https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=RyanfreeSoil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-14T22:46:27ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=2962Plant establishment2018-05-11T00:22:48Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a [[soil]] where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more [[microsites]] in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
[[Moss]] is a type of vegetation that is usually one of the first [[organisms]] to colonize an area, although it is typically restricted to moist environments. Mosses are considered bryophytes which are more complex than algae, yet less complex than vascular plants. [8] They have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but most mosses are capable of surviving prolonged periods of desiccation, so the plants do have a chance to receive that extra moisture, which can be seen as facilitation by the moss. [5&8] In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.<br />
<br />
[8] Ensminger, Peter A. "Moss." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Student Resources In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644031481/SUIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=SUIC&xid=971d03d3. Accessed 8 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Actinorhiza&diff=2954Actinorhiza2018-05-11T00:18:51Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Definitions */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
An actinorhiza is referred to as a root nodule formed as a result of a symbiotic relationship between an actinomycete and fine [[plant roots]]. [1] To further clarify what an actinorhiza is, refer to the following:<br />
<br />
[[Root Nodule]]: A small knot or joint on a stem or root, especially one containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria [1]<br />
<br />
Symbiotic: A relationship with mutual benefit between two individuals or [[organisms]] [1]<br />
<br />
[[Actinomycete]]: Any of various bacteria (order Actinomycetales) with a branching, filamentous structure [1]<br />
<br />
== Root Nodules ==<br />
[[File:Root Nodules.jpg|frame|Nodules on plant roots [3]]]<br />
As stated above, actinorhiza are the small nodules that form on the roots of plants. These nodules produce tangible nitrogen for the plants that they are attached to by pulling in nitrogen that is currently in the atmosphere. <br />
These nodules are essential to plant growth, as plants struggle to find sources of nitrogen without them, making it difficult for them to grow and stay alive. However, root nodules are not able to form on every kind of plant. The type of plant that can host the nodules consist mainly of legumes. Other types of plants must rely on other sources of nitrogen, which for crops and other plants grown by farmers, comes from fertilizer. A study done by Horst Rohrig and Richard Walden shows that nodules can be artificially grown on non-leguminous plants. The use of lipo-chitooligosaccharides, or LCOs, shows that non-leguminous plants can undergo the same type of cell division to create nodules on their roots. Although these nodules do not have the same nitrogen fixation ability as the naturally occurring nodules, this study does show that LCOs are a main factor of plant and root nodule growth. [2]<br />
<br />
Leguminous plants can obtain root nodules through either legume-rhizobium symbiosis or actinorhiza, which both require a certain symbiosis receptor-kinase gene known as SYMRK in order to perform symbiosis with the plant. These types of root nodules differ based on their bacterial partner, intracellular infection pattern, and morphogenesis. The bacteria that make up the actinorhiza will always stay within the infection threads, which are tubular structures that are surrounded by a host-derived membrane that is continuous with the plasma membrane, and bound by plant cell wall-like material, during the nitrogen fixation process. Meanwhile, legume-rhizobium bacteria can either remain in the infection threads or leave in order to develop into bacteroids. [8]<br />
<br />
== Frankia ==<br />
Frankia is a type of actinomycete that forms a symbiotic relationship with [[plant roots]] in order to form actinorhiza for nitrogen fixation. To form these symbiotic relationships, the Frankia strain sends out hyphae, which burrow into the roots and reside in between the cell wall structures of the plant cells. [4] These hyphae will typically enter into the roots through the fine hairs coming off of the roots, but in certain situations, the hyphae can go directly into the cells themselves. Once the strain of Frankia enters the root hair, it will begin to make the root hair have deformities. These deformities include curling of the root hair and certain types of branching patterns. It is believed that these deformities allow easier passage of enzymes between the Frankia and the cell walls because the deformities disorganize the cell walls to make them more loosely packed together. This ease of access to the enzymes then allows the Frankia to dive even deeper into the interior of the root hair. From there, the Frankia strain will facilitate the growth of actinorhiza nodules from within the root hairs. [5] However, certain strains of Frankia can only grow in certain habitats. Different strains have been found to grow within different elevations, but there were some strains that were found at multiple elevations. It has been determined that the majority of Frankia strains are found at intermediate elevations, but also with intermediate precipitation, while the lowest number of Frankia strains were found at low elevations, but with high precipitation, and high elevations with low precipitation. Not only that, but Frankia strains have been observed to appear with more genetic diversity in soils that contain higher amounts of vegetation cover due to the enhanced [[soil]] fertility and the improved soil physical and chemical properties by root penetration and soil aggregation. It is also assumed that Frankia concentration is affected by other factors such as temperature, soil type, soil moisture, pH, and organic matter content. [7] Since these factors affect the growth of Frankia, it can also be said that these factors influence the growth of actinorhiza as well. <br />
<br />
[[File:Frankia_Infection.jpg|frame|Frankia entering the root hairs [6]]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "actinorhiza." YourDictionary, n.d. Web. 4 April 2018. <http://www.yourdictionary.com/actinorhiza>.<br />
<br />
[2] Adler, Tina. "Getting to the root of nodule formation." Science News, 12 Aug. 1995, p. 102. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A17198831/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=b3e076c8. Accessed 5 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] Taylor, Ariel. “Assimilation and Fixation of Nitrogen.” SlidePlayer, Slideplayer.com Inc., 2016, slideplayer.com/slide/7611776/.<br />
<br />
[4] Benson, David R., and Warwick B. Silvester. "Biology of Frankia strains, actinomycete symbionts of actinorhizal plants." Microbiological Reviews, vol. 57, no. 2, 1993, p. 293+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A14217442/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=c8cc6110. Accessed 7 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Peterson, R. Larry, and Melissa L. Farquhar. "Root hairs: specialized tubular cells extending root surfaces." The Botanical Review, vol. 62, no. 1, 1996, p. 1+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A18262550/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=224acfbe. Accessed 17 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Pawlowski, Katharina, and Kirill N Demchenko. “The Diversity of Actinorhizal Symbiosis.” Research Gate, ResearchGate GmbH, Mar. 2012, www.researchgate.net/publication/221685565_The_diversity_of_actinorhizal_symbiosis.<br />
<br />
[7] Chen, Li-hong, et al. "Genetic diversity of Frankia strains in root nodules from Hippophae rhamnoides L." Botany, vol. 86, no. 3, 2008, p. 240+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A180664604/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=4d7b03e9. Accessed 17 Apr. 2018.<br />
<br />
[8] Markmann, Katharina, et al. "Functional adaptation of a plant receptor-kinase paved the way for the evolution of intracellular root symbioses with bacteria." PLoS Biology, vol. 6, no. 3, 2008, p. 497+. Student Edition, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A202126568/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=13629742. Accessed 19 Apr. 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=2864Plant establishment2018-05-10T18:23:53Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a [[soil]] where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
[[Moss]] is a type of vegetation that is usually one of the first [[organisms]] to colonize an area, although it is typically restricted to moist environments. Mosses are considered bryophytes which are more complex than algae, yet less complex than vascular plants. [8] They have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but most mosses are capable of surviving prolonged periods of desiccation, so the plants do have a chance to receive that extra moisture, which can be seen as facilitation by the moss. [5&8] In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.<br />
<br />
[8] Ensminger, Peter A. "Moss." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Student Resources In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644031481/SUIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=SUIC&xid=971d03d3. Accessed 8 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=2187Plant establishment2018-05-08T22:20:17Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Definitions */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a [[soil]] where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
[[Moss]] is a type of vegetation that is usually one of the first [[organisms]] to colonize an area, although it is typically restricted to moist environments. Mosses are considered bryophytes which are more complex than algae, yet less complex than vascular plants. [8] They have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but most mosses are capable of surviving prolonged periods of desiccation, so the plants do have a chance to receive that extra moisture, which can be seen as facilitation by the moss. [5&8] In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.<br />
<br />
[8] Ensminger, Peter A. "Moss." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Student Resources In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644031481/SUIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=SUIC&xid=971d03d3. Accessed 8 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=2185Plant establishment2018-05-08T22:17:29Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
[[Moss]] is a type of vegetation that is usually one of the first [[organisms]] to colonize an area, although it is typically restricted to moist environments. Mosses are considered bryophytes which are more complex than algae, yet less complex than vascular plants. [8] They have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but most mosses are capable of surviving prolonged periods of desiccation, so the plants do have a chance to receive that extra moisture, which can be seen as facilitation by the moss. [5&8] In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.<br />
<br />
[8] Ensminger, Peter A. "Moss." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Student Resources In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644031481/SUIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=SUIC&xid=971d03d3. Accessed 8 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=2182Plant establishment2018-05-08T22:01:14Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
[[Moss]] is a type of vegetation that is usually one of the first to colonize an area, although it is typically restricted to moist environments. Mosses are considered bryophytes which are more complex than algae, yet less complex than vascular plants. [8] They have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but most mosses are capable of surviving prolonged periods of desiccation, so the plants do have a chance to receive that extra moisture, which can be seen as facilitation by the moss. [5&8] In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.<br />
<br />
[8] Ensminger, Peter A. "Moss." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Student Resources In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644031481/SUIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=SUIC&xid=971d03d3. Accessed 8 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=2177Plant establishment2018-05-08T21:38:18Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
[[Moss]] is a type of vegetation that is usually one of the first to colonize an area, although it is typically restricted to moist environments. Mosses are considered bryophytes which are more complex than algae, yet less complex than vascular plants. [8] They have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but most mosses are capable of surviving prolonged periods of desiccation, so the plants do have a chance to receive that extra moisture, which can be seen as facilitation by the moss. [5&8] In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.<br />
<br />
[8] Ensminger, Peter A. "Moss." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Student Resources In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644031481/SUIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=SUIC&xid=971d03d3. Accessed 8 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=2176Plant establishment2018-05-08T21:37:52Z<p>Ryanfree: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
Moss is a type of vegetation that is usually one of the first to colonize an area, although it is typically restricted to moist environments. Mosses are considered bryophytes which are more complex than algae, yet less complex than vascular plants. [8] They have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but most mosses are capable of surviving prolonged periods of desiccation, so the plants do have a chance to receive that extra moisture, which can be seen as facilitation by the moss. [5&8] In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.<br />
<br />
[8] Ensminger, Peter A. "Moss." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science, edited by K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner, 5th ed., Gale, 2014. Student Resources In Context, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/CV2644031481/SUIC?u=sunybuff_main&sid=SUIC&xid=971d03d3. Accessed 8 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=2175Plant establishment2018-05-08T21:37:36Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
Moss is a type of vegetation that is usually one of the first to colonize an area, although it is typically restricted to moist environments. Mosses are considered bryophytes which are more complex than algae, yet less complex than vascular plants. [8] They have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but most mosses are capable of surviving prolonged periods of desiccation, so the plants do have a chance to receive that extra moisture, which can be seen as facilitation by the moss. [5&8] In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1964Plant establishment2018-05-05T18:02:31Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1963Plant establishment2018-05-05T18:01:53Z<p>Ryanfree: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[7] Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “Moss.” Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., 20 Sept. 2017, www.britannica.com/plant/moss-plant.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1962Plant establishment2018-05-05T17:58:38Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
[[File:moss.jpg|frame|Moss hanging over a rock, creating a shady area [7]]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Moss.jpg&diff=1961File:Moss.jpg2018-05-05T17:57:38Z<p>Ryanfree: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1960Plant establishment2018-05-05T17:50:22Z<p>Ryanfree: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[6] Drake, Paige, et al. "Mosses inhibit germination of vascular plants on an extensive green roof." Ecological Engineering, vol. 117, 2018, p. 111. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A536492308/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=6c41986f. Accessed 5 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1959Plant establishment2018-05-05T17:50:03Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. [5&6] Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments by buffering environmental extremes, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [6]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1958Plant establishment2018-05-05T17:45:43Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plant establishment. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [5]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1945Plant establishment2018-05-04T22:00:22Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plants. [[Moss]] could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [5]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1944Plant establishment2018-05-04T21:57:04Z<p>Ryanfree: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plants. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [5]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[5] Jeschke, Michael, and Kathrin Kiehl. "Effects of a dense moss layer on germination and establishment of vascular plants in newly created calcareous grasslands." Flora, vol. 203, no. 7, 2008, p. 557+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A191002267/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=79640672. Accessed 4 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1943Plant establishment2018-05-04T21:56:52Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plants. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as an outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds from heavy frosts, facilitating plant establishment. Mosses have also been found to secrete allelopathic substances which can prove to be a deterrent for plant germination, however the substances mainly affect herbivores, causing them to stay away from newly established plants. Overall, moss can be helpful in the creation of plant establishments, but are not beneficial to plants once they have taken root. [5]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1942Plant establishment2018-05-04T21:21:54Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plants. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as outwash plain, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds, facilitating plant establishment.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1941Plant establishment2018-05-04T21:16:28Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plants. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants, as stated above, by limiting direct sunlight which would reduce evaporation rates. The potential increase in moisture would most likely be used by the moss itself, but any chance that the plant gets to increase its chance of survival during establishment can be counted as a facilitation. In colder environments such as glaciated till, moss has been seen to create enough cover to protect seeds, facilitating plant establishment.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1940Plant establishment2018-05-04T20:52:40Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Moss */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
Mosses have been found to be both a facilitator and a deterrent for plants. Moss could potentially create shade, which can deter plants from growing due to a lack of sunlight getting to the new plants. However, the shading can also help newly establishing plants by<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1939Plant establishment2018-05-04T20:37:44Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1938Plant establishment2018-05-04T20:37:35Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
<br />
== Moss ==<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1920Plant establishment2018-05-03T19:59:20Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
Physically harsh environments such as outwash plains, pumice deposits and other fresh volcanic surfaces, can be extremely limiting for plant establishment, but not impossible. In these types of areas, the soils are typically extremely infertile with very poor water holding capacity, the surface is potentially unstable, and is often exposed to wind or lacking in shelter. Any little advantage that a seed can get to survive will give it the chance to establish itself. These advantages include depressions and other concave surfaces, larger stones, rocks and already established plants. The depressions and concave surfaces may increase soil moisture, provide shelter from temperature extremes and winds, or trap seeds. The larger stones, rocks, and established plants can also create favorable conditions by reducing wind and direct solar exposure, thus lowering evaporation rates and moisture loss. [4]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1919Plant establishment2018-05-03T19:33:18Z<p>Ryanfree: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.<br />
<br />
[4] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "An experimental test of the relationship between small scale topography and seedling establishment in primary succession." Plant Ecology, vol. 214, no. 8, 2013, p. 1007+. Gardening,Landscape and Horticulture Collection, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A344602188/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=d12f9d06. Accessed 3 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1918Plant establishment2018-05-03T19:32:43Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Definitions */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1917Plant establishment2018-05-03T19:32:38Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1916Plant establishment2018-05-03T19:32:24Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1915Plant establishment2018-05-03T19:21:34Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. The more plants that become established in an area, the higher the quality of the soil becomes, which leads to a higher success rate of plant establishment. When the soil quality raises to a certain point, smaller seeds are able to establish themselves, adding competition to area, which makes the area even more suitable for other types of plants. The diversity will create many more microsites in which plants with contrasting resource requirements can establish themselves and coexist. [2] This increase in biodiversity is beneficial to the overall health of the ecosystem, and the area in general.<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1905Plant establishment2018-05-02T20:52:33Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. [2]<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|Multiple coffee plants established in pots [3]]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1904Plant establishment2018-05-02T20:52:12Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. [2]<br />
[[File:Established_Plant.jpg|frame|A coffee plant established in a pot [3]]]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Established_Plant.jpg&diff=1903File:Established Plant.jpg2018-05-02T20:51:59Z<p>Ryanfree: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1902Plant establishment2018-05-02T20:49:47Z<p>Ryanfree: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. [2]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.<br />
<br />
[3] “Plants, Types, Growing Areas.” Plants, Types, Growing Areas - The Coffee Plant - Coffea Arabica - Coffea Caneph / Dethlefsen & Balk - Tea, Coffee, Confiserie, Accessories, www.dethlefsen-balk.de/ENU/10889/Coffee_Plant.html.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1901Plant establishment2018-05-02T20:41:55Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. A seed has to be dispersed to an area and land on a suitable microsite while also at a time with favorable conditions for germination and early growth. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. [2]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1900Plant establishment2018-05-02T20:33:19Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. This is remedied as time goes on because succession will continue, making the abiotic factors and species interactions, like competition, more favorable for colonizing plants. [2]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1899Plant establishment2018-05-02T19:31:51Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Definitions */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. [2]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1898Plant establishment2018-05-02T19:31:40Z<p>Ryanfree: /* References */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. [2]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.<br />
<br />
[2] Marteinsdottir, Bryndis, et al. "Multiple mechanisms of early plant community assembly with stochasticity driving the process." Ecology, vol. 99, no. 1, 2018, p. 91+. General OneFile, http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A532385328/GPS?u=avlr&sid=GPS&xid=5153d942. Accessed 2 May 2018.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1897Plant establishment2018-05-02T19:31:30Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Plant Establishment */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
When plants first colonize an area, they are limited by a number of factors including environmental conditions, seed availability or a lack of facilitating species. However, this phase is arguably the most critical part of ecosystem development. [2]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Plant_establishment&diff=1896Plant establishment2018-05-02T18:01:08Z<p>Ryanfree: Created page with " == Definitions == To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring in..."</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== Definitions ==<br />
To define a plant establishment, it must first be known what it is to establish something. Establish is defined as, "to found, institute, build, or bring into being on a firm or stable basis". [1]<br />
Based on that, a plant establishment can be defined as, "the act of a plant taking root within a soil where it can flourish".<br />
<br />
<br />
== Plant Establishment ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] "establish". Dictionary.com Unabridged. Random House, Inc. 2 May. 2018. <Dictionary.com http://www.dictionary.com/browse/establish>.</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Founders_of_Soil_Concepts&diff=1803Founders of Soil Concepts2018-04-26T21:33:36Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Konstantin Glinka and Curtis F. Marbut */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Founders of Soil Concepts ==<br />
The founders of soil concepts are the primary scientists that saw soil as fundamental to human life and realized soil's intrinsic value and its importance to planet Earth. They initiated the study of soil, and created a foundation for soil science to be researched and expanded in future generations. These select founders include the like of Vasily Dokuchaev, Konstantin Glinka, Hans Jenny, and a few others.<br />
<br />
== Vasily Dokuchaev ==<br />
[[File:Vasily-Vasilievich-Dokuchaev-1846-1903.png|thumb|Vasily Dokuchaev [6] ]]<br />
The first scientific view of soils as natural bodies that develop under the influence of climate and biological activity acting on geological substrates arose in Russia with the work of Vasily Dokuchaev [3]. Born in Russia in 1846, being the son of a priest, Dokuchaev gained interest in natural science, and eventually obtained his doctorate in geology, becoming curator of the geological laboratory at St. Petersburg University in 1872 [2]. He is commonly recognized as the founder of pedology, due to making the case for studying soil science as a subject in its own right saying, "time is not far when in its own right and because of its great importance for humanity, it will occupy an independent and fully respected place” [2]. There were some who Dokuchaev derived ideas from, but he was the one to transform many of the existing views and hypothesis into a logical theory that was useful for predicting soil distributions and formation [4]. He perceived soil to be an “independent natural body”, and suggested independently that soil development was principally controlled by climate and vegetation [1]. His theory and model, along with its subtle permutations, have been examined and praised in countless textbooks, conferences, symposia, and professional papers, and institutes, awards, medals, celebrations, museums, and even a crater on Mars, have been named in his honor [4]. The longevity of Vasily Dokuchaev’s work has then been prolonged by his students, colleagues, and Russian peers.<br />
<br />
== Konstantin Glinka and Curtis F. Marbut ==<br />
[[File:Glinka,Marbut.png|thumb|Konstantin Glinka (right) with Curtis Marbut (left) [7]]]<br />
<br />
Russian scientist Konstantin Glinka was one of Dokuchaev’s students that continued his work and expanded on his soil concepts. Born in 1867, Glinka was Director of Agricultural College of Leningrad and Experimental Station, and the first director of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute. His take was that soil is, “… not only a natural body with definite properties, but also its geographical position and surroundings, i.e., climate, vegetation, and animal life” [3]. He wrote, and expanded on his thinking in his book, "Die Typen der Bodenbil" (The Types of Soil), which helped bring foreign soil ideology and science to the United States. Glinka’s work was translated to English in 1917 by an American soil scientist, Curtis F. Marbut, the then director of the Division of Soil Survey at US Department of Agriculture (USDA) [2]. Marbut, born in 1863, started out as an instructor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Missouri, until he positioned himself as a soil scientist at the USDA post 1909 [5]. There he looked into the work of foreign soil scientists, and took inspiration from Glinka in pursuing new methods of conducting field work [5]. Marbut realized that the Russian perspective predates the formal statement of the ecosystem concept by several decades and decided to translate the Russian scientist's work into English [3]. His introduction to Russian pedological theory inspired him to transform many aspects of the US soil classification system, and the way in which soils were studied in the United States [2].<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
[[File:Hans-jenny.jpg|thumb|Hans Jenny [8] ]]<br />
Scientist Hans Jenny was one of those that took advantage of the introduction of Russian soil concepts in the US. He made a breakthrough in his reformulation and further quantification of Dokuchaev’s soil interpretation. In his published literature, “Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology” (1941), he provided a detailed definition of both soil and the "larger system," as well as a method to quantitatively and numerically link soil and larger system properties to state factors [2]. In that book, Jenny coined the term “pedogenesis”, which is the process of soil formation, and formulated this concept into the now famous “fundamental equation of soil-forming factors”, or Jenny Equation: s = f (cl, o, r, p, t, …) [3]. This equation states that the state of a body of soil at a point in time (s), refers to the function (f) of five interrelated factors: climate (cl), organisms (o), relief or topography (r), parent material (p), and time (t) [1]. He also inserted an ellipsis (…) in the equation for other possible factor that he did not consider at the time. Jenny, probably more than any North American soil scientist of his era, emphasized the importance of the biota in and upon soils [3]. Since his work, research in soil science has experienced a “renaissance” as the significance of biological activity in soil formation, organic matter dynamics, and nutrient cycling have become widely recognized [3].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] “CHAPTER 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere (u). Soil Pedogenesis.” Physical Geography, [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html].<br />
<br />
[2] Amundson, Ronald, and Hans Jenny. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems.” BioScience, 1 Sept. 1997, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents].<br />
<br />
[3] Historical Overview of Soils and the Fitnes of the Soil Environment.” Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, by David C Coleman, 2nd ed., 2004.<br />
<br />
[4] Johnson, Donald L, and Randall J Schaetzl. “Differing Views of Soil and Pedogenesis by Two Masters: Darwin and Dokuchaev.” pp. 1–14., [http://www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf.].<br />
<br />
[5] “Curtis F. Marbut (1863 - 1935).” Curtis F. Marbut - Historic Missourians - The State Historical Society of Missouri, [http://www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/ www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/].<br />
<br />
[6] SINGH, S.K., and P. CHANDRAN. SOIL SCIENCE-AN INTRODUCTION Edition: FirstChapter: 3. Indian Society of Soil Science, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1 www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1].<br />
<br />
[7] Brevik, Eric & Hartemink, Alfred. (2010). History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Soil Science. [http://www.eolss.net www.eolss.net]. <br />
<br />
[8] Faisca, F. “Hans Jenny and Cymatics - The Study of Wave Phenomena.” Hans Jenny and Cymatics, [https://www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html].</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Founders_of_Soil_Concepts&diff=1802Founders of Soil Concepts2018-04-26T21:29:49Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Konstantin Glinka and Curtis F. Marbut */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Founders of Soil Concepts ==<br />
The founders of soil concepts are the primary scientists that saw soil as fundamental to human life and realized soil's intrinsic value and its importance to planet Earth. They initiated the study of soil, and created a foundation for soil science to be researched and expanded in future generations. These select founders include the like of Vasily Dokuchaev, Konstantin Glinka, Hans Jenny, and a few others.<br />
<br />
== Vasily Dokuchaev ==<br />
[[File:Vasily-Vasilievich-Dokuchaev-1846-1903.png|thumb|Vasily Dokuchaev [6] ]]<br />
The first scientific view of soils as natural bodies that develop under the influence of climate and biological activity acting on geological substrates arose in Russia with the work of Vasily Dokuchaev [3]. Born in Russia in 1846, being the son of a priest, Dokuchaev gained interest in natural science, and eventually obtained his doctorate in geology, becoming curator of the geological laboratory at St. Petersburg University in 1872 [2]. He is commonly recognized as the founder of pedology, due to making the case for studying soil science as a subject in its own right saying, "time is not far when in its own right and because of its great importance for humanity, it will occupy an independent and fully respected place” [2]. There were some who Dokuchaev derived ideas from, but he was the one to transform many of the existing views and hypothesis into a logical theory that was useful for predicting soil distributions and formation [4]. He perceived soil to be an “independent natural body”, and suggested independently that soil development was principally controlled by climate and vegetation [1]. His theory and model, along with its subtle permutations, have been examined and praised in countless textbooks, conferences, symposia, and professional papers, and institutes, awards, medals, celebrations, museums, and even a crater on Mars, have been named in his honor [4]. The longevity of Vasily Dokuchaev’s work has then been prolonged by his students, colleagues, and Russian peers.<br />
<br />
== Konstantin Glinka and Curtis F. Marbut ==<br />
[[File:Glinka,Marbut.png|thumb|Konstantin Glinka (right) with Curtis Marbut (left) [7]]]<br />
<br />
Russian scientist Konstantin Glinka was one of Dokuchaev’s students that continued his work and expanded on his soil concepts. Born in 1867, Glinka was Director of Agricultural College of Leningrad and Experimental Station, and the first director of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute. His take was that soil is, “… not only a natural body with definite properties, but also its geographical position and surroundings, i.e., climate, vegetation, and animal life” [3]. He wrote, and expanded on his thinking in his book Die Typen der Bodenbil (The Types of Soil), which helped bring foreign soil ideology and science to the United States. Glinka’s work was translated to English in 1917 by the American soil scientist Curtis F. Marbut, the then director of the Division of Soil Survey at US Department of Agriculture (USDA) [2]. Marbut, born in 1863, started out as an instructor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Missouri, until he positioned himself as a soil scientist at the USDA post 1909 [5]. There he looked into the work of foreign soil scientists, and took inspiration from Glinka in pursuing new methods of conducting field work [5]. Marbut realized that the Russian perspective predates the formal statement of the ecosystem concept by several decades and decided to translate the Russian scientist's work into English [3]. His introduction to Russian pedological theory inspired him to transform many aspects of the US soil classification system, and the way in which soils were studied in the United States [2].<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
[[File:Hans-jenny.jpg|thumb|Hans Jenny [8] ]]<br />
Scientist Hans Jenny was one of those that took advantage of the introduction of Russian soil concepts in the US. He made a breakthrough in his reformulation and further quantification of Dokuchaev’s soil interpretation. In his published literature, “Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology” (1941), he provided a detailed definition of both soil and the "larger system," as well as a method to quantitatively and numerically link soil and larger system properties to state factors [2]. In that book, Jenny coined the term “pedogenesis”, which is the process of soil formation, and formulated this concept into the now famous “fundamental equation of soil-forming factors”, or Jenny Equation: s = f (cl, o, r, p, t, …) [3]. This equation states that the state of a body of soil at a point in time (s), refers to the function (f) of five interrelated factors: climate (cl), organisms (o), relief or topography (r), parent material (p), and time (t) [1]. He also inserted an ellipsis (…) in the equation for other possible factor that he did not consider at the time. Jenny, probably more than any North American soil scientist of his era, emphasized the importance of the biota in and upon soils [3]. Since his work, research in soil science has experienced a “renaissance” as the significance of biological activity in soil formation, organic matter dynamics, and nutrient cycling have become widely recognized [3].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] “CHAPTER 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere (u). Soil Pedogenesis.” Physical Geography, [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html].<br />
<br />
[2] Amundson, Ronald, and Hans Jenny. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems.” BioScience, 1 Sept. 1997, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents].<br />
<br />
[3] Historical Overview of Soils and the Fitnes of the Soil Environment.” Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, by David C Coleman, 2nd ed., 2004.<br />
<br />
[4] Johnson, Donald L, and Randall J Schaetzl. “Differing Views of Soil and Pedogenesis by Two Masters: Darwin and Dokuchaev.” pp. 1–14., [http://www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf.].<br />
<br />
[5] “Curtis F. Marbut (1863 - 1935).” Curtis F. Marbut - Historic Missourians - The State Historical Society of Missouri, [http://www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/ www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/].<br />
<br />
[6] SINGH, S.K., and P. CHANDRAN. SOIL SCIENCE-AN INTRODUCTION Edition: FirstChapter: 3. Indian Society of Soil Science, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1 www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1].<br />
<br />
[7] Brevik, Eric & Hartemink, Alfred. (2010). History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Soil Science. [http://www.eolss.net www.eolss.net]. <br />
<br />
[8] Faisca, F. “Hans Jenny and Cymatics - The Study of Wave Phenomena.” Hans Jenny and Cymatics, [https://www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html].</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Founders_of_Soil_Concepts&diff=1801Founders of Soil Concepts2018-04-26T21:28:35Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Vasily Dokuchaev */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Founders of Soil Concepts ==<br />
The founders of soil concepts are the primary scientists that saw soil as fundamental to human life and realized soil's intrinsic value and its importance to planet Earth. They initiated the study of soil, and created a foundation for soil science to be researched and expanded in future generations. These select founders include the like of Vasily Dokuchaev, Konstantin Glinka, Hans Jenny, and a few others.<br />
<br />
== Vasily Dokuchaev ==<br />
[[File:Vasily-Vasilievich-Dokuchaev-1846-1903.png|thumb|Vasily Dokuchaev [6] ]]<br />
The first scientific view of soils as natural bodies that develop under the influence of climate and biological activity acting on geological substrates arose in Russia with the work of Vasily Dokuchaev [3]. Born in Russia in 1846, being the son of a priest, Dokuchaev gained interest in natural science, and eventually obtained his doctorate in geology, becoming curator of the geological laboratory at St. Petersburg University in 1872 [2]. He is commonly recognized as the founder of pedology, due to making the case for studying soil science as a subject in its own right saying, "time is not far when in its own right and because of its great importance for humanity, it will occupy an independent and fully respected place” [2]. There were some who Dokuchaev derived ideas from, but he was the one to transform many of the existing views and hypothesis into a logical theory that was useful for predicting soil distributions and formation [4]. He perceived soil to be an “independent natural body”, and suggested independently that soil development was principally controlled by climate and vegetation [1]. His theory and model, along with its subtle permutations, have been examined and praised in countless textbooks, conferences, symposia, and professional papers, and institutes, awards, medals, celebrations, museums, and even a crater on Mars, have been named in his honor [4]. The longevity of Vasily Dokuchaev’s work has then been prolonged by his students, colleagues, and Russian peers.<br />
<br />
== Konstantin Glinka and Curtis F. Marbut ==<br />
[[File:Glinka,Marbut.png|thumb|Konstantin Glinka (right) with Curtis Marbut (left) [7]]]<br />
<br />
Russian scientist Konstantin Glinka was one of Dokuchaev’s students that continued his work and expanded on his soil concepts. Born in 1867, Glinka was Director of Agricultural College of Leningrad and Experimental Station, and the first director of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute. His take was that soil, “… not only a natural body with definite properties, but also its geographical position and surroundings, i.e., climate, vegetation, and animal life” [3]. He wrote, and expanded on his thinking in his book Die Typen der Bodenbil (The Types of Soil), which helped bring foreign soil ideology and science to the United States. Glinka’s work was translated to English in 1917 by the American soil scientist Curtis F. Marbut, the then director of the Division of Soil Survey at US Department of Agriculture (USDA) [2]. Marbut, born in 1863, started out as an instructor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Missouri, until he positioned himself as a soil scientist at the USDA post 1909 [5]. There he looked into the work of foreign soil scientists, and took inspiration from Glinka in pursuing new methods of conducting field work [5]. Marbut realized that the Russian perspective predates the formal statement of the ecosystem concept by several decades and decided to translate the Russian scientist's work into English [3]. His introduction to Russian pedological theory inspired him to transform many aspects of the US soil classification system, and the way in which soils were studied in the United States [2].<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
[[File:Hans-jenny.jpg|thumb|Hans Jenny [8] ]]<br />
Scientist Hans Jenny was one of those that took advantage of the introduction of Russian soil concepts in the US. He made a breakthrough in his reformulation and further quantification of Dokuchaev’s soil interpretation. In his published literature, “Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology” (1941), he provided a detailed definition of both soil and the "larger system," as well as a method to quantitatively and numerically link soil and larger system properties to state factors [2]. In that book, Jenny coined the term “pedogenesis”, which is the process of soil formation, and formulated this concept into the now famous “fundamental equation of soil-forming factors”, or Jenny Equation: s = f (cl, o, r, p, t, …) [3]. This equation states that the state of a body of soil at a point in time (s), refers to the function (f) of five interrelated factors: climate (cl), organisms (o), relief or topography (r), parent material (p), and time (t) [1]. He also inserted an ellipsis (…) in the equation for other possible factor that he did not consider at the time. Jenny, probably more than any North American soil scientist of his era, emphasized the importance of the biota in and upon soils [3]. Since his work, research in soil science has experienced a “renaissance” as the significance of biological activity in soil formation, organic matter dynamics, and nutrient cycling have become widely recognized [3].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] “CHAPTER 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere (u). Soil Pedogenesis.” Physical Geography, [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html].<br />
<br />
[2] Amundson, Ronald, and Hans Jenny. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems.” BioScience, 1 Sept. 1997, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents].<br />
<br />
[3] Historical Overview of Soils and the Fitnes of the Soil Environment.” Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, by David C Coleman, 2nd ed., 2004.<br />
<br />
[4] Johnson, Donald L, and Randall J Schaetzl. “Differing Views of Soil and Pedogenesis by Two Masters: Darwin and Dokuchaev.” pp. 1–14., [http://www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf.].<br />
<br />
[5] “Curtis F. Marbut (1863 - 1935).” Curtis F. Marbut - Historic Missourians - The State Historical Society of Missouri, [http://www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/ www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/].<br />
<br />
[6] SINGH, S.K., and P. CHANDRAN. SOIL SCIENCE-AN INTRODUCTION Edition: FirstChapter: 3. Indian Society of Soil Science, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1 www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1].<br />
<br />
[7] Brevik, Eric & Hartemink, Alfred. (2010). History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Soil Science. [http://www.eolss.net www.eolss.net]. <br />
<br />
[8] Faisca, F. “Hans Jenny and Cymatics - The Study of Wave Phenomena.” Hans Jenny and Cymatics, [https://www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html].</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Founders_of_Soil_Concepts&diff=1800Founders of Soil Concepts2018-04-26T21:18:08Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Founders of Soil Concepts */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Founders of Soil Concepts ==<br />
The founders of soil concepts are the primary scientists that saw soil as fundamental to human life and realized soil's intrinsic value and its importance to planet Earth. They initiated the study of soil, and created a foundation for soil science to be researched and expanded in future generations. These select founders include the like of Vasily Dokuchaev, Konstantin Glinka, Hans Jenny, and a few others.<br />
<br />
== Vasily Dokuchaev ==<br />
[[File:Vasily-Vasilievich-Dokuchaev-1846-1903.png|thumb|Vasily Dokuchaev [6] ]]<br />
The first scientific view of soils as natural bodies that develop under the influence of climate and biological activity acting on geological substrates arose in Russia with the work of Vasily Dokuchaev [3]. Born in Russia in 1846, being the son of a priest, Dokuchaev gained interest in natural science, and eventually obtained his doctorate in geology, becoming curator of the geological laboratory at St. Petersburg University in 1872 [2]. He is commonly recognized as the founder of pedology, due to making the case for studying soil science as a subject in its own right saying, "time is not far when in its own right and because of its great importance for humanity, it will occupy an independent and fully respected place” [2]. There were some who Dokuchaev derived ideas from, but he was the one to transform many of the existing views and hypothesis into a logical theory that was useful for predicting soil distributions and formation [4]. He perceived soil to be an “independent natural body”, and suggested independently that soil development was principally controlled by climate and vegetation [1]. His theory and model, along with its subtle permutations, have been examined and praised in countless textbooks, conferences, symposia, and professional papers and Institutes, awards, medals, celebrations, museums, and even a crater on Mars, have been named in his honor [4]. The longevity of Vasily Dokuchaev’s work has then been prolonged by his students, colleagues, and Russian peers.<br />
<br />
== Konstantin Glinka and Curtis F. Marbut ==<br />
[[File:Glinka,Marbut.png|thumb|Konstantin Glinka (right) with Curtis Marbut (left) [7]]]<br />
<br />
Russian scientist Konstantin Glinka was one of Dokuchaev’s students that continued his work and expanded on his soil concepts. Born in 1867, Glinka was Director of Agricultural College of Leningrad and Experimental Station, and the first director of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute. His take was that soil, “… not only a natural body with definite properties, but also its geographical position and surroundings, i.e., climate, vegetation, and animal life” [3]. He wrote, and expanded on his thinking in his book Die Typen der Bodenbil (The Types of Soil), which helped bring foreign soil ideology and science to the United States. Glinka’s work was translated to English in 1917 by the American soil scientist Curtis F. Marbut, the then director of the Division of Soil Survey at US Department of Agriculture (USDA) [2]. Marbut, born in 1863, started out as an instructor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Missouri, until he positioned himself as a soil scientist at the USDA post 1909 [5]. There he looked into the work of foreign soil scientists, and took inspiration from Glinka in pursuing new methods of conducting field work [5]. Marbut realized that the Russian perspective predates the formal statement of the ecosystem concept by several decades and decided to translate the Russian scientist's work into English [3]. His introduction to Russian pedological theory inspired him to transform many aspects of the US soil classification system, and the way in which soils were studied in the United States [2].<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
[[File:Hans-jenny.jpg|thumb|Hans Jenny [8] ]]<br />
Scientist Hans Jenny was one of those that took advantage of the introduction of Russian soil concepts in the US. He made a breakthrough in his reformulation and further quantification of Dokuchaev’s soil interpretation. In his published literature, “Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology” (1941), he provided a detailed definition of both soil and the "larger system," as well as a method to quantitatively and numerically link soil and larger system properties to state factors [2]. In that book, Jenny coined the term “pedogenesis”, which is the process of soil formation, and formulated this concept into the now famous “fundamental equation of soil-forming factors”, or Jenny Equation: s = f (cl, o, r, p, t, …) [3]. This equation states that the state of a body of soil at a point in time (s), refers to the function (f) of five interrelated factors: climate (cl), organisms (o), relief or topography (r), parent material (p), and time (t) [1]. He also inserted an ellipsis (…) in the equation for other possible factor that he did not consider at the time. Jenny, probably more than any North American soil scientist of his era, emphasized the importance of the biota in and upon soils [3]. Since his work, research in soil science has experienced a “renaissance” as the significance of biological activity in soil formation, organic matter dynamics, and nutrient cycling have become widely recognized [3].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] “CHAPTER 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere (u). Soil Pedogenesis.” Physical Geography, [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html].<br />
<br />
[2] Amundson, Ronald, and Hans Jenny. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems.” BioScience, 1 Sept. 1997, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents].<br />
<br />
[3] Historical Overview of Soils and the Fitnes of the Soil Environment.” Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, by David C Coleman, 2nd ed., 2004.<br />
<br />
[4] Johnson, Donald L, and Randall J Schaetzl. “Differing Views of Soil and Pedogenesis by Two Masters: Darwin and Dokuchaev.” pp. 1–14., [http://www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf.].<br />
<br />
[5] “Curtis F. Marbut (1863 - 1935).” Curtis F. Marbut - Historic Missourians - The State Historical Society of Missouri, [http://www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/ www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/].<br />
<br />
[6] SINGH, S.K., and P. CHANDRAN. SOIL SCIENCE-AN INTRODUCTION Edition: FirstChapter: 3. Indian Society of Soil Science, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1 www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1].<br />
<br />
[7] Brevik, Eric & Hartemink, Alfred. (2010). History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Soil Science. [http://www.eolss.net www.eolss.net]. <br />
<br />
[8] Faisca, F. “Hans Jenny and Cymatics - The Study of Wave Phenomena.” Hans Jenny and Cymatics, [https://www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html].</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Founders_of_Soil_Concepts&diff=1799Founders of Soil Concepts2018-04-26T21:13:27Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Hans Jenny */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Founders of Soil Concepts ==<br />
The founders of soil concepts are the primary scientists that saw soil as a fundamental to human life and realized soils intrinsic value and its importance to planet Earth. They initiated the study of soil, and created a foundation for soil science to be researched and expanded in future generations. These select founders include the like of Vasily Dokuchaev, Konstantin Glinka, Hans Jenny and a few others.<br />
<br />
== Vasily Dokuchaev ==<br />
[[File:Vasily-Vasilievich-Dokuchaev-1846-1903.png|thumb|Vasily Dokuchaev [6] ]]<br />
The first scientific view of soils as natural bodies that develop under the influence of climate and biological activity acting on geological substrates arose in Russia with the work of Vasily Dokuchaev [3]. Born in Russia in 1846, being the son of a priest, Dokuchaev gained interest in natural science, and eventually obtained his doctorate in geology, becoming curator of the geological laboratory at St. Petersburg University in 1872 [2]. He is commonly recognized as the founder of pedology, due to making the case for studying soil science as a subject in its own right saying, "time is not far when in its own right and because of its great importance for humanity, it will occupy an independent and fully respected place” [2]. There were some who Dokuchaev derived ideas from, but he was the one to transform many of the existing views and hypothesis into a logical theory that was useful for predicting soil distributions and formation [4]. He perceived soil to be an “independent natural body”, and suggested independently that soil development was principally controlled by climate and vegetation [1]. His theory and model, along with its subtle permutations, have been examined and praised in countless textbooks, conferences, symposia, and professional papers and Institutes, awards, medals, celebrations, museums, and even a crater on Mars, have been named in his honor [4]. The longevity of Vasily Dokuchaev’s work has then been prolonged by his students, colleagues, and Russian peers.<br />
<br />
== Konstantin Glinka and Curtis F. Marbut ==<br />
[[File:Glinka,Marbut.png|thumb|Konstantin Glinka (right) with Curtis Marbut (left) [7]]]<br />
<br />
Russian scientist Konstantin Glinka was one of Dokuchaev’s students that continued his work and expanded on his soil concepts. Born in 1867, Glinka was Director of Agricultural College of Leningrad and Experimental Station, and the first director of the Dokuchaev Soil Science Institute. His take was that soil, “… not only a natural body with definite properties, but also its geographical position and surroundings, i.e., climate, vegetation, and animal life” [3]. He wrote, and expanded on his thinking in his book Die Typen der Bodenbil (The Types of Soil), which helped bring foreign soil ideology and science to the United States. Glinka’s work was translated to English in 1917 by the American soil scientist Curtis F. Marbut, the then director of the Division of Soil Survey at US Department of Agriculture (USDA) [2]. Marbut, born in 1863, started out as an instructor of geology and mineralogy at the University of Missouri, until he positioned himself as a soil scientist at the USDA post 1909 [5]. There he looked into the work of foreign soil scientists, and took inspiration from Glinka in pursuing new methods of conducting field work [5]. Marbut realized that the Russian perspective predates the formal statement of the ecosystem concept by several decades and decided to translate the Russian scientist's work into English [3]. His introduction to Russian pedological theory inspired him to transform many aspects of the US soil classification system, and the way in which soils were studied in the United States [2].<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
[[File:Hans-jenny.jpg|thumb|Hans Jenny [8] ]]<br />
Scientist Hans Jenny was one of those that took advantage of the introduction of Russian soil concepts in the US. He made a breakthrough in his reformulation and further quantification of Dokuchaev’s soil interpretation. In his published literature, “Factors of Soil Formation: A System of Quantitative Pedology” (1941), he provided a detailed definition of both soil and the "larger system," as well as a method to quantitatively and numerically link soil and larger system properties to state factors [2]. In that book, Jenny coined the term “pedogenesis”, which is the process of soil formation, and formulated this concept into the now famous “fundamental equation of soil-forming factors”, or Jenny Equation: s = f (cl, o, r, p, t, …) [3]. This equation states that the state of a body of soil at a point in time (s), refers to the function (f) of five interrelated factors: climate (cl), organisms (o), relief or topography (r), parent material (p), and time (t) [1]. He also inserted an ellipsis (…) in the equation for other possible factor that he did not consider at the time. Jenny, probably more than any North American soil scientist of his era, emphasized the importance of the biota in and upon soils [3]. Since his work, research in soil science has experienced a “renaissance” as the significance of biological activity in soil formation, organic matter dynamics, and nutrient cycling have become widely recognized [3].<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] “CHAPTER 10: Introduction to the Lithosphere (u). Soil Pedogenesis.” Physical Geography, [http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html].<br />
<br />
[2] Amundson, Ronald, and Hans Jenny. “On a State Factor Model of Ecosystems.” BioScience, 1 Sept. 1997, [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents www.jstor.org/stable/1313122?origin=JSTOR-pdf&seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents].<br />
<br />
[3] Historical Overview of Soils and the Fitnes of the Soil Environment.” Fundamentals of Soil Ecology, by David C Coleman, 2nd ed., 2004.<br />
<br />
[4] Johnson, Donald L, and Randall J Schaetzl. “Differing Views of Soil and Pedogenesis by Two Masters: Darwin and Dokuchaev.” pp. 1–14., [http://www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf www.geo.msu.edu/extra/schaetzl/PDFs/Johnson-Schaetzl2014.pdf.].<br />
<br />
[5] “Curtis F. Marbut (1863 - 1935).” Curtis F. Marbut - Historic Missourians - The State Historical Society of Missouri, [http://www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/ www.shsmo.org/historicmissourians/name/m/marbut/].<br />
<br />
[6] SINGH, S.K., and P. CHANDRAN. SOIL SCIENCE-AN INTRODUCTION Edition: FirstChapter: 3. Indian Society of Soil Science, [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1 www.researchgate.net/publication/314453325_SOIL_GENESIS_AND_CLASSIFICATION_Upon_this_handful_of_soil_our_survival_depends_Husband_it_and_it_will_grow_our_food_our_fuel_and_our_shelter_and_surround_us_with_beauty_Abuse_it_and_the_soil_will_coll/figures?lo=1].<br />
<br />
[7] Brevik, Eric & Hartemink, Alfred. (2010). History, Philosophy, and Sociology of Soil Science. [http://www.eolss.net www.eolss.net]. <br />
<br />
[8] Faisca, F. “Hans Jenny and Cymatics - The Study of Wave Phenomena.” Hans Jenny and Cymatics, [https://www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html www.unitedearth.com.au/sound.html].</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moles&diff=1798Moles2018-04-26T20:53:33Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Diet */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Mole Picture.jpg|thumb|This is an Eastern Mole, a member of the Talpidae family, of which it and other moles belong to. (This image is in the public domain.)]]<br />
Moles are subterranean macro-fauna that belong to the family Talpidae. They are often considered pests due to their burrowing habits, which can disturb soil and (indirectly) damage plants, but this can be beneficial as well. Due to these habits, moles can be considered ecosystem engineers. There are seven identified species of mole in North America: the Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus), the Hairy-Tailed Mole (Parascalops breweri), the Star-Nosed Mole (Condylura cristata), the Broad-Footed Mole (Scapanus latimanus), Townsend’s Mole (Scapanus townsendii), the Coast Mole (Scapanus orarius) and the Shrew Mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). [1]<br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
'''Domain''': Eukaryota<br />
<br />
'''Kingdom''': Animalia<br />
<br />
'''Phylum''': Chordata<br />
<br />
'''Class''': Mammalia<br />
<br />
'''Order''': Insectivora<br />
<br />
'''Family''': Talpidae<br />
<br />
This simplified list omits sub-categories. Moles may be confused as rodents (Order Rodentia) but this is incorrect.<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
Moles are typically 17.6 cm in length and 115 g in mass for males and 16.8 cm and 85 g for females. Other than these measurement differences, sexual dimorphism is minimal. [1] Males are called "boars" and females are called "sows", similar to bovines. [2] They are well-suited to subterranean lifestyles, often having long but narrow snouts of approximately 1.3 cm for hunting in their tunnels and large forelimbs to carve their ways through the earth. On their noses are Eimer's organs, which are sensory in nature and used to detect prey below the surface. [3] They prefer loose, moist, earthworm-abundant soils, typically in forested areas. [1] However, they are also often found in grasslands, meadows, and lawns. [4] Their eyes and ears are small and covered completely by fur, with no external flaps for the latter. They have forefeet that are broader than they are long, with webbed toes. Their hind feet are smaller, narrow, and clawed. [1] They are found throughout North America and Eurasia, [4]<br />
<br />
== Lifestyle ==<br />
[[File:Mole_Tunnels.jpg|thumb|A diagram of a potential mole tunnel network. (Image obtained from Vegetable Gardener)]]<br />
Moles are generally loners, with the exception of the star-nosed mole, which lives in colonies. They live in dens, but construct networks of tunnels through their hunting grounds. [1] Reproduction occurs in late winter, with gestation taking 42 days. [2] Moles are able to breathe in their cramped tunnels with blood adapted to have greater carbon dioxide capacities, allowing the mole to utilize and process air it has already used. [5] This remarkable adaptation allows moles to remain underground without suffocating.<br />
<br />
== Diet ==<br />
Moles are insectivores that hunt below the surface. Generally, moles feast upon [[insects]], slugs, grubs, and earthworms. [2] The consumption of grubs is an often-overlooked benefit of moles, but their consumption of earthworms is also another detriment due to the plethora of benefits earthworms provide for soils. For consuming earthworms, moles can poison them with their saliva, which paralyzes them, and then store them for later feasting. Moles have also been known to eat small mice. [4] Contrary to popular belief, moles do not feed on [[plant roots]]. This is done by rodents, for which moles are often mistaken.<br />
<br />
== Relationship with Humans ==<br />
Moles have traditionally been considered pests, causing destruction to lawns, gardens, and farms, but moles can be beneficial for an area's soil. They can aerate it and prey on grubs, which often damage plant roots. [6] Nevertheless, moles are still usually considered undesirables due to their mole hills and mole runs, which are often considered undesirable in one's lawn. [2] These are both composed of disturbed dirt caused by burrowing. Due to their generally unwanted status, humans have developed a variety of ways to discourage, trap, or kill moles, with some methods being more effective than others. [5]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] F. Robert Henderson. "Moles". Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. 2005. Retrieved 2018-04-16. http://icwdm.org/handbook/mammals/Moles.asp<br />
<br />
[2] "Facts About Moles". Havahart. http://www.havahart.com/mole-facts<br />
<br />
[3] "Moles, Shrew Moles, And Desmans (Talpidae)". Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moles-shrew-moles-and-desmans-talpidae<br />
<br />
[4] "How to get rid of moles". Exterminate.com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. http://www.extermine.com/moles.html<br />
<br />
[5] "Secret of how moles breathe underground revealed". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20100723133025/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7899216/Secret-of-how-moles-breathe-underground-revealed.html<br />
<br />
[6] "Moles 'Can Benefit Gardeners'. Hartley Botanic. July 17, 2012. Retrieved 2018-04-16. https://hartley-botanic.com/magazine/801409421-moles-can-benefit-gardeners/</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moles&diff=1797Moles2018-04-26T20:52:52Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Relationship with Humans */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Mole Picture.jpg|thumb|This is an Eastern Mole, a member of the Talpidae family, of which it and other moles belong to. (This image is in the public domain.)]]<br />
Moles are subterranean macro-fauna that belong to the family Talpidae. They are often considered pests due to their burrowing habits, which can disturb soil and (indirectly) damage plants, but this can be beneficial as well. Due to these habits, moles can be considered ecosystem engineers. There are seven identified species of mole in North America: the Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus), the Hairy-Tailed Mole (Parascalops breweri), the Star-Nosed Mole (Condylura cristata), the Broad-Footed Mole (Scapanus latimanus), Townsend’s Mole (Scapanus townsendii), the Coast Mole (Scapanus orarius) and the Shrew Mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). [1]<br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
'''Domain''': Eukaryota<br />
<br />
'''Kingdom''': Animalia<br />
<br />
'''Phylum''': Chordata<br />
<br />
'''Class''': Mammalia<br />
<br />
'''Order''': Insectivora<br />
<br />
'''Family''': Talpidae<br />
<br />
This simplified list omits sub-categories. Moles may be confused as rodents (Order Rodentia) but this is incorrect.<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
Moles are typically 17.6 cm in length and 115 g in mass for males and 16.8 cm and 85 g for females. Other than these measurement differences, sexual dimorphism is minimal. [1] Males are called "boars" and females are called "sows", similar to bovines. [2] They are well-suited to subterranean lifestyles, often having long but narrow snouts of approximately 1.3 cm for hunting in their tunnels and large forelimbs to carve their ways through the earth. On their noses are Eimer's organs, which are sensory in nature and used to detect prey below the surface. [3] They prefer loose, moist, earthworm-abundant soils, typically in forested areas. [1] However, they are also often found in grasslands, meadows, and lawns. [4] Their eyes and ears are small and covered completely by fur, with no external flaps for the latter. They have forefeet that are broader than they are long, with webbed toes. Their hind feet are smaller, narrow, and clawed. [1] They are found throughout North America and Eurasia, [4]<br />
<br />
== Lifestyle ==<br />
[[File:Mole_Tunnels.jpg|thumb|A diagram of a potential mole tunnel network. (Image obtained from Vegetable Gardener)]]<br />
Moles are generally loners, with the exception of the star-nosed mole, which lives in colonies. They live in dens, but construct networks of tunnels through their hunting grounds. [1] Reproduction occurs in late winter, with gestation taking 42 days. [2] Moles are able to breathe in their cramped tunnels with blood adapted to have greater carbon dioxide capacities, allowing the mole to utilize and process air it has already used. [5] This remarkable adaptation allows moles to remain underground without suffocating.<br />
<br />
== Diet ==<br />
Moles are insectivores that hunt below the surface. Generally, moles feast upon [[insects]], slugs, grubs, and earthworms. [2] Their consumption of grubs is an often-overlooked benefit of moles, but their consumption of earthworms is also another detriment due to the plethora of benefits earthworms provide for soils. For consuming earthworms, moles can poison them with their saliva, which paralyzes them, and then store them for later feasting. Moles have also been known to eat small mice. [4] Contrary to popular belief, moles do not feed on [[plant roots]]. This is done by rodents, for which moles are often mistaken.<br />
<br />
== Relationship with Humans ==<br />
Moles have traditionally been considered pests, causing destruction to lawns, gardens, and farms, but moles can be beneficial for an area's soil. They can aerate it and prey on grubs, which often damage plant roots. [6] Nevertheless, moles are still usually considered undesirables due to their mole hills and mole runs, which are often considered undesirable in one's lawn. [2] These are both composed of disturbed dirt caused by burrowing. Due to their generally unwanted status, humans have developed a variety of ways to discourage, trap, or kill moles, with some methods being more effective than others. [5]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] F. Robert Henderson. "Moles". Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. 2005. Retrieved 2018-04-16. http://icwdm.org/handbook/mammals/Moles.asp<br />
<br />
[2] "Facts About Moles". Havahart. http://www.havahart.com/mole-facts<br />
<br />
[3] "Moles, Shrew Moles, And Desmans (Talpidae)". Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moles-shrew-moles-and-desmans-talpidae<br />
<br />
[4] "How to get rid of moles". Exterminate.com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. http://www.extermine.com/moles.html<br />
<br />
[5] "Secret of how moles breathe underground revealed". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20100723133025/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7899216/Secret-of-how-moles-breathe-underground-revealed.html<br />
<br />
[6] "Moles 'Can Benefit Gardeners'. Hartley Botanic. July 17, 2012. Retrieved 2018-04-16. https://hartley-botanic.com/magazine/801409421-moles-can-benefit-gardeners/</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moles&diff=1796Moles2018-04-26T20:46:08Z<p>Ryanfree: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Mole Picture.jpg|thumb|This is an Eastern Mole, a member of the Talpidae family, of which it and other moles belong to. (This image is in the public domain.)]]<br />
Moles are subterranean macro-fauna that belong to the family Talpidae. They are often considered pests due to their burrowing habits, which can disturb soil and (indirectly) damage plants, but this can be beneficial as well. Due to these habits, moles can be considered ecosystem engineers. There are seven identified species of mole in North America: the Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus), the Hairy-Tailed Mole (Parascalops breweri), the Star-Nosed Mole (Condylura cristata), the Broad-Footed Mole (Scapanus latimanus), Townsend’s Mole (Scapanus townsendii), the Coast Mole (Scapanus orarius) and the Shrew Mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). [1]<br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
'''Domain''': Eukaryota<br />
<br />
'''Kingdom''': Animalia<br />
<br />
'''Phylum''': Chordata<br />
<br />
'''Class''': Mammalia<br />
<br />
'''Order''': Insectivora<br />
<br />
'''Family''': Talpidae<br />
<br />
This simplified list omits sub-categories. Moles may be confused as rodents (Order Rodentia) but this is incorrect.<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
Moles are typically 17.6 cm in length and 115 g in mass for males and 16.8 cm and 85 g for females. Other than these measurement differences, sexual dimorphism is minimal. [1] Males are called "boars" and females are called "sows", similar to bovines. [2] They are well-suited to subterranean lifestyles, often having long but narrow snouts of approximately 1.3 cm for hunting in their tunnels and large forelimbs to carve their ways through the earth. On their noses are Eimer's organs, which are sensory in nature and used to detect prey below the surface. [3] They prefer loose, moist, earthworm-abundant soils, typically in forested areas. [1] However, they are also often found in grasslands, meadows, and lawns. [4] Their eyes and ears are small and covered completely by fur, with no external flaps for the latter. They have forefeet that are broader than they are long, with webbed toes. Their hind feet are smaller, narrow, and clawed. [1] They are found throughout North America and Eurasia, [4]<br />
<br />
== Lifestyle ==<br />
[[File:Mole_Tunnels.jpg|thumb|A diagram of a potential mole tunnel network. (Image obtained from Vegetable Gardener)]]<br />
Moles are generally loners, with the exception of the star-nosed mole, which lives in colonies. They live in dens, but construct networks of tunnels through their hunting grounds. [1] Reproduction occurs in late winter, with gestation taking 42 days. [2] Moles are able to breathe in their cramped tunnels with blood adapted to have greater carbon dioxide capacities, allowing the mole to utilize and process air it has already used. [5] This remarkable adaptation allows moles to remain underground without suffocating.<br />
<br />
== Diet ==<br />
Moles are insectivores that hunt below the surface. Generally, moles feast upon [[insects]], slugs, grubs, and earthworms. [2] Their consumption of grubs is an often-overlooked benefit of moles, but their consumption of earthworms is also another detriment due to the plethora of benefits earthworms provide for soils. For consuming earthworms, moles can poison them with their saliva, which paralyzes them, and then store them for later feasting. Moles have also been known to eat small mice. [4] Contrary to popular belief, moles do not feed on [[plant roots]]. This is done by rodents, for which moles are often mistaken.<br />
<br />
== Relationship with Humans ==<br />
Moles have traditionally been considered pests, causing destruction to lawns, gardens, and farms, but moles can be beneficial for an area's soil. They can aerate it and prey on grubs, which often damage plant roots. [6] Nevertheless, moles are still usually considered undesirables due to their mole hills and mole runs, which are often considered undesirable in one's lawn. [2] These are both composed of disturbed dirt caused by burrowing. Do to their generally unwanted status, humans have developed a variety of ways to discourage, trap, or kill moles, with some methods being more effective than others. [5]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] F. Robert Henderson. "Moles". Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. 2005. Retrieved 2018-04-16. http://icwdm.org/handbook/mammals/Moles.asp<br />
<br />
[2] "Facts About Moles". Havahart. http://www.havahart.com/mole-facts<br />
<br />
[3] "Moles, Shrew Moles, And Desmans (Talpidae)". Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moles-shrew-moles-and-desmans-talpidae<br />
<br />
[4] "How to get rid of moles". Exterminate.com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. http://www.extermine.com/moles.html<br />
<br />
[5] "Secret of how moles breathe underground revealed". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20100723133025/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7899216/Secret-of-how-moles-breathe-underground-revealed.html<br />
<br />
[6] "Moles 'Can Benefit Gardeners'. Hartley Botanic. July 17, 2012. Retrieved 2018-04-16. https://hartley-botanic.com/magazine/801409421-moles-can-benefit-gardeners/</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moles&diff=1795Moles2018-04-26T20:45:00Z<p>Ryanfree: /* Description */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Mole Picture.jpg|thumb|This is an Eastern Mole, a member of the Talpidae family, of which it and other moles belong to. (This image is in the public domain.)]]<br />
Moles are subterranean macro-fauna that belong to the family Talpidae. They are often considered pests due to their burrowing habits, which can disturb soil and (indirectly) damage plants, but this can be beneficial as well. Due to these habits, moles can be considered ecosystem engineers. There are seven identified species of mole in North America: the Eastern Mole (Scalopus aquaticus), The Hairy-Tailed Mole (Parascalops breweri), the Star-Nosed Mole (Condylura cristata), the Broad-Footed Mole (Scapanus latimanus), Townsend’s Mole (Scapanus townsendii), the Coast Mole (Scapanus orarius) and the Shrew Mole (Neurotrichus gibbsii). [1]<br />
<br />
== Taxonomy ==<br />
'''Domain''': Eukaryota<br />
<br />
'''Kingdom''': Animalia<br />
<br />
'''Phylum''': Chordata<br />
<br />
'''Class''': Mammalia<br />
<br />
'''Order''': Insectivora<br />
<br />
'''Family''': Talpidae<br />
<br />
This simplified list omits sub-categories. Moles may be confused as rodents (Order Rodentia) but this is incorrect.<br />
<br />
== Description ==<br />
Moles are typically 17.6 cm in length and 115 g in mass for males and 16.8 cm and 85 g for females. Other than these measurement differences, sexual dimorphism is minimal. [1] Males are called "boars" and females are called "sows", similar to bovines. [2] They are well-suited to subterranean lifestyles, often having long but narrow snouts of approximately 1.3 cm for hunting in their tunnels and large forelimbs to carve their ways through the earth. On their noses are Eimer's organs, which are sensory in nature and used to detect prey below the surface. [3] They prefer loose, moist, earthworm-abundant soils, typically in forested areas. [1] However, they are also often found in grasslands, meadows, and lawns. [4] Their eyes and ears are small and covered completely by fur, with no external flaps for the latter. They have forefeet that are broader than they are long, with webbed toes. Their hind feet are smaller, narrow, and clawed. [1] They are found throughout North America and Eurasia, [4]<br />
<br />
== Lifestyle ==<br />
[[File:Mole_Tunnels.jpg|thumb|A diagram of a potential mole tunnel network. (Image obtained from Vegetable Gardener)]]<br />
Moles are generally loners, with the exception of the star-nosed mole, which lives in colonies. They live in dens, but construct networks of tunnels through their hunting grounds. [1] Reproduction occurs in late winter, with gestation taking 42 days. [2] Moles are able to breathe in their cramped tunnels with blood adapted to have greater carbon dioxide capacities, allowing the mole to utilize and process air it has already used. [5] This remarkable adaptation allows moles to remain underground without suffocating.<br />
<br />
== Diet ==<br />
Moles are insectivores that hunt below the surface. Generally, moles feast upon [[insects]], slugs, grubs, and earthworms. [2] Their consumption of grubs is an often-overlooked benefit of moles, but their consumption of earthworms is also another detriment due to the plethora of benefits earthworms provide for soils. For consuming earthworms, moles can poison them with their saliva, which paralyzes them, and then store them for later feasting. Moles have also been known to eat small mice. [4] Contrary to popular belief, moles do not feed on [[plant roots]]. This is done by rodents, for which moles are often mistaken.<br />
<br />
== Relationship with Humans ==<br />
Moles have traditionally been considered pests, causing destruction to lawns, gardens, and farms, but moles can be beneficial for an area's soil. They can aerate it and prey on grubs, which often damage plant roots. [6] Nevertheless, moles are still usually considered undesirables due to their mole hills and mole runs, which are often considered undesirable in one's lawn. [2] These are both composed of disturbed dirt caused by burrowing. Do to their generally unwanted status, humans have developed a variety of ways to discourage, trap, or kill moles, with some methods being more effective than others. [5]<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
[1] F. Robert Henderson. "Moles". Internet Center for Wildlife Damage Management. 2005. Retrieved 2018-04-16. http://icwdm.org/handbook/mammals/Moles.asp<br />
<br />
[2] "Facts About Moles". Havahart. http://www.havahart.com/mole-facts<br />
<br />
[3] "Moles, Shrew Moles, And Desmans (Talpidae)". Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/moles-shrew-moles-and-desmans-talpidae<br />
<br />
[4] "How to get rid of moles". Exterminate.com. Retrieved 2018-04-19. http://www.extermine.com/moles.html<br />
<br />
[5] "Secret of how moles breathe underground revealed". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 2018-04-19. https://web.archive.org/web/20100723133025/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/science/science-news/7899216/Secret-of-how-moles-breathe-underground-revealed.html<br />
<br />
[6] "Moles 'Can Benefit Gardeners'. Hartley Botanic. July 17, 2012. Retrieved 2018-04-16. https://hartley-botanic.com/magazine/801409421-moles-can-benefit-gardeners/</div>Ryanfreehttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=1488Main Page2018-04-19T20:34:39Z<p>Ryanfree: /* List of Possible Topics: */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Periodical Cicadas]]<br />
<br />
<strong>If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.</strong></div>Ryanfree