatia,Konavle4.300a.JPG|200px|right|''Dyspnoi Trogulushirtus'' [2011 Axel Schönhofer] <br /> |thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Gagrellinae_-_Philippines.jpg|200px|left|''Eupnoi'' Gagrellinae-Phillipines [4]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Cymph.jpg|200px|right|''Cyphophthalmi''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Laniatores ==== <br /> <br /> ''Laniatores'' are by far the largest suborder with &gt;4100 species).[3] These stout, spiny '''Opiliones''' are typically short legged with hard plates, with many reaching large sizes. Most species in this sub-order depend on warm moist habitats. Given that majority of ''Laniatores'' prefer the tropic climate, it is not uncommon to find them in temperate forests as well. [7] <br /> ==== Dyspnoi ==== <br /> The sub-order is divided into 8 families consisting of 340 species. They are temperate old world species that are dull-colored and short-legged. Some species may have odd ocular ornamentation. The small number of species of this sub-order, compared to ''Laniatores'', have a more restricted range and are only found in temperate zones with few exceptions. <br /> ==== Eupnoi ==== <br /> These are the '''Opiliones''' familiar to Europeans and Americans that have earned them the order the name daddy long legs. Their legs are often very thin and long. Several of the tropical species ex. ''Gagrellinae'', may have metallic shines, intricate honeycomb patterns of vascular tissues, and striped/dotted multicolored hues of blue, red, green, yellow.<br /> ==== Cyphophthalmi ==== <br /> These Opiliones are smaller than the ''Euponoi'' members and resemble minute [[Acari]]. ''Cyphophthalmi'' are the least studied sub-order with only 200 species, but this is thought to be a major underestimate. [6] Their small size and wide distribution have contributed to their lack of study. ''Cyphophthalmi'' species can tolerate many climate conditions and are found on all the continents except Antarctica.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Activity &amp; Diet ==<br /> <br /> Species vary from omnivorous to predaceous and eat [[insects]], vegetation and fungi, while some are can be [[coprophagous]]. Most species tend to be nocturnal, although a number of diurnal species have been identified. Some of the predaceous opiliones are also diurnal, but most are known to be crepuscular.[2] <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> Although parthenogenic species do occur, most harvest men reproduce sexually. Mating involves direct copulation. The males of some species offer a secretion from their chelicerae to the female before copulation. Sometimes the male guards the female after sex.<br /> The females lay eggs shortly after mating, or up to months later. Some species build nests for this purpose. A unique feature of some species are that the male is solely responsible for guarding the eggs resulting from multiple partners. Females often attempt to eat the eggs. The eggs can hatch anytime after the first 20 days, up to almost half a year after being laid. Daddy long legs need have about four to eight nymphal stages before reaching maturity, but six is the most common. [4]<br /> <br /> == Noted ==<br /> <br /> Although harvest men are a fascinating group of arachnids, the dramatic increase in environmental disturbances around the world, especially in tropical regions, may have driven many species to extinction even before the formal descriptions by taxonomists. Human activities including pesticide use, forestry operations, air and soil pollution, fire, and even the introduction of domestic animals have a tremendous impact on the habitats they depend on. All the formerly considered endangered were cave dwellers who are particularly sensitive to disturbances of habitat. [4]<br /> Contrary to popular belief daddy-long legs species do not contain the world's most powerful venom or any at all for that matter! [7]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [1] Opiliones. (2018, December 21). New World Encyclopedia, . Retrieved 21:30, April 20, 2019. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Opiliones&amp;oldid=1016769.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, David C., et al. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Academic Press, 2018. {{ISBN 978-0-12-805251-8}}<br /> <br /> [3] Bartlett, Troy. “Order Opiliones - Harvestmen.” Order Opiliones - Harvestmen - BugGuide.Net, 16 Feb. 2004, bugguide.net/node/view/2405#id. <br /> https://bugguide.net/node/view/2405#id<br /> <br /> [4] Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo, et al. Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, 2007.<br /> <br /> [5] Kury, Adriano. (2013). Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. Zootaxa. 3703. 27-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293635734_Order_Opiliones_Sundevall_1833<br /> <br /> [6] Kury, A.B. (2000 onwards) Classification of Opiliones. Museu Nacional/UFRJ website. Online at: http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/opiliones.html<br /> <br /> [7] “Myth: Daddy-Longlegs Would Be Deadly but...” Burke Museum, 8 Apr. 2016, <br /> https://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/myth-daddy-longlegs-would-be-deadly.<br /> <br /> == External Links ==<br /> <br /> '''Opiliones Wiki Site''' https://opiliones.fandom.com/wiki/Adriano_B._Kury</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Opiliones&diff=4676 2019-05-08T02:53:45Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> == Common Names ==<br /> <br /> '''Opiliones''' are commonly referred to as harvest men, but are also known as daddy long legs, granddaddy long legs, harvest spiders, shepherd spiders, or phalangids.<br /> Opiliones were once scientifically classified as ''phalangida'', which you may see used in older literature. The more common name &quot;daddy long legs&quot; may also be mistakenly used to refer to the unrelated crane fly (''Tipulidae'') and the cellar spider (''Pholcidae'').[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Opiliones&amp;oldid=1016769.]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> '''Opiliones''' are delicate, shy forms, and are among the largest of arachnids in woodlands [2].<br /> Opiliones can be differentiated from spiders by looking closely at what appears to be one body segment, but is actually two fused segments, which is consitent with spiders. Daddy long-legs do not possess silk glands, and can not spin webs. Unlike spiders, harvest men lack venom glands associated with their chelicerae. True of all arachnids, fertilization is by direct contact with female. Males of most taxa possess a penis, which is also referred to as a pene, or an aedagus. [3]<br /> <br /> Harvest men are known for their exceptionally long walking legs compared to body size, although some species do have shorter legs. In more advanced species of harvest men, the first five abdominal segments are often fused into a dorsal shield called the scutum, which is normally fused with the carapace. Sometimes this shield is only present in males.They have a second pair of legs that are longer than the others and work as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.<br /> <br /> Typical body lengths do not exceed 7 millimeters, with some species smaller than one millimeter. The largest species ''Trogulus Torosus'' can reach a length of 22 millimeters. [4] Leg spans are much larger and some species can exceed 160 millimeter. [1]<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> <br /> Opiliones are found globally with the exception of Antarctica.<br /> <br /> Forests, grasslands, wetlands, mountains, caves, chaparral, and even human dwellings make for suitable Opilione habitats.<br /> <br /> Tropical systems hold the most '''Opilione''' species. The neo-tropics and Indo-Malayan are<br /> the most diverse realms with respectively 2691 species (41%) and 1337 species (20%). These two tropical regions are then home to<br /> almost 2/3 of the Opiliones. The third most diverse realm is the pale arctic with 819 species (13%),<br /> mostly because of its sheer size. The African tropics have 745 species (11%). Australasia with 564 species has<br /> 9% and Ne-arctic with 379 species has less than 6%. The total sum of species of all realms is slightly different<br /> from the total Opiliones because a few species are shared between regions. [5]<br /> <br /> == Species ==<br /> There are an estimated 6600 species worldwide that are classified in 4 sub-orders and then divided into 45 families.<br /> === Suborders ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Lani.jpg|200px|left|''Laniatore F. Phalangodidae'' [3] |thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Trogulushirtus,adult,Croatia,Konavle4.300a.JPG|200px|right|''Dyspnoi Trogulushirtus'' [2011 Axel Schönhofer] <br /> |thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Gagrellinae_-_Philippines.jpg|200px|left|''Eupnoi'' Gagrellinae-Phillipines [4]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Cymph.jpg|200px|right|''Cyphophthalmi''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Laniatores ==== <br /> <br /> Laniatores are by far the largest suborder with &gt;4100 species).[3] These stout, spiny Opiliones are typically short legged with hard plates, with many reaching large sizes. Most species in this sub-order depend on warm moist habitats. Given that majority of ''Laniatores'' prefer the tropic climate, it is not uncommon to find them in temperate forests as well. [7] <br /> ==== Dyspnoi ==== <br /> The sub-order is divided into 8 families consisting of 340 species. They are temperate old world species that are dull-colored and short-legged. Some species may have odd ocular ornamentation. The small number of species of this sub-order, compared to ''Laniatores'', have a more restricted range and are only found in temperate zones with few exceptions. <br /> ==== Eupnoi ==== <br /> These are the '''Opiliones''' familiar to Europeans and Americans that have earned them the order the name daddy long legs. Their legs are often very thin and long. Several of the tropical species ex. ''Gagrellinae'', may have metallic shines, intricate honeycomb patterns of vascular tissues, and striped/dotted multicolored hues of blue, red, green, yellow.<br /> ==== Cyphophthalmi ==== <br /> These Opiliones are smaller than the ''Euponoi'' members and resemble minute [[Acari]]. ''Cyphophthalmi'' are the least studied sub-order with only 200 species, but this is thought to be a major underestimate. [6] Their small size and wide distribution have contributed to their lack of study. ''Cyphophthalmi'' species can tolerate many climate conditions and are found on all the continents except Antarctica.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Activity &amp; Diet ==<br /> <br /> Species vary from omnivorous to predaceous and eat [[insects]], vegetation and fungi, while some are can be [[coprophagous]]. Most species tend to be nocturnal, although a number of diurnal species have been identified. Some of the predaceous opiliones are also diurnal, but most are known to be crepuscular.[2] <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> Although parthenogenic species do occur, most harvest men reproduce sexually. Mating involves direct copulation. The males of some species offer a secretion from their chelicerae to the female before copulation. Sometimes the male guards the female after sex.<br /> The females lay eggs shortly after mating, or up to months later. Some species build nests for this purpose. A unique feature of some species are that the male is solely responsible for guarding the eggs resulting from multiple partners. Females often attempt to eat the eggs. The eggs can hatch anytime after the first 20 days, up to almost half a year after being laid. Daddy long legs need have about four to eight nymphal stages before reaching maturity, but six is the most common. [4]<br /> <br /> == Noted ==<br /> <br /> Although harvest men are a fascinating group of arachnids, the dramatic increase in environmental disturbances around the world, especially in tropical regions, may have driven many species to extinction even before the formal descriptions by taxonomists. Human activities including pesticide use, forestry operations, air and soil pollution, fire, and even the introduction of domestic animals have a tremendous impact on the habitats they depend on. All the formerly considered endangered were cave dwellers who are particularly sensitive to disturbances of habitat. [4]<br /> Contrary to popular belief daddy-long legs species do not contain the world's most powerful venom or any at all for that matter! [7]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [1] Opiliones. (2018, December 21). New World Encyclopedia, . Retrieved 21:30, April 20, 2019. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Opiliones&amp;oldid=1016769.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, David C., et al. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Academic Press, 2018. {{ISBN 978-0-12-805251-8}}<br /> <br /> [3] Bartlett, Troy. “Order Opiliones - Harvestmen.” Order Opiliones - Harvestmen - BugGuide.Net, 16 Feb. 2004, bugguide.net/node/view/2405#id. <br /> https://bugguide.net/node/view/2405#id<br /> <br /> [4] Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo, et al. Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, 2007.<br /> <br /> [5] Kury, Adriano. (2013). Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. Zootaxa. 3703. 27-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293635734_Order_Opiliones_Sundevall_1833<br /> <br /> [6] Kury, A.B. (2000 onwards) Classification of Opiliones. Museu Nacional/UFRJ website. Online at: http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/opiliones.html<br /> <br /> [7] “Myth: Daddy-Longlegs Would Be Deadly but...” Burke Museum, 8 Apr. 2016, <br /> https://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/myth-daddy-longlegs-would-be-deadly.<br /> <br /> == External Links ==<br /> <br /> '''Opiliones Wiki Site''' https://opiliones.fandom.com/wiki/Adriano_B._Kury</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Opiliones&diff=4675 2019-05-08T02:50:34Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> == Common Names ==<br /> <br /> '''Opiliones''' are commonly referred to as harvest men, but are also known as daddy long legs, granddaddy long legs, harvest spiders, shepherd spiders, or phalangids.<br /> Opiliones were once scientifically classified as ''phalangida'', which you may see used in older literature. The more common name &quot;daddy long legs&quot; may also be mistakenly used to refer to the unrelated crane fly (''Tipulidae'') and the cellar spider (''Pholcidae'').[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Opiliones&amp;oldid=1016769.]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> '''Opiliones''' are delicate, shy forms, and are among the largest of arachnids in woodlands [2].<br /> Opiliones can be differentiated from spiders by looking closely at what appears to be one body segment, but is actually two fused segments, which is consitent with spiders. Daddy long-legs do not possess silk glands, and can not spin webs. Unlike spiders, harvest men lack venom glands associated with their chelicerae. True of all arachnids, fertilization is by direct contact with female. Males of most taxa possess a penis, which is also referred to as a pene, or an aedagus. [3]<br /> <br /> Harvest men are known for their exceptionally long walking legs compared to body size, although some species do have shorter legs. In more advanced species of harvest men, the first five abdominal segments are often fused into a dorsal shield called the scutum, which is normally fused with the carapace. Sometimes this shield is only present in males.They have a second pair of legs that are longer than the others and work as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.<br /> <br /> Typical body lengths do not exceed 7 millimeters, with some species smaller than one millimeter. The largest species Trogulus Torosus can reach a length of 22 millimeters. [4] Leg spans are much larger and some species can exceed 160 millimeter. [1]<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> <br /> Opiliones are found globally with the exception of Antarctica.<br /> <br /> Forests, grasslands, wetlands, mountains, caves, chaparral, and even human dwellings make for suitable Opilione habitats.<br /> <br /> Tropical systems hold the most Opilione species. The neo-tropics and Indo-Malayan are<br /> the most diverse realms with respectively 2691 species (41%) and 1337 species (20%). These two tropical regions are then home to<br /> almost 2/3 of the Opiliones. The third most diverse realm is the pale arctic with 819 species (13%),<br /> mostly because of its sheer size. The African tropics have 745 species (11%). Australasia with 564 species has<br /> 9% and Ne-arctic with 379 species has less than 6%. The total sum of species of all realms is slightly different<br /> from the total Opiliones because a few species are shared between regions. [5]<br /> <br /> == Species ==<br /> There are an estimated 6600 species worldwide that are classified in 4 sub-orders and then divided into 45 families.<br /> === Suborders ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Lani.jpg|200px|left|Laniatore F. Phalangodidae [3] |thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Trogulushirtus,adult,Croatia,Konavle4.300a.JPG|200px|right|''Dyspnoi Trogulushirtus'' [2011 Axel Schönhofer] <br /> |thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Gagrellinae_-_Philippines.jpg|200px|left|''Eupnoi'' Gagrellinae-Phillipines [4]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Cymph.jpg|200px|right|''Cyphophthalmi''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Laniatores ==== <br /> <br /> Laniatores are by far the largest suborder with &gt;4100 species).[3] These stout, spiny Opiliones are typically short legged with hard plates, with many reaching large sizes. Most species in this sub-order depend on warm moist habitats. Given that majority of ''Laniatores'' prefer the tropic climate, it is not uncommon to find them in temperate forests as well. [7] <br /> ==== Dyspnoi ==== <br /> The sub-order is divided into 8 families consisting of 340 species. They are temperate old world species that are dull-colored and short-legged. Some species may have odd ocular ornamentation. The small number of species of this sub-order, compared to ''Laniatores'', have a more restricted range and are only found in temperate zones with few exceptions. <br /> ==== Eupnoi ==== <br /> These are the Opiliones familiar to Europeans and Americans that have earned them the order the name daddy long legs. Their legs are often very thin and long. Several of the tropical species ex. ''Gagrellinae'', may have metallic shines, intricate honeycomb patterns of vascular tissues, and striped/dotted multicolored hues of blue, red, green, yellow.<br /> ==== Cyphophthalmi ==== <br /> These Opiliones are smaller than the ''Euponoi'' members and resemble minute [[Acari]]. ''Cyphophthalmi'' are the least studied sub-order with only 200 species, but this is thought to be a major underestimate. [6] Their small size and wide distribution have contributed to their lack of study. ''Cyphophthalmi'' species can tolerate many climate conditions and are found on all the continents except Antarctica.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Activity &amp; Diet ==<br /> <br /> Species vary from omnivorous to predaceous and eat [[insects]], vegetation and fungi, while some are can be [[coprophagous]]. Most species tend to be nocturnal, although a number of diurnal species have been identified. Some of the predaceous opiliones are also diurnal, but most are known to be crepuscular.[2] <br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> Although parthenogenic species do occur, most harvest men reproduce sexually. Mating involves direct copulation. The males of some species offer a secretion from their chelicerae to the female before copulation. Sometimes the male guards the female after sex.<br /> The females lay eggs shortly after mating, or up to months later. Some species build nests for this purpose. A unique feature of some species are that the male is solely responsible for guarding the eggs resulting from multiple partners. Females often attempt to eat the eggs. The eggs can hatch anytime after the first 20 days, up to almost half a year after being laid. Daddy long legs need have about four to eight nymphal stages before reaching maturity, but six is the most common. [4]<br /> <br /> == Noted ==<br /> <br /> Although harvest men are a fascinating group of arachnids, the dramatic increase in environmental disturbances around the world, especially in tropical regions, may have driven many species to extinction even before the formal descriptions by taxonomists. Human activities including pesticide use, forestry operations, air and soil pollution, fire, and even the introduction of domestic animals have a tremendous impact on the habitats they depend on. All the formerly considered endangered were cave dwellers who are particularly sensitive to disturbances of habitat. [4]<br /> Contrary to popular belief daddy-long legs species do not contain the world's most powerful venom or any at all for that matter! [7]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [1] Opiliones. (2018, December 21). New World Encyclopedia, . Retrieved 21:30, April 20, 2019. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Opiliones&amp;oldid=1016769.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, David C., et al. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Academic Press, 2018. {{ISBN 978-0-12-805251-8}}<br /> <br /> [3] Bartlett, Troy. “Order Opiliones - Harvestmen.” Order Opiliones - Harvestmen - BugGuide.Net, 16 Feb. 2004, bugguide.net/node/view/2405#id. <br /> https://bugguide.net/node/view/2405#id<br /> <br /> [4] Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo, et al. Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, 2007.<br /> <br /> [5] Kury, Adriano. (2013). Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. Zootaxa. 3703. 27-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293635734_Order_Opiliones_Sundevall_1833<br /> <br /> [6] Kury, A.B. (2000 onwards) Classification of Opiliones. Museu Nacional/UFRJ website. Online at: http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/opiliones.html<br /> <br /> [7] “Myth: Daddy-Longlegs Would Be Deadly but...” Burke Museum, 8 Apr. 2016, <br /> https://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/myth-daddy-longlegs-would-be-deadly.<br /> <br /> == External Links ==<br /> <br /> Opiliones Wiki Site https://opiliones.fandom.com/wiki/Adriano_B._Kury</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4586 2019-05-07T03:06:11Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.<br /> [[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]<br /> <br /> [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]] <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4581 2019-05-07T02:51:44Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]] <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). <br /> The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.<br /> <br /> [[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] <br /> <br /> Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4579 2019-05-07T02:50:25Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria.[1]<br /> [[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] <br /> <br /> The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation.]] <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). <br /> The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.<br /> <br /> [[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] <br /> <br /> Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable macroaggregates provides a more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4577 2019-05-07T02:46:54Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria. <br /> <br /> [1][[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] <br /> <br /> The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation. ]] <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). <br /> The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.<br /> <br /> [[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] <br /> Waxy organic matter (OM) like pine needles, or material that is high in lignin, a complex organic polymer, have a slower [[decomposition]] rate. In general, waxy (OM) or lignin take more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains simpler compounds. The higher decomposition rates and more (SOM) undergoing the process, the larger and more stable the aggregates become. [4] Stable aggregates breed more fertile soil that is less susceptible to erosional processes. [6]<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4569 2019-05-07T02:23:19Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria. [1][[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates, which are greater than 250 micro meters are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). <br /> [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation. ]] <br /> <br /> The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.<br /> <br /> [[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] <br /> Waxy organic material like pine needles, or organic matter (OM) that is high in lignin like oak leaves decompose slowly because of the complexity of their composition. In general, waxy detritus takes more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains predominantly simpler compounds. The higher the level of organic matter and its [[decomposition]], the larger and more stable the aggregates [4], and the more fertile the soil is. In general, soils with high SOM yield larger aggregates, which are more stable and less susceptible to erosion than smaller aggregates. [6]<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4568 2019-05-07T02:16:09Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that tightly bind together more so than other nearby particles. Soil particles bind in response to many factors including activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacteria. [1][[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates (&gt; 250 um) are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation. ]] The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.[[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic material like pine needles, or organic matter (OM) that is high in lignin like oak leaves decompose slowly because of the complexity of their composition. In general, waxy detritus takes more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains predominantly simpler compounds. The higher the level of organic matter and its [[decomposition]], the larger and more stable the aggregates [4], and the more fertile the soil is. In general, soils with high SOM yield larger aggregates, which are more stable and less susceptible to erosion than smaller aggregates. [6]<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4461 2019-05-06T05:19:37Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that bind together more tightly to one another due to a variety of factors. Certain soil particles bind together due to the activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacterial and fungal debris. [1][[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms [[drilosphere]]. [8] Soil organic matter, climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates. [5]<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates (&gt; 250 um) are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation. ]] The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM [[decomposition]], which impacts the way aggregates form.[[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic material like pine needles, or organic matter (OM) that is high in lignin like oak leaves decompose slowly because of the complexity of their composition. In general, waxy detritus takes more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains predominantly simpler compounds. The higher the level of organic matter and its [[decomposition]], the larger and more stable the aggregates [4], and the more fertile the soil is. In general, soils with high SOM yield larger aggregates, which are more stable and less susceptible to erosion than smaller aggregates. [6]<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4460 2019-05-06T05:16:00Z

<p>Scdejoy: /* Soil Aggregates */</p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that bind together more tightly to one another due to a variety of factors. Certain soil particles bind together due to the activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacterial and fungal debris. [1][[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil. [2] <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms drilosphere. [8] Soil organic matter (vegetation), climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates [5].<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates (&gt; 250 um) are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation. ]] The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition, which impacts the way aggregates form.[[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic material like pine needles, or organic matter OM that is high in lignin like oak leaves decompose slowly because of the complexity of their composition. In general, waxy detritus takes more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains predominantly simpler compounds. The higher the level of organic matter [[decomposition]], the larger and more stable the aggregates [4], and the more fertile the soil is. In general, soils with high SOM yield larger aggregates, which are more stable and less susceptible to erosion than smaller aggregates [6].<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4459 2019-05-06T05:14:44Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that bind together more tightly to one another due to a variety of factors. Certain soil particles bind together due to the activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacterial and fungal debris [1].[[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil [2]. <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of [[clay]] [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes. [4] Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through their digestion of soil organic matter (SOM), [[microorganisms]] and fungi. They also unknowingly prepare the macroaggregates via mucus from their gut which binds together microaggregates int he earthworms drilosphere. [8] Soil organic matter (vegetation), climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates [5].<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates (&gt; 250 um) are typically formed in soils with high volumes of (SOM). [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation. ]] The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition, which impacts the way aggregates form.[[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic material like pine needles, or organic matter OM that is high in lignin like oak leaves decompose slowly because of the complexity of their composition. In general, waxy detritus takes more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains predominantly simpler compounds. The higher the level of organic matter [[decomposition]], the larger and more stable the aggregates [4], and the more fertile the soil is. In general, soils with high SOM yield larger aggregates, which are more stable and less susceptible to erosion than smaller aggregates [6].<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251496502_Impacts_of_land_use_change_on_soil_aggregation_and_aggregate_stabilizing_compounds_as_dependent_on_time<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> https://www.academia.edu/15069415/Linkages_between_aggregate_formation_porosity_and_soil_chemical_properties<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/003807179500159X<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0933363005800029<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> https://jmie.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/aggregate-associated-soil-organic-matter-as-an-ecosystem-property<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> https://blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Aggregate_formation&diff=4458 2019-05-06T04:55:11Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>== '''Soil Aggregates''' ==<br /> <br /> <br /> Soil aggregates are pieces or chunks of [[soil]] that bind together more tightly to one another due to a variety of factors. Certain soil particles bind together due to the activity of earthworms, fungal hyphae, root exudes, and bacterial and fungal debris [1].[[File:aggregates.png|300px|thumb|left|Figure 1 [9] - soil aggregates attached to plant roots.]] The size of soil aggregates can vary across five degrees of magnitude [1], and the size of these aggregates affect porosity, water retention, soil organic material content, erosion, and available resources for microorganisms living in the soil [2]. <br /> <br /> [[File:aggregate-sizes.png|250px|thumb|right|Figure 2 - adapted from Fig. 1.9 [1] - soil aggregate sizing.]]<br /> <br /> == Microaggregates ==<br /> <br /> Microaggregates (&lt; 250 um) are predominantly made from [[silt]] and [[clay]] and are held together by chemical charges (in the case of clay [3]) bacterial byproducts, and root exudes [4]. Earthworms have a large part in producing microaggregates through digestion of soil. They also unknowingly prepare these microaggregates to bind together via mucus from their gut to form macro aggregates [8]. Soil organic matter (vegetation), climate, [[decomposition]], and management practices are responsible for forming macroaggregates [5].<br /> <br /> == Macroaggregates == <br /> <br /> When plant roots penetrate the soil, they anchor chunks of soil together and help form macroaggregates. Macroaggregates (&gt; 250 um) are typically formed in soils with high volumes of soil organic matter (SOM). [[File:Rootz.png|150px|thumb|left|Figure 3 [11] - Plant roots contribute to macroaggregate formation. ]] The breakdown of different types of detritus leads to a high diversity in the stages of SOM decomposition, which impacts the way aggregates form.[[File:USDA_aggregates.png|180px|thumb|right|Figure 4 [10] - the United States Department of Agriculture measures soil aggregate strength by placing aggregates in water held by metal mesh to determine how it will hold up in heavy rainfall. The soil aggregates to the left are more stable than the ones on the right. ]] Waxy organic material like pine needles, or organic matter OM that is high in lignin like oak leaves decompose slowly because of the complexity of their composition. In general, waxy detritus takes more time to form stable macroaggregates in comparison to litter that contains predominantly simpler compounds. The higher the level of organic matter decomposition, the larger and more stable the aggregates [4], and the more fertile the soil is. In general, soils with high SOM yield larger aggregates, which are more stable and less susceptible to erosion than smaller aggregates [6].<br /> <br /> == Soil Moisture and Aggregate Stability == <br /> <br /> Dry environments that have extended lengths of time in between precipitation tend to yield finer soil aggregates [7]. These soils are usually not as consistently productive as those found in locations with regular rainfall. <br /> While the surface area of microaggregates is extensive, they are also more unstable than macroaggregates, and both are needed to maintain a healthy and productive soil. Microaggregates in topsoil are prone to runoff in heavy rainfall, while macroaggregates maintain soil stability [6]. Stable soils make for good agricultural yields because they do not crumble and erode during and after rainfall, but instead retain water that will contribute to root uptake [4]. The United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) measure soil stability by suspending aggregates in water for a certain length of time and then observe the aggregates to see if they maintain their structure or crumble after being submerged. (as shown in Figure 4 [10].0 If they maintain their shape, it indicates a high level of soil organic matter, nutrient content that will lead to a higher subsequent level of stability for agriculture [4]. Less stable (crumbly) soils are prone to erosion from wind and rainfall and do not usually maintain high levels of plant diversity.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Coleman, David C., et al. ''Fundamentals of Soil Ecology''. Elsevier Academic Press, 2004.<br /> <br /> [2] Spohn, Marie, and Luise Giani. “Impacts of Land Use Change on Soil Aggregation and Aggregate Stabilizing Compounds as Dependent on Time.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 43, no. 5, 2011, pp. 1081–1088., doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.01.029.<br /> <br /> [3] Regelink, Inge C., et al. “Linkages between Aggregate Formation, Porosity and Soil Chemical Properties.” Geoderma, vol. 247-248, 2015, pp. 24–37., doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.01.022.<br /> <br /> [4] United States Department of Agriculture, and National Resource Conservation Service. “Soil Quality Indicators: Aggregate Stability.” Apr. 1996.<br /> <br /> [5] Jastrow, J.d. “Soil Aggregate Formation and the Accrual of Particulate and Mineral-Associated Organic Matter.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 28, no. 4-5, 1996, pp. 665–676., doi:10.1016/0038-0717(95)00159-x.<br /> <br /> [6] Bensard, E., et al. “Fate of Particulate Organic Matter in Soil Aggregates during Cultivation.” European Journal of Soil Science, Wiley/Blackwell (10.1111), 10 Aug. 2005, onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01849.x/abstract.<br /> <br /> [7] Semmel, H., et al. “The Dynamics of Soil Aggregate Formation and the Effect on Soil Physical Properties.” Soil Technology, vol. 3, no. 2, 1990, pp. 113–129., doi:10.1016/s0933-3630(05)80002-9.<br /> <br /> [8] Six, Johan, and Keith Paustian. “Aggregate-Associated Soil Organic Matter as an Ecosystem Property and a Measurement Tool.” Soil Biology and Biochemistry, vol. 68, 2014, doi:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.06.014.<br /> <br /> [9] Jordan, Antonio. “Soil Aggregation - What Is Soil Structure?” Soil System Sciences, The European Geosciences Union, 19 Aug. 2013, blogs.egu.eu/divisions/sss/tag/soil-aggregation/.<br /> <br /> [10]“Soil Organic Matter (Aggregate Stability).” USDA / NRCS, Natural Resources Conservation Service, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054302.<br /> <br /> [11] “Dave Leonard Tree Specialists.” Lexington Tree Service by Dave Leonard Tree Specialists - Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Experts, www.dlarborist.com/lawn-care.php.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Opiliones&diff=4454 2019-05-06T04:31:21Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> == Common Names ==<br /> <br /> Opiliones are commonly referred to as harvest men, but are also known as daddy long legs, granddaddy long legs, harvest spiders, shepherd spiders, or Phalangids.<br /> Opiliones were once scientifically classified as Phalangida, which you may see used in older literature. The more common name &quot;daddy long legs&quot; may also be mistakenly used to refer to the unrelated crane fly (Tipulidae) and the cellar spider (Pholcidae).[http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Opiliones&amp;oldid=1016769.]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> Opiliones are delicate, shy forms, and are among the largest of arachnids in woodlands [2].<br /> Opiliones can be differentiated from spiders by looking closely at what appears to be one body segment, but is actually two fused segments, which is consitent with spiders. Daddy long-legs do not possess silk glands, and can not spin webs. Unlike spiders, harvest men lack venom glands associated with their chelicerae. True of all arachnids, fertilization is by direct contact with female. Males of most taxa possess a penis, which is also referred to as a pene, or an aedagus. [3]<br /> <br /> Harvest men are known for their exceptionally long walking legs compared to body size, although some species do have shorter legs. In more advanced species of harvest men, the first five abdominal segments are often fused into a dorsal shield called the scutum, which is normally fused with the carapace. Sometimes this shield is only present in males.They have a second pair of legs that are longer than the others and work as antennae. This can be hard to see in short-legged species.<br /> <br /> Typical body lengths do not exceed 7 millimeters, with some species smaller than one millimeter. The largest species Trogulus Torosus can reach a length of 22 millimeters. [4] Leg spans are much larger and some species can exceed 160 millimeter. [1]<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> <br /> Opiliones are found globally with the exception of Antarctica.<br /> <br /> Forests, grasslands, wetlands, mountains, caves, chaparral, and even human dwellings make for suitable Opilione habitats.<br /> <br /> Tropical systems hold the most Opilione species. The neo-tropics and Indo-Malayan are<br /> the most diverse realms with respectively 2691 species (41%) and 1337 species (20%). These two tropical regions are then home to<br /> almost 2/3 of the Opiliones. The third most diverse realm is the pale arctic with 819 species (13%),<br /> mostly because of its sheer size. The African tropics have 745 species (11%). Australasia with 564 species has<br /> 9% and Ne-arctic with 379 species has less than 6%. The total sum of species of all realms is slightly different<br /> from the total Opiliones because a few species are shared between regions. [5]<br /> <br /> == Species ==<br /> There are an estimated 6600 species worldwide that are classified in 4 sub-orders and then divided into 45 families.<br /> === Suborders ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Lani.jpg|200px|left|Laniatore F. Phalangodidae [3] |thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Trogulushirtus,adult,Croatia,Konavle4.300a.JPG|200px|right|Dyspnoi Trogulushirtus [2011 Axel Schönhofer] <br /> |thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Gagrellinae_-_Philippines.jpg|200px|left|Eupnoi Gagrellinae-Phillipines [4]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Cymph.jpg|200px|right|Cyphophthalmi|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Laniatores ==== <br /> <br /> Laniatores are by far the largest suborder with &gt;4100 species).[3] These stout, spiny Opiliones are typically short legged with hard plates, with many reaching large sizes. Most species in this sub-order depend on warm moist habitats. Given that majority of Laniatores prefer the tropic climate, it is not uncommon to find them in temperate forests as well. [7] <br /> ==== Dyspnoi ==== <br /> The sub-order is divided into 8 families consisting of 340 species. They are temperate old world species that are dull-colored and short-legged. Some species may have odd ocular ornamentation. The small number of species of this sub-order, compared to laniatores, have a more restritced range and are only found in temperate zones with few exceptions. <br /> ==== Eupnoi ==== <br /> These are the Opiliones familiar to Europeans and Americans that have earned them the order the name daddy long legs. Their legs are often very thin and long. Several of the tropical species ex. Gagrellinae, may have metallic shines, intricate honeycomb patterns of vascular tissues, and striped/dotted multicolored hues of blue, red, green, yellow.<br /> ==== Cyphophthalmi ==== <br /> These Opiliones are smaller than the Euponoi members and resemble minute Acari. Cyphophthalmi are the least studied sub-order with only 200 species, but this is thought to be a major underestimate. [6] Their small size and wide distribution have contributed to their lack of study. Cyphophthalmi species can tolerate many climate conditions and are found on all the continents except Anarctica.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Activity &amp; Diet ==<br /> <br /> Most species are nocturnal, although a number of diurnal species are known. Other species of the active predators are active during the daylight but most are known to be crepuscular [2]. Species vary from omnivorous to predaceous and eat insects, vegetation and fungi, while some are also coprophagous.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> Although parthenogenic species do occur, most harvest men reproduce sexually. Mating involves direct copulation. The males of some species offer a secretion from their chelicerae to the female before copulation. Sometimes the male guards the female after sex.<br /> The females lay eggs shortly after mating, or up to months later. Some species build nests for this purpose. A unique feature of some species are that the male is solely responsible for guarding the eggs resulting from multiple partners. Females often attempt to eat the eggs. The eggs can hatch anytime after the first 20 days, up to almost half a year after being laid. Daddy long legs need have about four to eight nymphal stages before reaching maturity, but six is the most common. [4]<br /> <br /> == Noted ==<br /> <br /> Although daddy harvest men are a fascinating group of arachnids, the dramatic increase in environmental disturbances around the world, especially in tropical regions, may have driven many species to extinction even before the formal descriptions by taxonomists. Human activities including pesticide use, forestry operations, air and soil pollution, fire, and even the introduction of domestic animals have a tremendous impact on the habitats they depend on. All the formerly considered endangered were cave dwellers who are particularly sensitive to disturbances of habitat. [4]<br /> Contrary to popular belief daddy-long legs species do not contain the world's most powerful venom or any at all for that matter!<br /> [7]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> [1] Opiliones. (2018, December 21). New World Encyclopedia, . Retrieved 21:30, April 20, 2019. https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/p/index.php?title=Opiliones&amp;oldid=1016769.<br /> <br /> [2] Coleman, David C., et al. Fundamentals of Soil Ecology. Academic Press, 2018. {{ISBN 978-0-12-805251-8}}<br /> <br /> [3] Bartlett, Troy. “Order Opiliones - Harvestmen.” Order Opiliones - Harvestmen - BugGuide.Net, 16 Feb. 2004, bugguide.net/node/view/2405#id. <br /> https://bugguide.net/node/view/2405#id<br /> <br /> [4] Pinto-da-Rocha, Ricardo, et al. Harvestmen: the Biology of Opiliones. Harvard University Press, 2007.<br /> <br /> [5] Kury, Adriano. (2013). Order Opiliones Sundevall, 1833. Zootaxa. 3703. 27-33. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/293635734_Order_Opiliones_Sundevall_1833<br /> <br /> [6] Kury, A.B. (2000 onwards) Classification of Opiliones. Museu Nacional/UFRJ website. Online at: http://www.museunacional.ufrj.br/mndi/Aracnologia/opiliones.html<br /> <br /> [7] “Myth: Daddy-Longlegs Would Be Deadly but...” Burke Museum, 8 Apr. 2016, <br /> https://www.burkemuseum.org/blog/myth-daddy-longlegs-would-be-deadly.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Dolichovespula&diff=4294 2019-05-05T21:41:40Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> <br /> =='''Classification'''==<br /> <br /> [[File:hornet.jpeg|right|300px| Fig 1. Dolichovespula maculate [7]|<br /> thumb]]<br /> <br /> Kingdom: ''Animalia''<br /> <br /> Phylum: ''Arthropoda''<br /> <br /> Class: '' Insecta''<br /> <br /> Order: ''Hymenoptera''<br /> <br /> Family: ''Vespidae''<br /> <br /> Genus: ''Dolichovespula''<br /> <br /> Species: ''D. maculata''<br /> <br /> =='''Overview'''==<br /> [[File:map.png|right|200px| Fig 2. Distribution of ''Dolichovespula maculate'' across North America. [2]<br /> |thumb]] ''Dolichovespula maculate'' is a social wasp of the family Vespidae. Its common names include the bald-faced hornet, white-faced hornet, bald hornet, black jacket, and bull wasp. This is actually a species of yellow jacket wasp and not a true hornet [1]. It is one of eight major members from the genus ''Dolichovespula'' in North America. It can be found in most of the lower 48 states and throughout Canada and Alaska. It is found mostly in forested areas or in vegetation in urban areas. Nests are generally located in trees and bushes, but can occasionally be found under rock overhangs and on the sides of buildings. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==''' Behavior and Colonization '''==<br /> [[File:nest.jpeg|right|200px|Fig 3. ''Dolichovespula'' maculate nest with woman for scale. [8]|thumb]] These hornets are omnivorous and will feed on a wide variety of live prey and plant materials. Live meals will be returned to the nest where they are chewed up and fed to young hornets. [3] Workers will feed on nectar, tree sap and fruit pulp, their favorite being the flesh of apples. [6] They are generally considered useful by humans due to their predation of pests such as flies, spiders, caterpillars, etc. on the other hand, they will vigorously defend the nest from anything that comes to close. Workers can sting repeatedly and even have the ability to spray venom from their stinger to ward off vertebrate next intruders. [4] In the spring, fertilized queens that have overwintered in sheltered areas such as in hollow trees, rock piles, under logs, and in buildings, will become active and begin to build a nest. [1] Once a nest is formed, the queen will lay an initial brood of eggs which hatch and take over the role of growing the nest and feeding future generations. Colonies will average a count of 400 individuals but can range from 100 – 700. In the fall , October and early November, newly created and fertilized queens will find a spot to overwinter and the rest of the colony will die off.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> =='''Importance In Soil'''==<br /> <br /> [[File:queen.jpg|right|200px| Fig 4. Dolichovespula maculate nest being made by a queen hornet. [9]|thumb]] The nest that the hornets form is made from cellulose from rotting and weathered wood and starch from the hornet’s saliva to from a water resistant papery substance. This action of scouring for degraded wood makes them part of the soil [[decomposition]] cycle. They also play a role in moving energy up the food chain through feeding and providing energy for other life when all of the colony, besides the fertilized queen, die off in the fall. These nests also provide a nutrition for parasites that require the nest as a food source. Female Bee Moths (''Aphomia sociella'') have been known to lay eggs in hornet nests. The hatched larvae will then proceed to feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the wasps, sometimes destroying large sections as they tunnel throughout the nest looking for food. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> [1] Jacobs, Steve. “Baldfaced Hornet (Department of Entomology).” Department of Entomology (Penn State University), 2015, ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/baldfaced-hornet.<br /> https://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/baldfaced-hornet<br /> <br /> [2] “Dolichovespula Maculata, Distribution.” Dolichovespula Maculata, Distribution Image, www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SD4398&amp;res=640.<br /> https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SD4398&amp;res=640<br /> <br /> [3] Heinrich, B. J. J. o. C. P. B. 1984. Strategies of thermoregulation and foraging in two vespid wasps, Dolichovespula maculata andVespula vulgaris. 154:175-180.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00684142<br /> <br /> [4] Oswalt, Donald A, and Patricia A Zungoli. “Baldfaced Hornets.” Home &amp; Garden Information Center | Clemson University, South Carolina, hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/baldfaced-hornets/.<br /> https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/baldfaced-hornets/<br /> <br /> [5] Gambino, P. J. J. o. t. N. Y. E. S. 1995. Dolichovespula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), hosts of Aphomia sociella (L.)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).165-169.<br /> https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010152?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents<br /> <br /> [6] “Dolichovespula Maculata.” Bio 210 Vespula Maculata, bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/s2012/bollinge_seth/nutrition.htm.<br /> http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/s2012/bollinge_seth/nutrition.htm<br /> <br /> [7] “Georgia Department of Agriculture.” Baldfaced Hornets - Ga Dept of Agriculture, agr.georgia.gov/baldfaced-hornets.aspx.<br /> http://agr.georgia.gov/baldfaced-hornets.aspx<br /> <br /> [8] Holland, Mary. “Bald-Faced Hornet Nests No Longer Inhabited (If You Live Where There Has Been a Hard Frost).” Naturally Curious with Mary Holland, 3 Nov. 2015, naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2015/11/03/bald-faced-hornet-nests-no-longer-inhabited-if-you-live-where-there-has-been-a-hard-frost/.<br /> https://naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2015/11/03/bald-faced-hornet-nests-no-longer-inhabited-if-you-live-where-there-has-been-a-hard-frost/<br /> <br /> [9] “Bald-Faced Hornet, Queen - Dolichovespula Maculata - a Photo on Flickriver.” Flickriver, www.flickriver.com/photos/maximillian_millipede/3558361392/.<br /> https://www.flickriver.com/photos/maximillian_millipede/3558361392/</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4236 2019-05-05T02:40:07Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|''Dendrobaena octaedra'' [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|''Eiseniella tetraedra''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|''Eudrilus eugeniae''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|''Lumbricus castaneus'' [7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Dendrobaena octaedra''''' ====<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eudrilus eugeniae''''' ====<br /> ''Eudrilus eugeniae'' is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – ''Eisenia foetida'' and ''Perionyx excavatus'' are also able to speed up the [[decomposition]] process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Lumbricus castaneus''''' ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The ''Castaneus'' is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eiseniella tetraedra''''' ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their [[humus]] consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer [[microorganisms]] and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of [[decomposition]] of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by ''Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus'' and ''Populus'' trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have limited impact on the structure of the mineral soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effect on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4235 2019-05-05T02:35:56Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|''Dendrobaena octaedra'' [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|''Eiseniella tetraedra''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|''Eudrilus eugeniae''|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|''Lumbricus castaneus'' [7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Dendrobaena octaedra''''' ====<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> ''Dendrobaena octaedra'' is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eudrilus eugeniae''''' ====<br /> ''Eudrilus eugeniae'' is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – ''Eisenia foetida'' and ''Perionyx excavatus'' are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== '''''Lumbricus castaneus''''' ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The ''Castaneus'' is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== '''''Eiseniella tetraedra''''' ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by ''Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus'' and ''Populus'' trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have limited impact on the structure of the mineral soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effect on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4234 2019-05-05T02:25:23Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus [7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The Castaneus is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have limited impact on the structure of the mineral soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effect on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4233 2019-05-05T02:23:56Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra [Alenya Wood]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The Castaneus is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have limited impact on the structure of the mineral soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effect on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4232 2019-05-05T02:21:53Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[7]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The Castaneus is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have limited impact on the structure of the mineral soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effect on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4231 2019-05-05T02:20:21Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The Castaneus is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have limited impact on the structure of the mineral soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effect on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9019-3<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4230 2019-05-05T02:08:27Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The Castaneus is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have limited impact on the structure of the mineral soil and composition of the forest floor. The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effect on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[1][3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4229 2019-05-05T02:06:44Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in moist conditions and variable temperatures at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The Castaneus is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Invasive earthworms are particularly problematic in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America that are dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus trees.[3] Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] It has been shown that fungi and macroinvertabrate populations are altered in presence of epegeics.[1] Although some invasive epegeics change the dynamics of these forests they seem to have limited impact on the structure of the mineral soil and composition of the forest floor.[1][3] The endoeic and anecic earthworms are found to have more deleterious effect on the forest floor and in turn the health of ecosystem with their extraordinary mixing of the [[Soil Horizons]].[3]<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4227 2019-05-05T01:26:47Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>'''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]]. Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays.[1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America.[3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range.[4]<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range.[5]<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions.[6]<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The Castaneus is endemic to England and most active in the spring months.[7] <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Impact==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature.[6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region.[9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter.[10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities.[11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Subversive effects ====<br /> Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor.[5] Exotic or invasive earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus.[3]<br /> <br /> &quot;harmful to forest floor&quot;<br /> Although some can change fungi and macroinvertabrate populations but they do not decrease forest floor.[1] (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4226 2019-05-05T01:12:33Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div>Oligochaeta or earthworms of the annelida phylum are divided into 3 categories; anecic, endogeic, and the epegeic, depending on where they dwell relative to the [[Soil Horizons]].<br /> <br /> '''''Epigeic''''' '''is Greek''' &quot;'''''for upon the earth.'''''&quot;<br /> <br /> Epegeic earthworms are defined as species that inhabit and feed at the soil surface. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied and range from 1-7 cm. Some are colored bright red, although most have a reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back, and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays. [1] Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as the endgoic and anecic species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to live in highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in an environment of low organic matter.[2] Epegeics inhabit every continent except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms species are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America. [3] The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions, but during drier weather retreat under the soil. Other epegeic migrate soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with both these &quot;migratory&quot; type behaviors as epi-endogeics.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic with extensive morphological variability. This species has been introduced to the North American range, and demonstrates wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range. [4]<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European habitat along with its foreign North American range. [5]<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in the vermicomposting of solid wastes. Similiar epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are also able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter particularly in tropical conditions. [6]<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> This species is also known as the Chestnut Worm. The Castaneus is endemic to England and most active in the spring months [7] (naturalist). <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is considered an aquatic species with a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around its segments. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, manure, and other damp conditions.[8]<br /> <br /> == Roles in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, due to their humus consumption and surface dwelling nature. [6] Epigeics are considered detrivores but will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with the decaying surface litter while facilitating the breakdown and mineralisation of that region. [9] These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which leads to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter [10] Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to the direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities. [11]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Problems ====<br /> Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H [[Soil Horizons]] layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor. [5] Exotic or invasive earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> &quot;harmful to forest floor&quot;<br /> Although some can change fungi and macroinvertabrate populations but they do not decrease forest floor. [1] (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Clay&diff=4224 2019-05-05T00:03:48Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Origins of Clay ==<br /> [[File:Soil erosion .gif|thumb|Weathering and Erosion of Rocks]]<br /> Clay is formed from the erosion of a limited variety of environments. Some of these environments include:<br /> <br /> 1. Continental, which is the weathering and erosion on Earth's surface<br /> 2. Marine, which occurs on the floor of a body of water or within the Earth when it is near a heat source. <br /> <br /> On the surface of the Earth, erosion by rain, wind, or animals leads to the continuous breakdown of particles. Most often, clays are formed due to chemical weathering, by low concentration carbonic acids or other solvents. These solvents leach through parent rock material and chemically break them down. Eventually, enough weathering occurs to form clays, which are less than .002mm in diameter. Some clays may form due to hydrothermal activity, where hot water circulates material over enough time to break them down to fine grained particles.<br /> <br /> == Properties of Clay ==<br /> [[File:Clay size.jpg|thumb|Clay Size Relative to silt and Sand]]<br /> Clays can be found in a multitude of colors based on the minerals present, including red, brown, and even white. Clays deform plastically due to their structure and water content, meaning the physical changes are permanent. They become non-plastic when exposed to high heat or are dehydrated. Depending on the discipline, clays are classified based on their particle size, water content, or plasticity, which can distinguish them from similar particles such as silt. Atterburg limits can be tested which are a measure of the shrinkage limit, plastic limit, and liquid limit.<br /> <br /> In order to be classified as a clay, the particles must meet certain criteria. The grain size must be less than .002mm, resulting in a very high surface area. Clays have the ability to bond with water from the [[soil]] due to their molecular structures. Clays are made up of various minerals which are classified as hydrous aluminum phyllosilicates. These minerals may be iron, alkali metals, alkaline earths or other cations that may be found in the surrounding soil. The basic structure of the phyllosilicates is based on interconnected six member rings of SiO4-4 tetrahedra that extend outward in infinite sheets. Phyllosilicates may contain additional molecules such as hydroxyl ions and cations. This results in two basic groups of sheet silicates:<br /> <br /> 1. The trioctahedral sheet silicates where each O or OH ion is surrounded by 3 divalent cations, like Mg+2 or Fe+2. <br /> <br /> 2. The dioctahedral sheet silicates where each O or OH ion is surrounded by 2 trivalent cations, usually Al+3.<br /> <br /> These molecular structures and build upon themselves, resulting in sheet minerals such as talcs and micas. These minerals can be found in parent rocks and serve as the structural basis of clays, which allow them the ability to bond with water. However, in addition to these essential minerals which allow water to bond, clays can be made up of metal oxides, quartz, and organic material. These characteristic are essential to plant and animal life in soils, and these porous spaces between clay grains facilitate the creation of microhabitats and communities that contribute to the complexity and heterogeneity of [[soil]].<br /> <br /> == Residual Clay ==<br /> Residual clay is what is left behind after the erosion processes of the parent rock material. This type of clay is most often formed from weathering on the earths surface, which can happen in a few different ways. One way is chemical weathering through solvents. Another example is when rocks such as limestone containing insoluble impurities are weathered and left behind as clay deposits. Once this happens residual clay is formed and can then be harvested for different uses. Residual clay is considered to have low plasticity and will not stick together very easily, limiting its uses.<br /> <br /> == Sedimentary Clay ==<br /> Sedimentary clay consists of minerals broken down from the original parent material through weathering and erosion. They are then transported by wind, water, ice, or any other mode of transport away from the parent rock. As these particles are being transported the are suspended in the water because they are so small. They will only be deposited when the clay particles bump into each other causing them to stick together and sink down to the bottom of the river. Due to the water-clay bonds, clays can often act as larger particles such as silt of sand, and require higher forces to be moved or changed. When they get moved there are eroded further causing them to decrease in there size. This type of clay is considered to have more plasticity this means it will form a stickier [[soil|soil]].<br /> <br /> == Organisms That Live in Clay ==<br /> Clay is not very suitable for many plants to live in, as air has a hard time getting through the [[soil|soil]] to the roots because the [[soil|soil]] is packed so tightly. There is also a drainage problem with clay dominate soils. Some plants that can tolerate these conditions are coniferous trees such as pine trees, spruce, balsam fir, and tamarack trees. Some deciduous trees also can grow in clay dominate soils like willows, crabapple trees, and some maples. There are also some [[organisms|organisms]] that live within the predominantly clay soil as well. Macro-fauna like earthworms and [[insects|insects]], and microfauna like bacteria, [[nematodes|nematodes]], and other microscopic [[organisms|organisms]] can live within clay soil. To increase the ability for animals and plants to thrive in clay dominated soils, peat moss can be tilled in. Peat moss will increase the carbon content in the soil, thus allowing them to absorb more nutrients and thrive.<br /> &lt;gallery mode=packed-hover&gt;<br /> File:Macrofauna.jpg|MacroFauna<br /> File:Mesofauna.jpg|Mesofauna<br /> File:Microfauna.jpg|Microfauna<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> <br /> &quot;Clay Types, Geology, Properties and Color Chart (GcCeramics) - Meeneecat.&quot; Google Sites. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br /> <br /> <br /> &quot;Earth Sciences: London's Geology.&quot; Clays and Clay Minerals. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br /> <br /> <br /> &quot;How Is Clay Formed? Is It Inorganic or Organic?&quot; The Clay Ground Collective. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br /> <br /> <br /> &quot;Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil.&quot; Trees and Shrubs for Clay Soil : UMN Extension. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.<br /> <br /> <br /> Environmental Characteristics of Clays and Clay Mineral Deposits. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Apr. 2018. <br /> <br /> <br /> Kodama, Hideomi, and Ralph E. Grim. &quot;Clay Mineral.&quot; Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Feb. 2014. Web. 14 Apr. 2018.</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4216 2019-05-04T05:33:26Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’<br /> Epegeic earthworms are surface dwelling and scientifically classed along with all the other earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida phylum.<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with some are bright red but most have reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays that they are sensitive to. [1] (great lakes book) Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as all the endgoic and anecic classified species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to the highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in the low organic matter environment of soil. [2](USDA) Epegeics inhabit all the continents except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America. [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather retreat to the soil. Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with these migrating resembling behaviors as epi-endogeic.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic. extensive morphological variability in its introduced North American range, and wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range. [4](Terhivuo &amp; Saura, 2006).<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European and introduced North American range [5](Addison, 2009).<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. [6](arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> Also known as the Chestnut worm. The species is endemic to England and most active in the spring months [7] (naturalist). <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is aquatic and can be found in mud or under stones in rivers, as well as in damp areas on land. It has a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around segments 20-25. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, and in manure, often in damp conditions.[8]( nature Spot)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Roles in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature [6] (Arjun Singh). Epigeic species will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter and facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter [9] (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter [10](FernandoMonroy) Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities [11](Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Problems ====<br /> Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor [5] (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> &quot;harmful to forest floor&quot;<br /> Although some can change fungi and macroinvertabrate populations but they do not decrease forest floor. [1] (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jobm.201500779<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org,<br /> https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, <br /> https://www.naturespot.org.uk/<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/2540/a686a6cfa2f71fef74fd692182821583aa93.pdf<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222415275_Changes_in_density_of_nematodes_protozoa_and_total_coliforms_after_transit_through_the_gut_of_four_epigeic_earthworms_Oligochaeta<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. <br /> http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddish-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4210 2019-05-04T05:25:41Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’<br /> Epegeic earthworms are surface dwelling and scientifically classed along with all the other earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida phylum.<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with some are bright red but most have reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays that they are sensitive to. [1] (great lakes book) Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as all the endgoic and anecic classified species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to the highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in the low organic matter environment of soil. [2](USDA) Epegeics inhabit all the continents except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America. [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather retreat to the soil. Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with these migrating resembling behaviors as epi-endogeic.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic. extensive morphological variability in its introduced North American range, and wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range. [4](Terhivuo &amp; Saura, 2006).<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European and introduced North American range [5](Addison, 2009).<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. [6](arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> Also known as the Chestnut worm. The species is endemic to England and most active in the spring months [7] (naturalist). <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is aquatic and can be found in mud or under stones in rivers, as well as in damp areas on land. It has a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around segments 20-25. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, and in manure, often in damp conditions.[8]( nature Spot)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Roles in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature [6] (Arjun Singh). Epigeic species will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter and facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter [9] (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter [10](FernandoMonroy) Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities [11](Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Problems ====<br /> Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor [5] (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> &quot;harmful to forest floor&quot;<br /> Although some can change fungi and macroinvertabrate populations but they do not decrease forest floor. [1] (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053863<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-006-9015-7<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179. https://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/x26-179#.XM0hFo5KjIU<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org, www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus.<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, www.naturespot.org.uk/species/eiseniella-tetraedra.<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011.<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddish-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4202 2019-05-04T05:19:05Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’<br /> Epegeic earthworms are surface dwelling and scientifically classed along with all the other earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida phylum.<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with some are bright red but most have reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays that they are sensitive to. [1] (great lakes book) Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as all the endgoic and anecic classified species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to the highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in the low organic matter environment of soil. [2](USDA) Epegeics inhabit all the continents except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America. [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather retreat to the soil. Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with these migrating resembling behaviors as epi-endogeic.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic. extensive morphological variability in its introduced North American range, and wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range. [4](Terhivuo &amp; Saura, 2006).<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European and introduced North American range [5](Addison, 2009).<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. [6](arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> Also known as the Chestnut worm. The species is endemic to England and most active in the spring months [7] (naturalist). <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is aquatic and can be found in mud or under stones in rivers, as well as in damp areas on land. It has a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around segments 20-25. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, and in manure, often in damp conditions.[8]( nature Spot)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Roles in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature [6] (Arjun Singh). Epigeic species will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter and facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter [9] (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter [10](FernandoMonroy) Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities [11](Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Problems ====<br /> Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor [5] (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> &quot;harmful to forest floor&quot;<br /> Although some can change fungi and macroinvertabrate populations but they do not decrease forest floor. [1] (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/site/soils/home/.<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179.<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org, www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus.<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, www.naturespot.org.uk/species/eiseniella-tetraedra.<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011.<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079. http://jdguez.webs.uvigo.es/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/the-influence-of-earthworms-on-nutrient-dynamics.pdf<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddish-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4197 2019-05-04T05:15:18Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’<br /> Epegeic earthworms are surface dwelling and scientifically classed along with all the other earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida phylum.<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with some are bright red but most have reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays that they are sensitive to. [1] (great lakes book) Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as all the endgoic and anecic classified species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to the highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in the low organic matter environment of soil. [2](USDA) Epegeics inhabit all the continents except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America. [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather retreat to the soil. Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with these migrating resembling behaviors as epi-endogeic.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic. extensive morphological variability in its introduced North American range, and wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range. [4](Terhivuo &amp; Saura, 2006).<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European and introduced North American range [5](Addison, 2009).<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. [6](arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> Also known as the Chestnut worm. The species is endemic to England and most active in the spring months [7] (naturalist). <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is aquatic and can be found in mud or under stones in rivers, as well as in damp areas on land. It has a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around segments 20-25. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, and in manure, often in damp conditions.[8]( nature Spot)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature [6] (Arjun Singh). Epigeic species will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter and facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter [9] (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter [10](FernandoMonroy) Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities [11](Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Problems ====<br /> Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor [5] (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus [3](Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> &quot;harmful to forest floor&quot;<br /> Although some can change fungi and macroinvertabrate populations but they do not decrease forest floor. [1] (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> [1] Hale, Cindy. Earthworms of the Great Lakes. Kollath+Stensaas Pub., 2013.<br /> <br /> [2] Edwards, Clive A. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Home | NRCS Soils, 2019, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/site/soils/home/.<br /> <br /> [3] Frelich, Lee E., et al. “Earthworm Invasion into Previously Earthworm-Free Temperate and Boreal Forests.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 35–45., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_5.<br /> <br /> [4] Terhivuo, Juhani, and Anssi Saura. “Dispersal and Clonal Diversity of North-European Parthenogenetic Earthworms.” Biological Invasions Belowground: Earthworms as Invasive Species, 2006, pp. 5–18., doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5429-7_2.<br /> <br /> [5] Addison, J.a., and S.b. Holmes. “Effect of Two Commercial Formulations of Bacillusthuringiensis Suhsp. Kurstaki on the Forest Earthworm Dendrobaenaoctaedra.” Canadian Journal of Forest Research, vol. 26, no. 9, 1996, pp. 1594–1601., doi:10.1139/x26-179.<br /> <br /> [6] Singh, Arjun, et al. “Taxonomic and Functional Diversity of the Culturable Microbiomes of Epigeic Earthworms and Their Prospects in Agriculture.” Journal of Basic Microbiology, vol. 56, no. 9, 2016, pp. 1009–1020., doi:10.1002/jobm.201500779.<br /> <br /> [7]“Chestnut Worm (Lumbricus Castaneus).” INaturalist.org, www.inaturalist.org/taxa/484186-Lumbricus-castaneus.<br /> <br /> [8]“Eiseniella Tetraedra.” NatureSpot, 2019, www.naturespot.org.uk/species/eiseniella-tetraedra.<br /> <br /> [9] Hendrix, Paul F., and Patrick J. Bohlen. “Exotic Earthworm Invasions in North America: Ecological and Policy Implications.” BioScience, vol. 52, no. 9, 2002, p. 801., doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0801:eeiina]2.0.co;2.<br /> <br /> [10] Monroy, Fernando, et al. “Changes in Density of Nematodes, Protozoa and Total Coliforms after Transit through the Gut of Four Epigeic Earthworms (Oligochaeta).” Applied Soil Ecology, vol. 39, no. 2, 2008, pp. 127–132., doi:10.1016/j.apsoil.2007.11.011.<br /> <br /> [11]Domínguez, Jorge, and María Gómez-Brandón. “The Influence of Earthworms on Nutrient Dynamics during the Process of Vermicomposting.” Waste Management &amp;amp; Research, vol. 31, no. 8, 2013, pp. 859–868., doi:10.1177/0734242x13497079.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddish-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4188 2019-05-04T04:27:20Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’<br /> Epegeic earthworms are surface dwelling and scientifically classed along with all the other earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida phylum.<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with some are bright red but most have reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays that they are sensitive to.(great lakes book) Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as all the endgoic and anecic classified species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to the highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in the low organic matter environment of soil.(UsDA) Epegeics inhabit all the continents except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America. (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather retreat to the soil. Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with these migrating resembling behaviors as epi-endogeic.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Example Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic. extensive morphological variability in its introduced North American range, and wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range. (Terhivuo &amp; Saura, 2006).<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European and introduced North American range (Addison, 2009).<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions.(arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> Also known as the Chestnut worm. The species is endemic to England and most active in the spring months(naturalist). <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is aquatic and can be found in mud or under stones in rivers, as well as in damp areas on land. It has a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around segments 20-25. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, and in manure, often in damp conditions.( nature Spot)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature(Arjun Singh). Epigeic species will feed primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter and facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter (Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy) Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==== Problems ====<br /> Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> &quot;harmful to forest floor&quot;<br /> Although some can change fungi and macroinvertabrate populations but they do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddish-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4187 2019-05-04T04:06:14Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’<br /> Epegeic earthworms are surface dwelling and scientifically classed along with all the other earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida phylum.<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with some are bright red but most have reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays that they are sensitive to.(great lakes book) Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction methods as all the endgoic and anecic classified species. <br /> <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to the highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in the low organic matter environment of soil.(UsDA) Epegeics inhabit all the continents except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America. (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather retreat to the soil. Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate. Some classify earthworms with these migrating resembling behaviors as epi-endogeic. Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature(Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is a small (2-4 cm) epegeic. extensive morphological variability in its introduced North American range, and wide variability in somatic and reproductive characters in its native northern Europe range. (Terhivuo &amp; Saura, 2006).<br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is common in coniferous forests in its native European and introduced North American range (Addison, 2009).<br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions.(arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> Also known as the Chestnut worm. The species is endemic to England and most active in the spring months(naturalist). <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> This red worm may vary from 2 to 8 cm in length. It is aquatic and can be found in mud or under stones in rivers, as well as in damp areas on land. It has a distinctive cliellum (saddle) around segments 20-25. They are widespread in Britain and found year round in gardens, fields, pastures, forests, estuary flats, lake shores, and in manure, often in damp conditions.( nature Spot)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> <br /> ==== Harmful Effects ====<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddish-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4186 2019-05-04T03:34:32Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’<br /> Epegeic earthworms are surface dwelling and scientifically classed along with all the other earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida phylum.<br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with some are bright red but most have reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays that they are sensitive to.(great lakes book) Epegeics share basically the same anatomy and reproduction as all the endgoic and anecic classified species. <br /> == Range, Habitat and Diet ==<br /> They are adapted to the highly variable moisture and temperature conditions at the soil surface. The worms found in compost piles are epigeic and are unlikely to survive in the low organic matter environment of soil.(UsDA) Epegeics inhabit all the continents except Anarctica, however they along with all other earthworms are invasive in the previously earth worm free temperate and boreal forests of North America. (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> <br /> ==== Harmful Effects ====<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddish-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4184 2019-05-04T02:57:20Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’<br /> Epegeic earthworms are surface dwelling and scientifically classed along with all the other earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida phylum.<br /> == Description ==<br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with some are bright red but most have reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays that they are sensitive to.<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> ftffhg<br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> <br /> <br /> == Activity and Diet ==<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> <br /> ==== Harmful Effects ====<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddish-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Earthworms are small bodied ranging from 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. The pigment is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly, which may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4181 2019-05-04T02:43:31Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> Epigeic is Greek for ‘upon the earth’, endogeic means ‘within the earth’ and anecic is Greek for ‘out of the earth’<br /> These are the three basic habitat classifications of Earthworms or oligochaeta of the annelida Phylum.<br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> ftffhg<br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> <br /> <br /> == Activity and Diet ==<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> <br /> ==== Harmful Effects ====<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddy-brown.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Eaarthworms are small bodies 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly. the back pigmentation may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behavior of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics, which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature. Although the epigeic earthworm species Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are able to speed up the decomposition process of organic matter with especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4176 2019-05-04T02:24:57Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> ftffhg<br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Species ===<br /> <br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|left|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Activity and Diet ==<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> <br /> ==== Harmful Effects ====<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddy-brown, but they are not stripy.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Eaarthworms are small bodies 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly. the back pigmentation may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behaviour of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics 8; which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature 9. Although epigeic earthworms Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes 10, 11, other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are endowed with capacity to significantly hasten decomposition of organic matter with rapid increase their weight 12, 13, especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4174 2019-05-04T02:05:28Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> <br /> == Species ==<br /> <br /> pics<br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|right|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Eisen.jpg|200px|left|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Eudrilus.jpg<br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> <br /> == Activity and Diet ==<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> <br /> ==== Harmful Effects ====<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddy-brown, but they are not stripy.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Eaarthworms are small bodies 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly. the back pigmentation may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behaviour of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics 8; which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature 9. Although epigeic earthworms Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes 10, 11, other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are endowed with capacity to significantly hasten decomposition of organic matter with rapid increase their weight 12, 13, especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Eisen.jpg&diff=4173 2019-05-04T02:04:25Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4172 2019-05-04T02:03:56Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> <br /> == Species ==<br /> <br /> pics<br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|right|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Lumbra_cas.jpg|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> [[File:|200px|right|Eiseniella tetraedra[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Eudrilus.jpg<br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> <br /> == Activity and Diet ==<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> <br /> ==== Harmful Effects ====<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddy-brown, but they are not stripy.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Eaarthworms are small bodies 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly. the back pigmentation may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behaviour of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics 8; which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature 9. Although epigeic earthworms Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes 10, 11, other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are endowed with capacity to significantly hasten decomposition of organic matter with rapid increase their weight 12, 13, especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Lumbra_cas.jpg&diff=4170 2019-05-04T02:00:33Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Epigeic_Earthworms&diff=4169 2019-05-04T01:59:59Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> == Range and Habitat ==<br /> <br /> == Species ==<br /> <br /> pics<br /> [[File:Dendrobaena.jpg|200px|left|Dendrobaena octaedra []|thumb]]<br /> [[File:Eudrilis.jpg|200px|right|Eudrilus eugeniae []|thumb]]<br /> [[File:|200px|right|Lumbricus castaneus[]|thumb]]<br /> <br /> <br /> Eudrilus.jpg<br /> ==== Dendrobaena octaedra ====<br /> <br /> ==== Eudrilus eugeniae ====<br /> <br /> ==== Lumbricus castaneus ==== <br /> <br /> ==== Eiseniella tetraedra ==== <br /> <br /> == Activity and Diet ==<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> <br /> == Role in Soil ==<br /> <br /> ==== Benefits ====<br /> <br /> ==== Harmful Effects ====<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms<br /> Lumbricus castaneus, an epigeic earthworm<br /> Epigeic earthworms live on the surface of the soil in leaf litter. These species tend not to make burrows but live in and feed on the leaf litter. Epigeic earthworms are also often bright red or reddy-brown, but they are not stripy.<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworm speices include Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena attemsi, Dendrodrilus rubidus, Eiseniella tetraedra, Heliodrilus oculatus, Lumbricus rubellus, Lumbricus castaneus, Lumbricus festivus, Lumbricus friendi, Satchellius mammalis ( Earthworm society Britain)<br /> <br /> Epegeic Eaarthworms are small bodies 1-7 cm with reddish brown skin pigmentation. is darker on the back and lighter on the tail and the belly. the back pigmentation may provide extra protection from ultra violet rays they are very sensitive to. Great lakes; Dendrobaena octaedra, Dendrobaena octaedra, Eiseniella tetraedra, Eiseniella eisneni. <br /> can change fungi and macroinvertabrate pops do not decrease forest floor. (great lakes book)<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra is an epigeic species. It inhabits the litter layer, feeding primarily on microorganisms associated with decaying surface litter (Hale et al., 2008). Epigeic species facilitate the breakdown and mineralisation of surface litter (Hendrix &amp; Bohlen, 2002).<br /> <br /> Dendrobaena octaedra and Dendrodrilus rubidus are epigeic species, which inhabit and feed at the soil surface. Epigeics physically disrupt the organic layer of the soil by consuming and mixing the F and H layers, producing a homogenous and granular form of organic forest floor (Addison, 2009)<br /> <br /> Exotic earthworms are a particular problem in previously earthworm-free temperate and boreal forests of North America dominated by Acer, Quercus, Betula, Pinus and Populus (Frelich et al., 2006).(GISD)<br /> <br /> The endoeic species can turn epigeic during suitable weather conditions but during dry weather turn to soil and now called (epi-endogeic)<br /> <br /> Other epegeic go to soil to aestivate or hibernate.<br /> <br /> Based on the feeding behaviour of earthworms, epigeic species have a greater potential as waste decomposers, than anecics, and endogeics 8; which is due to their humus consuming and surface dwelling nature 9. Although epigeic earthworms Eudrilus eugeniae is frequently used in vermicomposting of solid wastes 10, 11, other epegeic genera – Eisenia foetida and Perionyx excavatus are endowed with capacity to significantly hasten decomposition of organic matter with rapid increase their weight 12, 13, especially under tropical conditions. (Taxonomic and functional diversity of the culturable microbiomes of epigeic earthworms and their prospects in agriculture<br /> Arjun Singh)<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms (i.e. those that feed and live in the litter layer) increase decomposition rates and strongly affect populations of other litter inhabiting organisms (Domínguez et al., 2003, McLean and Parkinson, 2000a, McLean and Parkinson, 2000b). Nevertheless, little is known about whether and to what extent these changes are due to direct effects of earthworms on the decaying material (i.e. transformations of the ingested material during passage through the gut) or to indirect effects related to their casting and burrowing activities (Brown et al., 2000, Domínguez, 2004).<br /> <br /> Epigeic earthworms are detritivorous organisms that live and feed in the soil litter layer. These earthworms exert important effects on the presence of decomposer micro-organisms and their microbial grazers, which lead to changes in the rate of decomposition of the organic matter(Changes in density of nematodes, protozoa and total coliforms after transit through the gut of four epigeic earthworms (Oligochaeta)<br /> Author links open overlay panelFernandoMonroy)</div>

Scdejoy https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Dendrobaena.jpg&diff=4167 2019-05-04T01:56:41Z

<p>Scdejoy: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Scdejoy