https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Sabrown5Soil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-15T02:57:44ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10348Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:49:34Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Adult_decollate_snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail on a leaf. [3] ]]<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
[[File: Another decollate snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail playing in leaf litter. [1] ]]<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
While considered introduced in the US, some argue decollate snails may have an anthropogenic benefit here. Some people say they have value in controlling the brown garden snail as a pest in [[agriculture]], and this is considered to outweigh the decollate snail's ‘minor pest’ attributes in California. Although they are still only found in cultivated habitats with frequent irrigation [5]. Although studies have shown that they are not consistently effective, introducing the decollate snail can reduce brown garden snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years [3].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10347Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:48:36Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Adult_decollate_snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail on a leaf. [3] ]]<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
[[File: Another decollate snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail playing in leaf litter.[1] ]]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
While considered introduced in the US, some argue decollate snails may have an anthropogenic benefit here. Some people say they have value in controlling the brown garden snail as a pest in [[agriculture]], and this is considered to outweigh the decollate snail's ‘minor pest’ attributes in California. Although they are still only found in cultivated habitats with frequent irrigation [5]. Although studies have shown that they are not consistently effective, introducing the decollate snail can reduce brown garden snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years [3].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10346Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:47:49Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File: Adult_decollate_snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail on a leaf. [3] ]]<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
[[File: Another decollate snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail playing in leaf litter.[1] ]]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
While considered introduced in the US, some argue decollate snails may have an anthropogenic benefit here. Some people say they have value in controlling the brown garden snail as a pest in [[agriculture]], and this is considered to outweigh the decollate snail's ‘minor pest’ attributes in California. Although they are still only found in cultivated habitats with frequent irrigation [5]. Although studies have shown that they are not consistently effective, introducing the decollate snail can reduce brown garden snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years [3].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10345Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:47:32Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File: Adult_decollate_snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail on a leaf. [3] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
[[File: Another decollate snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail playing in leaf litter.[1] ]]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
While considered introduced in the US, some argue decollate snails may have an anthropogenic benefit here. Some people say they have value in controlling the brown garden snail as a pest in [[agriculture]], and this is considered to outweigh the decollate snail's ‘minor pest’ attributes in California. Although they are still only found in cultivated habitats with frequent irrigation [5]. Although studies have shown that they are not consistently effective, introducing the decollate snail can reduce brown garden snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years [3].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Another_decollate_snail.jpg&diff=10344File:Another decollate snail.jpg2023-04-21T00:44:10Z<p>Sabrown5: Decollate snail</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Decollate snail</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10343Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:38:26Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Adult_decollate_snail.jpg |thumb| Adult decollate snail on a leaf. [3] ]]<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
While considered introduced in the US, some argue decollate snails may have an anthropogenic benefit here. Some people say they have value in controlling the brown garden snail as a pest in [[agriculture]], and this is considered to outweigh the decollate snail's ‘minor pest’ attributes in California. Although they are still only found in cultivated habitats with frequent irrigation [5]. Although studies have shown that they are not consistently effective, introducing the decollate snail can reduce brown garden snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years [3].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Adult_decollate_snail.jpg&diff=10342File:Adult decollate snail.jpg2023-04-21T00:34:25Z<p>Sabrown5: Adult decollate snail</p>
<hr />
<div>== Summary ==<br />
Adult decollate snail</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10341Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:33:03Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Human Relevance */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
While considered introduced in the US, some argue decollate snails may have an anthropogenic benefit here. Some people say they have value in controlling the brown garden snail as a pest in [[agriculture]], and this is considered to outweigh the decollate snail's ‘minor pest’ attributes in California. Although they are still only found in cultivated habitats with frequent irrigation [5]. Although studies have shown that they are not consistently effective, introducing the decollate snail can reduce brown garden snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years [3].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10340Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:32:18Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Human Relevance */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
While considered introduced in the US, some argue decollate snails may have an anthropogenic benefit here. Some people say they have value in controlling the brown garden snail as a pest in [[agriculture]], and this is considered to outweigh the decollate snail's ‘minor pest’ attributes in California. Although they are still only in cultivated habitats with frequent irrigation [5]. Although studies have shown that they are not consistently effective, introducing the decollate snail can reduce brown garden snail populations to insignificant levels in 4 to 10 years [3].<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10339Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:27:31Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Ecosystem Role */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10338Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:25:50Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Ecosystem Role */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles , spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10337Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:23:02Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Ecosystem Role */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment, which could be a indicator for other problems or mineral deficiency [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10336Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:21:30Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Ecosystem Role */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, and a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10335Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:21:07Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Ecosystem Role */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since these snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions, since they'll still be there most likely. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, and a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10334Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:20:54Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Ecosystem Role */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
Since snails don't move far over their lifetime, they can be excellent indicators of site history and site conditions, since they'll still be there most likely. Land snails have a high calcium demand, and are sensitive to calcium availability in their habitat, and a lack of snails might be a sign of low calcium in an environment [4]. <br />
They can also play a role in shredding and transforming organic substances. Decollates combine their slime with particles from the ground and improve the structure of the soil, therefore improving the soil structure. Many snail species are specialized in feeding on unusual materials, and when these snails are eaten by decollate snails, those difficult to digest materials can then be contributed to the [[decomposition]] and transformation of these substances <br />
These snails are an important source of food for other [[animals]]. They feed birds, hedgehogs, [[moles]], amphibians, reptiles, ground beetles, spiders and more [6].<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10333Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:10:43Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Life Cycle */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
These snails are hermaphrodites, having both female and male parts. They are self-fertile, but commonly mate with another decollate before laying eggs. But if they cannot find a mate, they do not need one to lay eggs. They are reproductively mature about 10 months after hatching from an egg. Female decollate snails can lay about 200 eggs per year and up to 500 eggs during their lifetime. Their eggs are round and whitish in color, and are laid in the topsoil. The eggs have a brittle shell and are 1/12 inch in diameter. They are laid singly or in loose clusters in a depression in the topsoil, and hatch within 10-45 days [3]. <br />
They are laid inside between May and October, adult snails estivate (go into a dormant state) inside the soil 1-3 months covering their eggs. Creation of the first whorls begins in the second month, and the snails hibernate mostly inactively inside the soil during this time, then as growth and decollation continues, they become more active [2].<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10332Decollate Snail2023-04-21T00:02:06Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Behavior */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
The decollate snail lives only in and on litter and soil. They climb only to escape heavy rain or irrigation water. This is unlike most common land snails, like garden snails that will climb trees and other objects. They are active mostly at night and during overcast or rainy weather. During the day they hide in leaf litter on the ground and in the top one inch of soil in the US [4]. They are a predatory snail, in the US feeding on common [[garden snail]] species. Although they are opportunistic and can be considered omnivores, feeding on new sprouts, old leaves within the soil, and fallen bruised fruit as well [5].<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10331Decollate Snail2023-04-20T23:54:40Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Habitat and Distribution */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, and under stones. Yet they are rarely found in the root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10330Decollate Snail2023-04-20T23:53:47Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Habitat and Distribution */</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
Decollate snails are native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. They were introduced into Southern California in the 1960s. They now occupy irrigated sites in Central and Southern California. They are considered introduced and not invasive, because they are non-native but do not seem to be causing harm. Because this snail is a burrowing species and the eggs and snails occur in topsoil, the snail can be spread easily by humans in plants and soil that are moved, leading to them being found in more states than California [3]. Currently, they are introduced in the United States, Bermuda and Mexico. It is widespread, but localized, in the Sun Belt from California east to Florida and north along the Atlantic coast to Pennsylvania [5]. As for their native habitats, In Europe they live in dry and open habitats, and prefer shady habitats in Portugal, between plants and under stones, or buried in the soil. They dislike sandy and loamy soils. In North Africa snails can be found up to 10 cm deep inside the soil, under stones, yet rarely in root systems of shrubs [1].<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10308Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:43:01Z<p>Sabrown5: Intro</p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10307Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:42:41Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. They are thought to have spread from this point into more states overtime. Since it was introduced, yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10306Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:40:41Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. Since it was introduced, yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive in the United States at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10305Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:40:21Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. Since it was introduced, yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear to be considered invasive at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10304Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:39:40Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>The decollate snail is native to North Africa and the Mediterranean Region. It was inadvertently introduced into Southern California. Since it was introduced, yet doesn't seem to be causing harm, it does not appear invasive at this time. Decollate snails can be spread readily in container plants and [[soil]] that are moved through human means. They are a carnivorous snail, mainly consuming animal matter. But are overall omnivorous in their feeding habits [3].<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10302Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:32:04Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Habitat */</p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat and Distribution==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10301Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:30:19Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Identification */</p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
To identify a decollate snail, their spiraling shell is pinkish brown, elongated irregularly unlike most other land snails. It is tapered toward the end. Young snails can have a more pale-colored lighter brown shell. The shell can grow up to 1-3/5 inches (40 mm) long and 5/8 inch (14 mm) in diameter. When the shell grows, the tip of the shell breaks off and older whirls of the shell are dropped. Only four to seven whirls are retained in older snails, as the rest are discarded. Younger snails may retain up to 10 whirls of the shell, as they have not dropped those whorls yet.<br />
Their antennae, head, and foot are blackish to dark olive-gray. The decollate snail eggs are pale white in color, and are buried in the topsoil. They can be found in clusters or singularly [3].<br />
To further identify them, we can look at the order they are classified in, Stylommatophora. Stylommatophora includes air-breathing land snails and slugs. Snails in Stylommatophora have lost their gills, and have an air-breathing organ with a lung on its roof. The two things that all Stylommatophora share are a long pedal gland placed beneath a membrane and retractile tentacles. Their eyes can also be found on the tips of two long tentacles, in this case, the decollate snails eye stalks. [7]<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10300Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:17:52Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Land Snail Overview */</p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, adult beetles, millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially those who are ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10299Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:17:00Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Land Snail Overview */</p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]], flies, beetle larvae, beetles and millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10298Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:15:51Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Land Snail Overview */</p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]] and flies, beetle larvae, beetles and millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]], turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10297Decollate Snail2023-04-20T15:15:20Z<p>Sabrown5: /* Land Snail Overview */</p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
All continents have land snails, they are especially prevalent everywhere in Eastern North America, where there are more than 500 native species. They live mostly in leaf litter of forests, old fields, and wetlands. They can also be found in more disturbed habitats such as active gardens and fields, river banks, suburbs, and even cities. The term ‘land snails’ includes snails and slugs, which have no obvious shell, they're shell is actually inside them.<br />
Most land snails feed upon a wide variety of organic material. But it is mainly consistent of green or dead herbaceous plants, rotting wood and fungi, bark and algae. They also consume empty snail shells, sap, animal scats and carcasses, and even rasp on limestone rock or cement [4].The radula (like in many mollusks,) has a rasping tongue as a mandible, they can use to ‘rasp’. It is full of horny teeth made of chitin and is used for scraping off particles of food from underneath [6].<br />
Carnivorous snail species attack nematodes and other snails. Carnivorous snails are where the decollate snail lands on the feeding scale. <br />
Predators of land snails include [[invertebrates]] such as parasitic [[mites]], [[nematodes]] and flies, beetle larvae, beetles and millipedes, and other snails like the decollate. Some other larger predators include [[salamanders]] , turtles, shrews, mice and other small mammals. Even birds, especially ground-foragers.<br />
Both shelled snails and slugs can generally be categorized as [[decomposers]]. [4]<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10265Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:24:10Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10264Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:23:30Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy <br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata'' [3]<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10263Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:20:59Z<p>Sabrown5: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
1] AnimalBase :: Rumina decollata species homepage. (2013). . http://www.animalbase.uni-goettingen.de/zooweb/servlet/AnimalBase/home/species?id=1293.<br />
<br />
2] Cadmium in soils and groundwater: A review - PMC. (2020). . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7147761/.<br />
<br />
3] Decollate Snail / UC Statewide IPM Program (UC IPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/natural-enemies/decollate-snail/.<br />
<br />
4] Mollusks : Carnegie Museum of Natural History. (2005). . https://www.carnegiemnh.org/science/mollusks/landsnailecology.html.<br />
<br />
5] snail eating snails. (n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/snail_eating_snails.htm.<br />
<br />
6] Snails. Germanfactsheet.pdf. (n.d)<br />
https://agresearch.montana.edu/wtarc/producerinfo/entomology-insect-ecology/EasternHeathSnail/GermanFactSheet.pdf<br />
<br />
7] Classification. (n.d.). . http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/f2012/ravenscr_patr/classification.htm.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10262Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:17:00Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (''Rumina decollata'')<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || ''Rumina decollata''<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10261Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:15:35Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || Rumina decollata<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10260Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:13:40Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || Rumina decollata<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10259Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:12:56Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (Mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || Rumina decollata<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10258Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:12:38Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (Mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || Rumina decollata (Decollate Snail)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10257Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:12:13Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (Mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|-<br />
|Species || Rumina decollata<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10256Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:10:27Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (Mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human Relevance==</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10255Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:09:54Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (Mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
==Land Snail Overview==<br />
<br />
==Identification==<br />
<br />
==Habitat==<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
<br />
==Ecosystem Role==<br />
<br />
==Human relevance==</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10254Decollate Snail2023-04-19T16:03:40Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Mollusca (Mollusks) <br />
|-<br />
|Class || [[Gastropoda]] (gastropods)<br />
|-<br />
|Order || Stylommatophora (Air breathing snails + [[slugs]])<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Subulinidae (Small, tropical snails)<br />
|}</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Decollate_Snail&diff=10226Decollate Snail2023-04-18T16:31:22Z<p>Sabrown5: Created page with "Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)"</p>
<hr />
<div>Decollate Snail (Rumina decollata)</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ground_Beetle&diff=9920Ground Beetle2023-03-28T21:42:25Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ground beetle is a term used to describe the family of beetles Carabidae, in the order [[Coleoptera]]. Ground beetles are also known as carabids. This family comprises around 40,000 species worldwide, with 2,339 species residing in the United states [1]. Their distribution is cosmopolitan, meaning that they are found worldwide.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
|Subphylum || Hexapoda ([[Hexapod]]s)<br />
|-<br />
|Class || Insecta<br />
|-<br />
|Order || [[Coleoptera]] (Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Suborder || Adephaga (Ground and Water Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Carabidae (Ground Beetles)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Pic_1_replacement_ground_beetle_anatomy.jpg|thumb|Ground beetle anatomy compared to Darkling beetle. [6] ]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Ground beetles have a large size range within the family group, with a range of size between 0.7-66 mm. This family is known for their long legs and powerful mandibles, which make them distinct from other groupings of beetles. [1] Most species in the adult stage are dark brown or black, shiny, and a bit flattened in shape. Although some can be iridescent blue or green. [2] To identify them from other beetle groups, you can distinguish them by the first abdominal segment not being continuous; instead it is divided by fixed hind coxae (the first leg segment on the beetle.) The front tibia has a prominent notch, on the inside near distal end. Also, the Hind trochanter is elongated, at least a ¼ of the femur. [3]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic3.png|thumb| ''P. melanarius'', the most common ground beetle species in North America. [1] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Stages==<br />
<br />
The ground beetle family has four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and then adult. The first three life stages are spent underground most of the time. While the adult life stage is spent above ground. [1] Depending on the species of the particular ground beetle, they can lay a few to hundreds of eggs. [2]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Feeding Habits== <br />
<br />
These beetles are predatory, and therefore important for the biological control of insect pests on farms. The adults hunt from the [[soil]] surface, but will also climb down and look for their prey within the soil foliage. Their larvae will be burrowed into the soil, and in this life stage, they seek out and feed on prey directly within the soil. The beetles' prey consists of a wide variety of critters within the soil, consisting of a large amount of other [[insects]] and also the seeds of plants. They tend to have a seasonal diet, depending on what's available in the season, they will switch between eating seeds or insects.[1] Some of their food sources include Caterpillars, grubs and adults of other smaller beetles, fly maggots and earthworms. Most of the family class has large, sharp mouthparts to catch and devour prey.[2]<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
Adult carabid beetles have wings, but most rarely fly and some are completely incapable of flight. Some prefer Living mulches like types of clover as a preferred microhabitat for adults. The use of [[compost]] on agricultural fields also shows an increased number of ground beetles arriving. This is thought to do so because it adds a cool, moist climate for the beetles.[1] Some species can emit a potent smelling irritant when they are handled and feel threatened. Many species are nocturnal and can be attracted to lights when it's dark. [2]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic2.jpg|thumb| '''A showcase of the variety of ground beetle sizes and colors.''' A) ''Carabus nemoralis'' B) ''Carabus auratus'' C) ''Carabus meander'' D) ''Chlaenius tomesntous'' E) ''Chlaenius sericeus'' F) ''Cicindela sp''. [5] ]]<br />
<br />
==Ecology and Importance==<br />
<br />
These beetles play an important role in keeping down pest populations in the soil for agricultural purposes, and also for reducing weed populations from eating the seeds of certain weed species. They are considered one of the most natural and consistent pest management species, since they are long lived and able to stay on agricultural grounds even when crops are not in season. They are also generalist feeders and able to switch their diet depending on what's available that time of year. This makes them an ideal beetle family for management. [1] Ground beetles are not harmful to humans, and will not destroy buildings, eat your food, or clothing. If handled improperly, they do have the potential to pinch skin, [4] but besides this and some having the ability to emit an odor, [2] ground beetles are harmless. They cannot thrive indoors and also cannot reproduce indoors, so populations inside buildings will not accumulate. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
[1] Lövei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. [[Ecology]] and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annual Review of Entomology 41:231–256.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
Snyder, W. E. 2019. Give predators a complement: Conserving natural enemy biodiversity to improve biocontrol. Biological Control 135:73–82.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
El-Danasoury, H., C. Cerecedo, M. Córdoba, and J. Iglesias-Piñeiro. 2017. Predation by the carabid beetle Harpalus rufipes on the pest slug Deroceras reticulatum in the laboratory: Harpalus rufipes predation on Deroceras reticulatum. Annals of Applied Biology 170:251–262.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[2] susan.mahr. (n.d.). Ground Beetles (Carabidae). https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ground-beetles/.<br />
<br />
[3] Family Carabidae - Ground Beetles. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/186.<br />
<br />
[4] Ground beetles. (n.d.). . https://extension.umn.edu/nuisance-insects/ground-beetles.<br />
<br />
[5] 196-Beneficial Insect Series 2: Carabidae (Ground Beetles) on Maine Farms - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension. (n.d.). .https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[6] UC ANR Statewide IPM Program (UCIPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/A/I-CO-AMSP-KC.002.html.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ground_Beetle&diff=9919Ground Beetle2023-03-28T21:41:35Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ground beetle is a term used to describe the family of beetles Carabidae, in the order [[Coleoptera]]. Ground beetles are also known as carabids. This family comprises around 40,000 species worldwide, with 2,339 species residing in the United states [1]. Their distribution is cosmopolitan, meaning that they are found worldwide.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
|Subphylum || Hexapoda ([[Hexapod]]s)<br />
|-<br />
|Class || Insecta<br />
|-<br />
|Order || [[Coleoptera]] (Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Suborder || Adephaga (Ground and Water Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Carabidae (Ground Beetles)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Pic_1_replacement_ground_beetle_anatomy.jpg|thumb|Ground beetle anatomy compared to Darkling beetle. [6] ]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Ground beetles have a large size range within the family group, with a range of size between 0.7-66 mm. This family is known for their long legs and powerful mandibles, which make them distinct from other groupings of beetles. [1] Most species in the adult stage are dark brown or black, shiny, and a bit flattened in shape. Although some can be iridescent blue or green. [2] To identify them from other beetle groups, you can distinguish them by the first abdominal segment not being continuous; instead it is divided by fixed hind coxae (the first leg segment on the beetle.) The front tibia has a prominent notch, on the inside near distal end. Also, the Hind trochanter is elongated, at least a ¼ of the femur. [3]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic3.png|thumb| ''P. melanarius'', the most common species in North America. [1] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Stages==<br />
<br />
The ground beetle family has four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and then adult. The first three life stages are spent underground most of the time. While the adult life stage is spent above ground. [1] Depending on the species of the particular ground beetle, they can lay a few to hundreds of eggs. [2]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Feeding Habits== <br />
<br />
These beetles are predatory, and therefore important for the biological control of insect pests on farms. The adults hunt from the [[soil]] surface, but will also climb down and look for their prey within the soil foliage. Their larvae will be burrowed into the soil, and in this life stage, they seek out and feed on prey directly within the soil. The beetles' prey consists of a wide variety of critters within the soil, consisting of a large amount of other [[insects]] and also the seeds of plants. They tend to have a seasonal diet, depending on what's available in the season, they will switch between eating seeds or insects.[1] Some of their food sources include Caterpillars, grubs and adults of other smaller beetles, fly maggots and earthworms. Most of the family class has large, sharp mouthparts to catch and devour prey.[2]<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
Adult carabid beetles have wings, but most rarely fly and some are completely incapable of flight. Some prefer Living mulches like types of clover as a preferred microhabitat for adults. The use of [[compost]] on agricultural fields also shows an increased number of ground beetles arriving. This is thought to do so because it adds a cool, moist climate for the beetles.[1] Some species can emit a potent smelling irritant when they are handled and feel threatened. Many species are nocturnal and can be attracted to lights when it's dark. [2]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic2.jpg|thumb| '''A showcase of the variety of ground beetle sizes and colors.''' A) ''Carabus nemoralis'' B) ''Carabus auratus'' C) ''Carabus meander'' D) ''Chlaenius tomesntous'' E) ''Chlaenius sericeus'' F) ''Cicindela sp''. [5] ]]<br />
<br />
==Ecology and Importance==<br />
<br />
These beetles play an important role in keeping down pest populations in the soil for agricultural purposes, and also for reducing weed populations from eating the seeds of certain weed species. They are considered one of the most natural and consistent pest management species, since they are long lived and able to stay on agricultural grounds even when crops are not in season. They are also generalist feeders and able to switch their diet depending on what's available that time of year. This makes them an ideal beetle family for management. [1] Ground beetles are not harmful to humans, and will not destroy buildings, eat your food, or clothing. If handled improperly, they do have the potential to pinch skin, [4] but besides this and some having the ability to emit an odor, [2] ground beetles are harmless. They cannot thrive indoors and also cannot reproduce indoors, so populations inside buildings will not accumulate. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
[1] Lövei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. [[Ecology]] and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annual Review of Entomology 41:231–256.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
Snyder, W. E. 2019. Give predators a complement: Conserving natural enemy biodiversity to improve biocontrol. Biological Control 135:73–82.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
El-Danasoury, H., C. Cerecedo, M. Córdoba, and J. Iglesias-Piñeiro. 2017. Predation by the carabid beetle Harpalus rufipes on the pest slug Deroceras reticulatum in the laboratory: Harpalus rufipes predation on Deroceras reticulatum. Annals of Applied Biology 170:251–262.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[2] susan.mahr. (n.d.). Ground Beetles (Carabidae). https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ground-beetles/.<br />
<br />
[3] Family Carabidae - Ground Beetles. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/186.<br />
<br />
[4] Ground beetles. (n.d.). . https://extension.umn.edu/nuisance-insects/ground-beetles.<br />
<br />
[5] 196-Beneficial Insect Series 2: Carabidae (Ground Beetles) on Maine Farms - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension. (n.d.). .https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[6] UC ANR Statewide IPM Program (UCIPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/A/I-CO-AMSP-KC.002.html.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ground_Beetle&diff=9918Ground Beetle2023-03-28T21:41:19Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ground beetle is a term used to describe the family of beetles Carabidae, in the order [[Coleoptera]]. Ground beetles are also known as carabids. This family comprises around 40,000 species worldwide, with 2,339 species residing in the United states [1]. Their distribution is cosmopolitan, meaning that they are found worldwide.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
|Subphylum || Hexapoda ([[Hexapod]]s)<br />
|-<br />
|Class || Insecta<br />
|-<br />
|Order || [[Coleoptera]] (Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Suborder || Adephaga (Ground and Water Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Carabidae (Ground Beetles)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Pic_1_replacement_ground_beetle_anatomy.jpg|thumb|Ground beetle anatomy compared to Darkling beetle. [6] ]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Ground beetles have a large size range within the family group, with a range of size between 0.7-66 mm. This family is known for their long legs and powerful mandibles, which make them distinct from other groupings of beetles. [1] Most species in the adult stage are dark brown or black, shiny, and a bit flattened in shape. Although some can be iridescent blue or green. [2] To identify them from other beetle groups, you can distinguish them by the first abdominal segment not being continuous; instead it is divided by fixed hind coxae (the first leg segment on the beetle.) The front tibia has a prominent notch, on the inside near distal end. Also, the Hind trochanter is elongated, at least a ¼ of the femur. [3]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic3.png|thumb| ''P. melanarius'', the most common species in North America. [1] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Stages==<br />
<br />
The ground beetle family has four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and then adult. The first three life stages are spent underground most of the time. While the adult life stage is spent above ground. [1] Depending on the species of the particular ground beetle, they can lay a few to hundreds of eggs. [2]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Feeding Habits== <br />
<br />
These beetles are predatory, and therefore important for the biological control of insect pests on farms. The adults hunt from the [[soil]] surface, but will also climb down and look for their prey within the soil foliage. Their larvae will be burrowed into the soil, and in this life stage, they seek out and feed on prey directly within the soil. The beetles' prey consists of a wide variety of critters within the soil, consisting of a large amount of other [[insects]] and also the seeds of plants. They tend to have a seasonal diet, depending on what's available in the season, they will switch between eating seeds or insects.[1] Some of their food sources include Caterpillars, grubs and adults of other smaller beetles, fly maggots and earthworms. Most of the family class has large, sharp mouthparts to catch and devour prey.[2]<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
Adult carabid beetles have wings, but most rarely fly and some are completely incapable of flight. Some prefer Living mulches like types of clover as a preferred microhabitat for adults. The use of [[compost]] on agricultural fields also shows an increased number of ground beetles arriving. This is thought to do so because it adds a cool, moist climate for the beetles.[1] Some species can emit a potent smelling irritant when they are handled and feel threatened. Many species are nocturnal and can be attracted to lights when it's dark. [2]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic2.jpg|thumb| '''A showcase of the variety of ground beetle sizes and colors''' A) ''Carabus nemoralis'' B) ''Carabus auratus'' C) ''Carabus meander'' D) ''Chlaenius tomesntous'' E) ''Chlaenius sericeus'' F) ''Cicindela sp''. [5] ]]<br />
<br />
==Ecology and Importance==<br />
<br />
These beetles play an important role in keeping down pest populations in the soil for agricultural purposes, and also for reducing weed populations from eating the seeds of certain weed species. They are considered one of the most natural and consistent pest management species, since they are long lived and able to stay on agricultural grounds even when crops are not in season. They are also generalist feeders and able to switch their diet depending on what's available that time of year. This makes them an ideal beetle family for management. [1] Ground beetles are not harmful to humans, and will not destroy buildings, eat your food, or clothing. If handled improperly, they do have the potential to pinch skin, [4] but besides this and some having the ability to emit an odor, [2] ground beetles are harmless. They cannot thrive indoors and also cannot reproduce indoors, so populations inside buildings will not accumulate. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
[1] Lövei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. [[Ecology]] and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annual Review of Entomology 41:231–256.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
Snyder, W. E. 2019. Give predators a complement: Conserving natural enemy biodiversity to improve biocontrol. Biological Control 135:73–82.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
El-Danasoury, H., C. Cerecedo, M. Córdoba, and J. Iglesias-Piñeiro. 2017. Predation by the carabid beetle Harpalus rufipes on the pest slug Deroceras reticulatum in the laboratory: Harpalus rufipes predation on Deroceras reticulatum. Annals of Applied Biology 170:251–262.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[2] susan.mahr. (n.d.). Ground Beetles (Carabidae). https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ground-beetles/.<br />
<br />
[3] Family Carabidae - Ground Beetles. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/186.<br />
<br />
[4] Ground beetles. (n.d.). . https://extension.umn.edu/nuisance-insects/ground-beetles.<br />
<br />
[5] 196-Beneficial Insect Series 2: Carabidae (Ground Beetles) on Maine Farms - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension. (n.d.). .https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[6] UC ANR Statewide IPM Program (UCIPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/A/I-CO-AMSP-KC.002.html.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ground_Beetle&diff=9917Ground Beetle2023-03-28T21:32:40Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ground beetle is a term used to describe the family of beetles Carabidae, in the order [[Coleoptera]]. Ground beetles are also known as carabids. This family comprises around 40,000 species worldwide, with 2,339 species residing in the United states [1]. Their distribution is cosmopolitan, meaning that they are found worldwide.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
|Subphylum || Hexapoda ([[Hexapod]]s)<br />
|-<br />
|Class || Insecta<br />
|-<br />
|Order || [[Coleoptera]] (Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Suborder || Adephaga (Ground and Water Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Carabidae (Ground Beetles)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Pic_1_replacement_ground_beetle_anatomy.jpg|thumb|Ground beetle anatomy compared to Darkling beetle. [6] ]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Ground beetles have a large size range within the family group, with a range of size between 0.7-66 mm. This family is known for their long legs and powerful mandibles, which make them distinct from other groupings of beetles. [1] Most species in the adult stage are dark brown or black, shiny, and a bit flattened in shape. Although some can be iridescent blue or green. [2] To identify them from other beetle groups, you can distinguish them by the first abdominal segment not being continuous; instead it is divided by fixed hind coxae (the first leg segment on the beetle.) The front tibia has a prominent notch, on the inside near distal end. Also, the Hind trochanter is elongated, at least a ¼ of the femur. [3]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic3.png|thumb| ''P. melanarius'', the most common species in North America. [1] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Stages==<br />
<br />
The ground beetle family has four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and then adult. The first three life stages are spent underground most of the time. While the adult life stage is spent above ground. [1] Depending on the species of the particular ground beetle, they can lay a few to hundreds of eggs. [2]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Feeding Habits== <br />
<br />
These beetles are predatory, and therefore important for the biological control of insect pests on farms. The adults hunt from the [[soil]] surface, but will also climb down and look for their prey within the soil foliage. Their larvae will be burrowed into the soil, and in this life stage, they seek out and feed on prey directly within the soil. The beetles' prey consists of a wide variety of critters within the soil, consisting of a large amount of other [[insects]] and also the seeds of plants. They tend to have a seasonal diet, depending on what's available in the season, they will switch between eating seeds or insects.[1] Some of their food sources include Caterpillars, grubs and adults of other smaller beetles, fly maggots and earthworms. Most of the family class has large, sharp mouthparts to catch and devour prey.[2]<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
Adult carabid beetles have wings, but most rarely fly and some are completely incapable of flight. Some prefer Living mulches like types of clover as a preferred microhabitat for adults. The use of [[compost]] on agricultural fields also shows an increased number of ground beetles arriving. This is thought to do so because it adds a cool, moist climate for the beetles.[1] Some species can emit a potent smelling irritant when they are handled and feel threatened. Many species are nocturnal and can be attracted to lights when it's dark. [2]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic2.jpg|thumb|A) ''Carabus nemoralis'' B) ''Carabus auratus'' C) ''Carabus meander'' D) ''Chlaenius tomesntous'' E) ''Chlaenius sericeus'' F) ''Cicindela sp''. [5] ]]<br />
<br />
==Ecology and Importance==<br />
<br />
These beetles play an important role in keeping down pest populations in the soil for agricultural purposes, and also for reducing weed populations from eating the seeds of certain weed species. They are considered one of the most natural and consistent pest management species, since they are long lived and able to stay on agricultural grounds even when crops are not in season. They are also generalist feeders and able to switch their diet depending on what's available that time of year. This makes them an ideal beetle family for management. [1] Ground beetles are not harmful to humans, and will not destroy buildings, eat your food, or clothing. If handled improperly, they do have the potential to pinch skin, [4] but besides this and some having the ability to emit an odor, [2] ground beetles are harmless. They cannot thrive indoors and also cannot reproduce indoors, so populations inside buildings will not accumulate. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
[1] Lövei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. [[Ecology]] and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annual Review of Entomology 41:231–256.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
Snyder, W. E. 2019. Give predators a complement: Conserving natural enemy biodiversity to improve biocontrol. Biological Control 135:73–82.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
El-Danasoury, H., C. Cerecedo, M. Córdoba, and J. Iglesias-Piñeiro. 2017. Predation by the carabid beetle Harpalus rufipes on the pest slug Deroceras reticulatum in the laboratory: Harpalus rufipes predation on Deroceras reticulatum. Annals of Applied Biology 170:251–262.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[2] susan.mahr. (n.d.). Ground Beetles (Carabidae). https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ground-beetles/.<br />
<br />
[3] Family Carabidae - Ground Beetles. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/186.<br />
<br />
[4] Ground beetles. (n.d.). . https://extension.umn.edu/nuisance-insects/ground-beetles.<br />
<br />
[5] 196-Beneficial Insect Series 2: Carabidae (Ground Beetles) on Maine Farms - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension. (n.d.). .https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[6] UC ANR Statewide IPM Program (UCIPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/A/I-CO-AMSP-KC.002.html.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ground_Beetle&diff=9916Ground Beetle2023-03-28T21:29:34Z<p>Sabrown5: </p>
<hr />
<div>Ground beetle is a term used to describe the family of beetles Carabidae, in the order [[Coleoptera]]. Ground beetles are also known as carabids. This family comprises around 40,000 species worldwide, with 2,339 species residing in the United states [1]. Their distribution is cosmopolitan, meaning that they are found worldwide.<br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
|Subphylum || Hexapoda ([[Hexapod]]s)<br />
|-<br />
|Class || Insecta<br />
|-<br />
|Order || [[Coleoptera]] (Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Suborder || Adephaga (Ground and Water Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Carabidae (Ground Beetles)<br />
|}<br />
<br />
[[File: Pic_1_replacement_ground_beetle_anatomy.jpg|thumb|Ground beetle anatomy compared to Darkling beetle [6].]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
Ground beetles have a large size range within the family group, with a range of size between 0.7-66 mm. This family is known for their long legs and powerful mandibles, which make them distinct from other groupings of beetles. [1] Most species in the adult stage are dark brown or black, shiny, and a bit flattened in shape. Although some can be iridescent blue or green. [2] To identify them from other beetle groups, you can distinguish them by the first abdominal segment not being continuous; instead it is divided by fixed hind coxae (the first leg segment on the beetle.) The front tibia has a prominent notch, on the inside near distal end. Also, the Hind trochanter is elongated, at least a ¼ of the femur. [3]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic3.png|thumb| P. melanarius [1] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Stages==<br />
<br />
The ground beetle family has four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and then adult. The first three life stages are spent underground most of the time. While the adult life stage is spent above ground. [1] Depending on the species of the particular ground beetle, they can lay a few to hundreds of eggs. [2]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Feeding Habits== <br />
<br />
These beetles are predatory, and therefore important for the biological control of insect pests on farms. The adults hunt from the [[soil]] surface, but will also climb down and look for their prey within the soil foliage. Their larvae will be burrowed into the soil, and in this life stage, they seek out and feed on prey directly within the soil. The beetles' prey consists of a wide variety of critters within the soil, consisting of a large amount of other [[insects]] and also the seeds of plants. They tend to have a seasonal diet, depending on what's available in the season, they will switch between eating seeds or insects.[1] Some of their food sources include Caterpillars, grubs and adults of other smaller beetles, fly maggots and earthworms. Most of the family class has large, sharp mouthparts to catch and devour prey.[2]<br />
<br />
==Behavior==<br />
<br />
Adult carabid beetles have wings, but most rarely fly and some are completely incapable of flight. Some prefer Living mulches like types of clover as a preferred microhabitat for adults. The use of [[compost]] on agricultural fields also shows an increased number of ground beetles arriving. This is thought to do so because it adds a cool, moist climate for the beetles.[1] Some species can emit a potent smelling irritant when they are handled and feel threatened. Many species are nocturnal and can be attracted to lights when it's dark. [2]<br />
<br />
[[File:Groundbeetlepic2.jpg|thumb|A) Carabus nemoralis; B) Carabus auratus; C) Carabus meander; D) Chlaenius tomesntous; E) Chlaenius sericeus; F) Cicindela sp. [5] ]]<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ecology and Importance==<br />
<br />
These beetles play an important role in keeping down pest populations in the soil for agricultural purposes, and also for reducing weed populations from eating the seeds of certain weed species. They are considered one of the most natural and consistent pest management species, since they are long lived and able to stay on agricultural grounds even when crops are not in season. They are also generalist feeders and able to switch their diet depending on what's available that time of year. This makes them an ideal beetle family for management. [1] Ground beetles are not harmful to humans, and will not destroy buildings, eat your food, or clothing. If handled improperly, they do have the potential to pinch skin, [4] but besides this and some having the ability to emit an odor, [2] ground beetles are harmless. They cannot thrive indoors and also cannot reproduce indoors, so populations inside buildings will not accumulate. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
[1] Lövei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. [[Ecology]] and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annual Review of Entomology 41:231–256.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
Snyder, W. E. 2019. Give predators a complement: Conserving natural enemy biodiversity to improve biocontrol. Biological Control 135:73–82.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
El-Danasoury, H., C. Cerecedo, M. Córdoba, and J. Iglesias-Piñeiro. 2017. Predation by the carabid beetle Harpalus rufipes on the pest slug Deroceras reticulatum in the laboratory: Harpalus rufipes predation on Deroceras reticulatum. Annals of Applied Biology 170:251–262.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[2] susan.mahr. (n.d.). Ground Beetles (Carabidae). https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ground-beetles/.<br />
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[3] Family Carabidae - Ground Beetles. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/186.<br />
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[4] Ground beetles. (n.d.). . https://extension.umn.edu/nuisance-insects/ground-beetles.<br />
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[5] 196-Beneficial Insect Series 2: Carabidae (Ground Beetles) on Maine Farms - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension. (n.d.). .https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
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[6] UC ANR Statewide IPM Program (UCIPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/A/I-CO-AMSP-KC.002.html.</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Groundbeetlepic3.png&diff=9915File:Groundbeetlepic3.png2023-03-28T21:25:22Z<p>Sabrown5: P. melanarius</p>
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<div>== Summary ==<br />
P. melanarius</div>Sabrown5https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Ground_Beetle&diff=9914Ground Beetle2023-03-28T21:23:56Z<p>Sabrown5: Both pictures in!</p>
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<div>Ground beetle is a term used to describe the family of beetles Carabidae, in the order [[Coleoptera]]. Ground beetles are also known as carabids. This family comprises around 40,000 species worldwide, with 2,339 species residing in the United states [1]. Their distribution is cosmopolitan, meaning that they are found worldwide.<br />
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{| class="wikitable" style="width: 30%" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: 0px;" style="float:right; margin-left: 10px;"<br />
|+ Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
| Kingdom || Animalia<br />
|-<br />
| Phylum || Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
|Subphylum || Hexapoda ([[Hexapod]]s)<br />
|-<br />
|Class || Insecta<br />
|-<br />
|Order || [[Coleoptera]] (Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Suborder || Adephaga (Ground and Water Beetles)<br />
|-<br />
|Family || Carabidae (Ground Beetles)<br />
|}<br />
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==Description==<br />
Ground beetles have a large size range within the family group, with a range of size between 0.7-66 mm. This family is known for their long legs and powerful mandibles, which make them distinct from other groupings of beetles. [1] Most species in the adult stage are dark brown or black, shiny, and a bit flattened in shape. Although some can be iridescent blue or green. [2] To identify them from other beetle groups, you can distinguish them by the first abdominal segment not being continuous; instead it is divided by fixed hind coxae (the first leg segment on the beetle.) The front tibia has a prominent notch, on the inside near distal end. Also, the Hind trochanter is elongated, at least a ¼ of the femur. [3]<br />
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[[File: Pic_1_replacement_ground_beetle_anatomy.jpg|thumb|Ground beetle anatomy compared to Darkling beetle [6].]]<br />
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==Life Stages==<br />
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The ground beetle family has four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and then adult. The first three life stages are spent underground most of the time. While the adult life stage is spent above ground. [1] Depending on the species of the particular ground beetle, they can lay a few to hundreds of eggs. [2]<br />
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==Feeding Habits== <br />
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These beetles are predatory, and therefore important for the biological control of insect pests on farms. The adults hunt from the [[soil]] surface, but will also climb down and look for their prey within the soil foliage. Their larvae will be burrowed into the soil, and in this life stage, they seek out and feed on prey directly within the soil. The beetles' prey consists of a wide variety of critters within the soil, consisting of a large amount of other [[insects]] and also the seeds of plants. They tend to have a seasonal diet, depending on what's available in the season, they will switch between eating seeds or insects.[1] Some of their food sources include Caterpillars, grubs and adults of other smaller beetles, fly maggots and earthworms. Most of the family class has large, sharp mouthparts to catch and devour prey.[2]<br />
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==Behavior==<br />
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Adult carabid beetles have wings, but most rarely fly and some are completely incapable of flight. Some prefer Living mulches like types of clover as a preferred microhabitat for adults. The use of [[compost]] on agricultural fields also shows an increased number of ground beetles arriving. This is thought to do so because it adds a cool, moist climate for the beetles.[1] Some species can emit a potent smelling irritant when they are handled and feel threatened. Many species are nocturnal and can be attracted to lights when it's dark. [2]<br />
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[[File:Groundbeetlepic2.jpg|thumb|A) Carabus nemoralis; B) Carabus auratus; C) Carabus meander; D) Chlaenius tomesntous; E) Chlaenius sericeus; F) Cicindela sp. [5] ]]<br />
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==Ecology and Importance==<br />
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These beetles play an important role in keeping down pest populations in the soil for agricultural purposes, and also for reducing weed populations from eating the seeds of certain weed species. They are considered one of the most natural and consistent pest management species, since they are long lived and able to stay on agricultural grounds even when crops are not in season. They are also generalist feeders and able to switch their diet depending on what's available that time of year. This makes them an ideal beetle family for management. [1] Ground beetles are not harmful to humans, and will not destroy buildings, eat your food, or clothing. If handled improperly, they do have the potential to pinch skin, [4] but besides this and some having the ability to emit an odor, [2] ground beetles are harmless. They cannot thrive indoors and also cannot reproduce indoors, so populations inside buildings will not accumulate. [4]<br />
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==References== <br />
[1] Lövei, G. L., and K. D. Sunderland. 1996. [[Ecology]] and Behavior of Ground Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Annual Review of Entomology 41:231–256.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
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Snyder, W. E. 2019. Give predators a complement: Conserving natural enemy biodiversity to improve biocontrol. Biological Control 135:73–82.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
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El-Danasoury, H., C. Cerecedo, M. Córdoba, and J. Iglesias-Piñeiro. 2017. Predation by the carabid beetle Harpalus rufipes on the pest slug Deroceras reticulatum in the laboratory: Harpalus rufipes predation on Deroceras reticulatum. Annals of Applied Biology 170:251–262.https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
<br />
[2] susan.mahr. (n.d.). Ground Beetles (Carabidae). https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ground-beetles/.<br />
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[3] Family Carabidae - Ground Beetles. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/186.<br />
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[4] Ground beetles. (n.d.). . https://extension.umn.edu/nuisance-insects/ground-beetles.<br />
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[5] 196-Beneficial Insect Series 2: Carabidae (Ground Beetles) on Maine Farms - Cooperative Extension: Maine Wild Blueberries - University of Maine Cooperative Extension. (n.d.). .https://eorganic.org/node/33936<br />
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[6] UC ANR Statewide IPM Program (UCIPM). (n.d.). . https://ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/A/I-CO-AMSP-KC.002.html.</div>Sabrown5