https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Qlschill 2026-05-24T14:30:49Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7284 2021-05-07T20:22:53Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Japanese Beetle<br /> | kingdom = Animalia<br /> | phylum = Arthropoda<br /> | class = Insecta<br /> | order = Coleoptera<br /> | family = Scarabaeidae<br /> | genus = Popillia<br /> | species = P. japonica<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> [2] Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> [3] &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> [4] &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> [5] Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.<br /> <br /> [6] Held, D., P. Gonsiska, and D. Potter. 2003. Evaluating Companion Planting and Non-host Masking Odors for Protecting Roses from the Japanese Beetle ([[Coleoptera]]: Scarabaeidae). Journal of economic entomology 96:81–7.<br /> <br /> [7] Held, D. W., and D. A. Potter. 2004. Floral affinity and benefits of dietary mixing with flowers for a polyphagous scarab, Popillia japonica Newman. Oecologia 140:312–320.<br /> <br /> [8] Ludwig, D. 1928. The Effects of Temperature on the Development of an Insect (Popillia japonica Newman). Physiological Zoology 1:358–389.<br /> <br /> [9] Piñero, J. C., and A. P. Dudenhoeffer. 2018. Mass trapping designs for organic control of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pest Management Science 74:1687–1693.<br /> <br /> [10] Potter, D. A., and D. W. Held. 2002. Biology and Management of the Japanese Beetle. Annual Review of Entomology 47:175–205.<br /> <br /> [11] Switzer, P. V., P. C. Enstrom, and C. A. Schoenick. 2009. Behavioral Explanations Underlying the Lack of Trap Effectiveness for Small-Scale Management of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 102:934–940.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=7283 2021-05-07T20:21:44Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water.<br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminum is present in all soils to different degrees, dissolved aluminum is toxic to plants and aluminum is the most soluble at low pH, above a pH of 5 there is little aluminum soluble in most soils. Plants do not use aluminum as a nutrient and instead takes it up through osmosis through the [[plant roots]]. This uptake of aluminum has several effects on the growth of plants. The aluminum inhibits root growth, lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching.<br /> <br /> '''Alkaline soils''' <br /> Alkaline soils have low infiltration capacity so rain water stagnates on the soil easily and it is harder for plants to get established. Alkaline soils require irrigated water and good drainage. This soil is only used in agriculture for crops tolerant to surface waterlogging such as grass and rice. The productivity of this soil is lower.<br /> <br /> == Water availability in relation to soil pH ==<br /> Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and have slow infiltration. alkaline soils also have very poor available water capacity. Plant growth is restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet, in dry conditions, plant available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard.<br /> <br /> Strongly acidic soils have strong aggregation, good internal drainage and good water-holding characteristics. For many plant species aluminum toxicity severely limits root growth and moisture stress can occur when the soil is relatively moist.<br /> <br /> == Changing soil pH ==<br /> '''Increasing pH of acidic soils'''<br /> Finely ground limestone is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH called liming. The amount of liming needed depends on the mesh size used and the buffering capacity of the soil. The finer the mesh the faster it will react to soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on its [[clay]] content and the amount of organic matter. Soils with a high buffering capacity will need a greater amount of liming to achieve an equivalent change in pH.<br /> <br /> '''Decreasing pH of alkaline soils'''<br /> The pH level can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental sulfur has been used as it slowly oxidizes in soil to form sulfuric acid. Acidifying fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea can help reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidizes to form nitric acid. Aluminum sulfate will also reduce the pH but the aluminum is also detrimental to plant growth.<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File:Proper pH.png]]<br /> <br /> [[File:PH map.png]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] Cox, L., and R. Koenig. (n.d.). Solutions to Soil Problems, II. High pH (alkaline soil)<br /> <br /> [2] nrcs142p2_053293.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [3] Queensland;, c=AU; o=The S. of. (n.d.). Soil pH | Soil [[properties]]. Text, corporateName=The State of Queensland; jurisdiction=Queensland. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/soil-properties/ph-levels.<br /> <br /> [4] Soil pH: What it Means. (n.d.). . <br /> https://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm.<br /> <br /> [5] Magdoff, F., and R. Bartlett. 1985. Soil pH buffering revisited. Soil Sci Soc Am J. Soil Science Society of America Journal - SSSAJ 49.<br /> <br /> [6] Mclean, E. O. 1983. Soil pH and Lime Requirement. Pages 199–224 Methods of Soil Analysis. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<br /> <br /> [7] Robson, A. 2012. Soil Acidity and Plant Growth. Elsevier.<br /> <br /> [8] Sloan, J., and N. Basta. 1995a. Remediation of Acid Soils by Using Alkaline Biosolids. Journal of Environmental Quality - J ENVIRON QUAL 24.<br /> <br /> [9] Sloan, J. J., and N. T. Basta. 1995b. Remediation of Acid Soils by Using Alkaline Biosolids. Journal of Environmental Quality 24:1097–1103.<br /> <br /> [10] Thomas, G. W. 1996. Soil pH and Soil Acidity. Pages 475–490 Methods of Soil Analysis. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rhizosphere&diff=7153 2021-05-07T15:47:39Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Methods */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> =Overview=<br /> [[File:Rhizosphere.jpg|left|150px|[9]|thumb]] <br /> :The rhizosphere is the portion of [[soil]] surrounding [[plant roots]], and it is a hot spot for life. It is influenced by chemicals secreted by plants through their roots, called '''''root exudation'''''. Different plants secrete different chemicals and compounds, so the environment is very unique to the local vegetation. Exudates can even alter the pH of the rhizosphere. The uniqueness of the rhizosphere from place to place and plant to plant explain the different types of [microorganisms] that inhabit it. [[File:Roots.jpg|right|[5]|thumb]]<br /> Depending on the type of plant, the rhizosphere can extend 2-80 mm away from the roots. In the vicinity of roots, the soil is significantly wetter, and the high moisture levels protect plants from drying out and contribute to the dense population of microorganisms. '''''Rhizodeposition''''' is considered all the material lost from plant roots into the rhizosphere. This includes water soluble exudates, dead roots and [[root hairs]], and gases, like carbon dioxide.<br /> <br /> =Root Exudation=<br /> [[File:rootexudate.jpg|right|175px|Root Exudation [2]|thumb]]<br /> Root exudation is the process of chemical excretion from the roots of plants as a means of interaction with the other [[organisms]] in soil. Amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, and vitamins are all examples of exudates. In order for a plant to survive and thrive, it must have the ability to detect and perceive changes in the local environment. It is also one of the most important factors affecting microbial life and growth. ''Root to root'' and ''root to microbe'' commmunication are two types of interactions that occur in the rhizosphere due to root exudation. <br /> :*'''''Root to Root''''' interaction includes the growth and development of other plants nearby. The chemical messages sent out in root exudation are signals to prevent invading roots. <br /> :*'''''Root to microbe''''' interaction can be used in both positive and negative situations. ''Positive'' communication is used in order to attract [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] colonization on the root as well as nitrogen fixing bacteria. To create nodulation of fungi on their roots, the plants secrete [[flavonoids]] that attract the organisms. ''Negative'' communication is used when plants need to defend themselves from parasitic [[microorganisms]] and pathogenic bacteria. In these cases, defense proteins are secreted and continuously attack pathogens.<br /> <br /> =Habitat=<br /> [[File:mycorrhizal.jpg|left|200px|Mycorrhizal Fungi [3]|thumb]]<br /> The rhizosphere supports a diverse and densely populated microbial community. There are different types of interactions that occur between the plants and microbes in the rhizosphere.<br /> *Pathogenic microbes invade and kill the plant. <br /> *Symbiotic interactions are beneficial to the plant and microbe. <br /> *Harmful microbes reduce plant growth, but not intentionally like pathogenic ones. <br /> *Saprophytic microbes live off of dead roots and plants.<br /> <br /> Bacteria, [[protozoa]], [[mites]], earthworms, and many other organisms live within the rhizosphere. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] are one of the most important [[microorganisms]] within the rhizosphere. Even though plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, they have trouble obtaining and absorbing essential nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] can easily obtain these nutrients, and since they live on plant roots, the plants can absorb them as well. The fungi get carbohydrates from the plants that they use for energy, so the relationship between them is symbiotic.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> The rhizosphere is below the ground, in order to examine it special methods have been developed for use. One such method is the use of rhizotrons. A rhizotron is a laboratory constructed underground to study soil and its interactions with plants and [[animals]]. There is a central corridor with viewing windows into the soil profile which are usually shaded or covered to prevent light from entering the below surface soil which could influence the results of some studies. On the outside different experiments are conducted in the soil. Experiments of different soil types, and assemblages of plants and animals within the soil. Rhizotrons do not have to be housed in big facilities, in fact minirhizotrons are commonly used for small scale experiments.<br /> <br /> Another common way of studying the rhizosphere is through sampling and the use of probes. Probes can be used with minimal disturbance to analyze the chemicals and other [[properties]] in the soil. Sampling can also be done, by either extracting the whole plant and do analysis or by removing part of the root system and soil around it for analysis. Sampling is more invasive than probing is, but can be more accurate.<br /> <br /> [[File:Rhizotron 1.png|550px|Image: 550 pixels]] [[File:Rhizotron.jpg|600px|Image: 600 pixels]]<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Bishnoi, Usha. “Plant Microbe Interactions.” Advances in Botanical Research, 2015, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[2] Baetz, Ulrike, and Enrico Martinoia. “Root Exudates: The Hidden Part of Plant Defense.” Science Direct, Feb. 2014, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138513002598]].<br /> :[3] Chadwick, Douglas H. “Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Amazing Underground Secret to a Better Garden.” Mother Earth News, 2014, [[https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/gardening-techniques/mycorrhizal-fungi-zm0z14aszkin]].<br /> :[4] Cheng, Weixin, and Alexander Gershenson. “Carbon Fluxes in the Rhizosphere.” The Rhizosphere, 2007, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[5] “Crop Gene Discovery Gets to the Root of Food Security.” Phys.org, 4 Dec. 2017, [[https://phys.org/news/2017-12-crop-gene-discovery-root-food.html]].<br /> :[6] Lines-Kelly, Rebecca. “The Rhizosphere.” Soil Biology Basics, [[https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/42259/Rhizosphere.pdf]].<br /> :[7] Koo, B-J, and CD Barton. “Root Exudates and Microorganisms.” Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123485304004616]].<br /> :[8] Pace, Matthew. “Hidden Partners: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plants.” The New York Botanical Garden, [[https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/mycorrhizae.asp.html]]. <br /> :[9] Schley, Lacy. “That Word You Heard: Rhizosphere.” Discover, 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://discovermagazine.com/2019/mar/that-word-you-heard-rhizosphere]].<br /> :[10] Walker, Travis S., et al. “Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology.” Plant Physiology, [[https://www.plantphysiol.org/content/132/1/44]].</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rhizosphere&diff=7152 2021-05-07T15:44:34Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Methods */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> =Overview=<br /> [[File:Rhizosphere.jpg|left|150px|[9]|thumb]] <br /> :The rhizosphere is the portion of [[soil]] surrounding [[plant roots]], and it is a hot spot for life. It is influenced by chemicals secreted by plants through their roots, called '''''root exudation'''''. Different plants secrete different chemicals and compounds, so the environment is very unique to the local vegetation. Exudates can even alter the pH of the rhizosphere. The uniqueness of the rhizosphere from place to place and plant to plant explain the different types of [microorganisms] that inhabit it. [[File:Roots.jpg|right|[5]|thumb]]<br /> Depending on the type of plant, the rhizosphere can extend 2-80 mm away from the roots. In the vicinity of roots, the soil is significantly wetter, and the high moisture levels protect plants from drying out and contribute to the dense population of microorganisms. '''''Rhizodeposition''''' is considered all the material lost from plant roots into the rhizosphere. This includes water soluble exudates, dead roots and [[root hairs]], and gases, like carbon dioxide.<br /> <br /> =Root Exudation=<br /> [[File:rootexudate.jpg|right|175px|Root Exudation [2]|thumb]]<br /> Root exudation is the process of chemical excretion from the roots of plants as a means of interaction with the other [[organisms]] in soil. Amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, and vitamins are all examples of exudates. In order for a plant to survive and thrive, it must have the ability to detect and perceive changes in the local environment. It is also one of the most important factors affecting microbial life and growth. ''Root to root'' and ''root to microbe'' commmunication are two types of interactions that occur in the rhizosphere due to root exudation. <br /> :*'''''Root to Root''''' interaction includes the growth and development of other plants nearby. The chemical messages sent out in root exudation are signals to prevent invading roots. <br /> :*'''''Root to microbe''''' interaction can be used in both positive and negative situations. ''Positive'' communication is used in order to attract [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] colonization on the root as well as nitrogen fixing bacteria. To create nodulation of fungi on their roots, the plants secrete [[flavonoids]] that attract the organisms. ''Negative'' communication is used when plants need to defend themselves from parasitic [[microorganisms]] and pathogenic bacteria. In these cases, defense proteins are secreted and continuously attack pathogens.<br /> <br /> =Habitat=<br /> [[File:mycorrhizal.jpg|left|200px|Mycorrhizal Fungi [3]|thumb]]<br /> The rhizosphere supports a diverse and densely populated microbial community. There are different types of interactions that occur between the plants and microbes in the rhizosphere.<br /> *Pathogenic microbes invade and kill the plant. <br /> *Symbiotic interactions are beneficial to the plant and microbe. <br /> *Harmful microbes reduce plant growth, but not intentionally like pathogenic ones. <br /> *Saprophytic microbes live off of dead roots and plants.<br /> <br /> Bacteria, [[protozoa]], [[mites]], earthworms, and many other organisms live within the rhizosphere. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] are one of the most important [[microorganisms]] within the rhizosphere. Even though plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, they have trouble obtaining and absorbing essential nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] can easily obtain these nutrients, and since they live on plant roots, the plants can absorb them as well. The fungi get carbohydrates from the plants that they use for energy, so the relationship between them is symbiotic.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> The rhizosphere is below the ground, in order to examine it special methods have been developed for use. One such method is the use of rhizotrons. A rhizotron is a laboratory constructed underground to study soil and its interactions with plants and [[animals]]. There is a central corridor with viewing windows into the soil profile which are usually shaded or covered to prevent light from entering the below surface soil which could influence the results of some studies. On the outside different experiments are conducted in the soil. Experiments of different soil types, and assemblages of plants and animals within the soil. Rhizotrons do not have to be housed in big facilities, in fact minirhizotrons are commonly used for small scale experiments.<br /> <br /> Another common way of studying the rhizosphere is through sampling and the use of probes. Probes can be used with minimal disturbance to analyze the chemicals and other [[properties]] in the soil. Sampling can also be done, by either extracting the whole plant and do analysis or by removing part of the root system and soil around it for analysis. Sampling is more invasive than probing is, but can be more accurate.<br /> <br /> [[File:Rhizotron 1.png]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Rhizotron.jpg]]<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Bishnoi, Usha. “Plant Microbe Interactions.” Advances in Botanical Research, 2015, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[2] Baetz, Ulrike, and Enrico Martinoia. “Root Exudates: The Hidden Part of Plant Defense.” Science Direct, Feb. 2014, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138513002598]].<br /> :[3] Chadwick, Douglas H. “Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Amazing Underground Secret to a Better Garden.” Mother Earth News, 2014, [[https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/gardening-techniques/mycorrhizal-fungi-zm0z14aszkin]].<br /> :[4] Cheng, Weixin, and Alexander Gershenson. “Carbon Fluxes in the Rhizosphere.” The Rhizosphere, 2007, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[5] “Crop Gene Discovery Gets to the Root of Food Security.” Phys.org, 4 Dec. 2017, [[https://phys.org/news/2017-12-crop-gene-discovery-root-food.html]].<br /> :[6] Lines-Kelly, Rebecca. “The Rhizosphere.” Soil Biology Basics, [[https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/42259/Rhizosphere.pdf]].<br /> :[7] Koo, B-J, and CD Barton. “Root Exudates and Microorganisms.” Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123485304004616]].<br /> :[8] Pace, Matthew. “Hidden Partners: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plants.” The New York Botanical Garden, [[https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/mycorrhizae.asp.html]]. <br /> :[9] Schley, Lacy. “That Word You Heard: Rhizosphere.” Discover, 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://discovermagazine.com/2019/mar/that-word-you-heard-rhizosphere]].<br /> :[10] Walker, Travis S., et al. “Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology.” Plant Physiology, [[https://www.plantphysiol.org/content/132/1/44]].</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rhizosphere&diff=7151 2021-05-07T15:43:42Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Methods */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> =Overview=<br /> [[File:Rhizosphere.jpg|left|150px|[9]|thumb]] <br /> :The rhizosphere is the portion of [[soil]] surrounding [[plant roots]], and it is a hot spot for life. It is influenced by chemicals secreted by plants through their roots, called '''''root exudation'''''. Different plants secrete different chemicals and compounds, so the environment is very unique to the local vegetation. Exudates can even alter the pH of the rhizosphere. The uniqueness of the rhizosphere from place to place and plant to plant explain the different types of [microorganisms] that inhabit it. [[File:Roots.jpg|right|[5]|thumb]]<br /> Depending on the type of plant, the rhizosphere can extend 2-80 mm away from the roots. In the vicinity of roots, the soil is significantly wetter, and the high moisture levels protect plants from drying out and contribute to the dense population of microorganisms. '''''Rhizodeposition''''' is considered all the material lost from plant roots into the rhizosphere. This includes water soluble exudates, dead roots and [[root hairs]], and gases, like carbon dioxide.<br /> <br /> =Root Exudation=<br /> [[File:rootexudate.jpg|right|175px|Root Exudation [2]|thumb]]<br /> Root exudation is the process of chemical excretion from the roots of plants as a means of interaction with the other [[organisms]] in soil. Amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, and vitamins are all examples of exudates. In order for a plant to survive and thrive, it must have the ability to detect and perceive changes in the local environment. It is also one of the most important factors affecting microbial life and growth. ''Root to root'' and ''root to microbe'' commmunication are two types of interactions that occur in the rhizosphere due to root exudation. <br /> :*'''''Root to Root''''' interaction includes the growth and development of other plants nearby. The chemical messages sent out in root exudation are signals to prevent invading roots. <br /> :*'''''Root to microbe''''' interaction can be used in both positive and negative situations. ''Positive'' communication is used in order to attract [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] colonization on the root as well as nitrogen fixing bacteria. To create nodulation of fungi on their roots, the plants secrete [[flavonoids]] that attract the organisms. ''Negative'' communication is used when plants need to defend themselves from parasitic [[microorganisms]] and pathogenic bacteria. In these cases, defense proteins are secreted and continuously attack pathogens.<br /> <br /> =Habitat=<br /> [[File:mycorrhizal.jpg|left|200px|Mycorrhizal Fungi [3]|thumb]]<br /> The rhizosphere supports a diverse and densely populated microbial community. There are different types of interactions that occur between the plants and microbes in the rhizosphere.<br /> *Pathogenic microbes invade and kill the plant. <br /> *Symbiotic interactions are beneficial to the plant and microbe. <br /> *Harmful microbes reduce plant growth, but not intentionally like pathogenic ones. <br /> *Saprophytic microbes live off of dead roots and plants.<br /> <br /> Bacteria, [[protozoa]], [[mites]], earthworms, and many other organisms live within the rhizosphere. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] are one of the most important [[microorganisms]] within the rhizosphere. Even though plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, they have trouble obtaining and absorbing essential nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] can easily obtain these nutrients, and since they live on plant roots, the plants can absorb them as well. The fungi get carbohydrates from the plants that they use for energy, so the relationship between them is symbiotic.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> The rhizosphere is below the ground, in order to examine it special methods have been developed for use. One such method is the use of rhizotrons. A rhizotron is a laboratory constructed underground to study soil and its interactions with plants and [[animals]]. There is a central corridor with viewing windows into the soil profile which are usually shaded or covered to prevent light from entering the below surface soil which could influence the results of some studies. On the outside different experiments are conducted in the soil. Experiments of different soil types, and assemblages of plants and animals within the soil. Rhizotrons do not have to be housed in big facilities, in fact minirhizotrons are commonly used for small scale experiments.<br /> <br /> Another common way of studying the rhizosphere is through sampling and the use of probes. Probes can be used with minimal disturbance to analyze the chemicals and other [[properties]] in the soil. Sampling can also be done, by either extracting the whole plant and do analysis or by removing part of the root system and soil around it for analysis. Sampling is more invasive than probing is, but can be more accurate.<br /> <br /> [[File:Rhizotron 1.png]]<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Bishnoi, Usha. “Plant Microbe Interactions.” Advances in Botanical Research, 2015, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[2] Baetz, Ulrike, and Enrico Martinoia. “Root Exudates: The Hidden Part of Plant Defense.” Science Direct, Feb. 2014, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138513002598]].<br /> :[3] Chadwick, Douglas H. “Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Amazing Underground Secret to a Better Garden.” Mother Earth News, 2014, [[https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/gardening-techniques/mycorrhizal-fungi-zm0z14aszkin]].<br /> :[4] Cheng, Weixin, and Alexander Gershenson. “Carbon Fluxes in the Rhizosphere.” The Rhizosphere, 2007, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[5] “Crop Gene Discovery Gets to the Root of Food Security.” Phys.org, 4 Dec. 2017, [[https://phys.org/news/2017-12-crop-gene-discovery-root-food.html]].<br /> :[6] Lines-Kelly, Rebecca. “The Rhizosphere.” Soil Biology Basics, [[https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/42259/Rhizosphere.pdf]].<br /> :[7] Koo, B-J, and CD Barton. “Root Exudates and Microorganisms.” Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123485304004616]].<br /> :[8] Pace, Matthew. “Hidden Partners: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plants.” The New York Botanical Garden, [[https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/mycorrhizae.asp.html]]. <br /> :[9] Schley, Lacy. “That Word You Heard: Rhizosphere.” Discover, 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://discovermagazine.com/2019/mar/that-word-you-heard-rhizosphere]].<br /> :[10] Walker, Travis S., et al. “Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology.” Plant Physiology, [[https://www.plantphysiol.org/content/132/1/44]].</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Rhizotron_1.png&diff=7149 2021-05-07T15:41:23Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Rhizotron.jpg&diff=7148 2021-05-07T15:41:05Z

<p>Qlschill: Qlschill uploaded a new version of File:Rhizotron.jpg</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rhizosphere&diff=7145 2021-05-07T15:37:02Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Methods */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> =Overview=<br /> [[File:Rhizosphere.jpg|left|150px|[9]|thumb]] <br /> :The rhizosphere is the portion of [[soil]] surrounding [[plant roots]], and it is a hot spot for life. It is influenced by chemicals secreted by plants through their roots, called '''''root exudation'''''. Different plants secrete different chemicals and compounds, so the environment is very unique to the local vegetation. Exudates can even alter the pH of the rhizosphere. The uniqueness of the rhizosphere from place to place and plant to plant explain the different types of [microorganisms] that inhabit it. [[File:Roots.jpg|right|[5]|thumb]]<br /> Depending on the type of plant, the rhizosphere can extend 2-80 mm away from the roots. In the vicinity of roots, the soil is significantly wetter, and the high moisture levels protect plants from drying out and contribute to the dense population of microorganisms. '''''Rhizodeposition''''' is considered all the material lost from plant roots into the rhizosphere. This includes water soluble exudates, dead roots and [[root hairs]], and gases, like carbon dioxide.<br /> <br /> =Root Exudation=<br /> [[File:rootexudate.jpg|right|175px|Root Exudation [2]|thumb]]<br /> Root exudation is the process of chemical excretion from the roots of plants as a means of interaction with the other [[organisms]] in soil. Amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, and vitamins are all examples of exudates. In order for a plant to survive and thrive, it must have the ability to detect and perceive changes in the local environment. It is also one of the most important factors affecting microbial life and growth. ''Root to root'' and ''root to microbe'' commmunication are two types of interactions that occur in the rhizosphere due to root exudation. <br /> :*'''''Root to Root''''' interaction includes the growth and development of other plants nearby. The chemical messages sent out in root exudation are signals to prevent invading roots. <br /> :*'''''Root to microbe''''' interaction can be used in both positive and negative situations. ''Positive'' communication is used in order to attract [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] colonization on the root as well as nitrogen fixing bacteria. To create nodulation of fungi on their roots, the plants secrete [[flavonoids]] that attract the organisms. ''Negative'' communication is used when plants need to defend themselves from parasitic [[microorganisms]] and pathogenic bacteria. In these cases, defense proteins are secreted and continuously attack pathogens.<br /> <br /> =Habitat=<br /> [[File:mycorrhizal.jpg|left|200px|Mycorrhizal Fungi [3]|thumb]]<br /> The rhizosphere supports a diverse and densely populated microbial community. There are different types of interactions that occur between the plants and microbes in the rhizosphere.<br /> *Pathogenic microbes invade and kill the plant. <br /> *Symbiotic interactions are beneficial to the plant and microbe. <br /> *Harmful microbes reduce plant growth, but not intentionally like pathogenic ones. <br /> *Saprophytic microbes live off of dead roots and plants.<br /> <br /> Bacteria, [[protozoa]], [[mites]], earthworms, and many other organisms live within the rhizosphere. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] are one of the most important [[microorganisms]] within the rhizosphere. Even though plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, they have trouble obtaining and absorbing essential nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] can easily obtain these nutrients, and since they live on plant roots, the plants can absorb them as well. The fungi get carbohydrates from the plants that they use for energy, so the relationship between them is symbiotic.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> The rhizosphere is below the ground, in order to examine it special methods have been developed for use. One such method is the use of rhizotrons. A rhizotron is a laboratory constructed underground to study soil and its interactions with plants and [[animals]]. There is a central corridor with viewing windows into the soil profile which are usually shaded or covered to prevent light from entering the below surface soil which could influence the results of some studies. On the outside different experiments are conducted in the soil. Experiments of different soil types, and assemblages of plants and animals within the soil. Rhizotrons do not have to be housed in big facilities, in fact minirhizotrons are commonly built for house experiments or for gaining experience.<br /> <br /> Another common way of studying the rhizosphere is through sampling and the use of probes. Probes can be used with minimal disturbance to analyze the chemicals and other [[properties]] in the soil. Sampling can also be done, by either extracting the whole plant and do analysis or by removing part of the root system and soil around it for analysis. Sampling is more invasive than probing is, but can be more accurate.<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Bishnoi, Usha. “Plant Microbe Interactions.” Advances in Botanical Research, 2015, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[2] Baetz, Ulrike, and Enrico Martinoia. “Root Exudates: The Hidden Part of Plant Defense.” Science Direct, Feb. 2014, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138513002598]].<br /> :[3] Chadwick, Douglas H. “Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Amazing Underground Secret to a Better Garden.” Mother Earth News, 2014, [[https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/gardening-techniques/mycorrhizal-fungi-zm0z14aszkin]].<br /> :[4] Cheng, Weixin, and Alexander Gershenson. “Carbon Fluxes in the Rhizosphere.” The Rhizosphere, 2007, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[5] “Crop Gene Discovery Gets to the Root of Food Security.” Phys.org, 4 Dec. 2017, [[https://phys.org/news/2017-12-crop-gene-discovery-root-food.html]].<br /> :[6] Lines-Kelly, Rebecca. “The Rhizosphere.” Soil Biology Basics, [[https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/42259/Rhizosphere.pdf]].<br /> :[7] Koo, B-J, and CD Barton. “Root Exudates and Microorganisms.” Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123485304004616]].<br /> :[8] Pace, Matthew. “Hidden Partners: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plants.” The New York Botanical Garden, [[https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/mycorrhizae.asp.html]]. <br /> :[9] Schley, Lacy. “That Word You Heard: Rhizosphere.” Discover, 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://discovermagazine.com/2019/mar/that-word-you-heard-rhizosphere]].<br /> :[10] Walker, Travis S., et al. “Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology.” Plant Physiology, [[https://www.plantphysiol.org/content/132/1/44]].</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Rhizosphere&diff=7138 2021-05-07T15:19:26Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =Overview=<br /> [[File:Rhizosphere.jpg|left|150px|[9]|thumb]] <br /> :The rhizosphere is the portion of [[soil]] surrounding [[plant roots]], and it is a hot spot for life. It is influenced by chemicals secreted by plants through their roots, called '''''root exudation'''''. Different plants secrete different chemicals and compounds, so the environment is very unique to the local vegetation. Exudates can even alter the pH of the rhizosphere. The uniqueness of the rhizosphere from place to place and plant to plant explain the different types of [microorganisms] that inhabit it. [[File:Roots.jpg|right|[5]|thumb]]<br /> Depending on the type of plant, the rhizosphere can extend 2-80 mm away from the roots. In the vicinity of roots, the soil is significantly wetter, and the high moisture levels protect plants from drying out and contribute to the dense population of microorganisms. '''''Rhizodeposition''''' is considered all the material lost from plant roots into the rhizosphere. This includes water soluble exudates, dead roots and [[root hairs]], and gases, like carbon dioxide.<br /> <br /> =Root Exudation=<br /> [[File:rootexudate.jpg|right|175px|Root Exudation [2]|thumb]]<br /> Root exudation is the process of chemical excretion from the roots of plants as a means of interaction with the other [[organisms]] in soil. Amino acids, carbohydrates, sugars, and vitamins are all examples of exudates. In order for a plant to survive and thrive, it must have the ability to detect and perceive changes in the local environment. It is also one of the most important factors affecting microbial life and growth. ''Root to root'' and ''root to microbe'' commmunication are two types of interactions that occur in the rhizosphere due to root exudation. <br /> :*'''''Root to Root''''' interaction includes the growth and development of other plants nearby. The chemical messages sent out in root exudation are signals to prevent invading roots. <br /> :*'''''Root to microbe''''' interaction can be used in both positive and negative situations. ''Positive'' communication is used in order to attract [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] colonization on the root as well as nitrogen fixing bacteria. To create nodulation of fungi on their roots, the plants secrete [[flavonoids]] that attract the organisms. ''Negative'' communication is used when plants need to defend themselves from parasitic [[microorganisms]] and pathogenic bacteria. In these cases, defense proteins are secreted and continuously attack pathogens.<br /> <br /> =Habitat=<br /> [[File:mycorrhizal.jpg|left|200px|Mycorrhizal Fungi [3]|thumb]]<br /> The rhizosphere supports a diverse and densely populated microbial community. There are different types of interactions that occur between the plants and microbes in the rhizosphere.<br /> *Pathogenic microbes invade and kill the plant. <br /> *Symbiotic interactions are beneficial to the plant and microbe. <br /> *Harmful microbes reduce plant growth, but not intentionally like pathogenic ones. <br /> *Saprophytic microbes live off of dead roots and plants.<br /> <br /> Bacteria, [[protozoa]], [[mites]], earthworms, and many other organisms live within the rhizosphere. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] are one of the most important [[microorganisms]] within the rhizosphere. Even though plants produce their own food through photosynthesis, they have trouble obtaining and absorbing essential nutrients, like nitrogen and phosphorus. [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] can easily obtain these nutrients, and since they live on plant roots, the plants can absorb them as well. The fungi get carbohydrates from the plants that they use for energy, so the relationship between them is symbiotic.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Bishnoi, Usha. “Plant Microbe Interactions.” Advances in Botanical Research, 2015, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[2] Baetz, Ulrike, and Enrico Martinoia. “Root Exudates: The Hidden Part of Plant Defense.” Science Direct, Feb. 2014, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1360138513002598]].<br /> :[3] Chadwick, Douglas H. “Mycorrhizal Fungi: The Amazing Underground Secret to a Better Garden.” Mother Earth News, 2014, [[https://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/gardening-techniques/mycorrhizal-fungi-zm0z14aszkin]].<br /> :[4] Cheng, Weixin, and Alexander Gershenson. “Carbon Fluxes in the Rhizosphere.” The Rhizosphere, 2007, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/rhizosphere]].<br /> :[5] “Crop Gene Discovery Gets to the Root of Food Security.” Phys.org, 4 Dec. 2017, [[https://phys.org/news/2017-12-crop-gene-discovery-root-food.html]].<br /> :[6] Lines-Kelly, Rebecca. “The Rhizosphere.” Soil Biology Basics, [[https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/42259/Rhizosphere.pdf]].<br /> :[7] Koo, B-J, and CD Barton. “Root Exudates and Microorganisms.” Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment, 2005, [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0123485304004616]].<br /> :[8] Pace, Matthew. “Hidden Partners: Mycorrhizal Fungi and Plants.” The New York Botanical Garden, [[https://sciweb.nybg.org/science2/hcol/mycorrhizae.asp.html]]. <br /> :[9] Schley, Lacy. “That Word You Heard: Rhizosphere.” Discover, 11 Feb. 2019, [[https://discovermagazine.com/2019/mar/that-word-you-heard-rhizosphere]].<br /> :[10] Walker, Travis S., et al. “Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Biology.” Plant Physiology, [[https://www.plantphysiol.org/content/132/1/44]].</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=7136 2021-05-07T15:03:45Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water.<br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminum is present in all soils to different degrees, dissolved aluminum is toxic to plants and aluminum is the most soluble at low pH, above a pH of 5 there is little aluminum soluble in most soils. Plants do not use aluminum as a nutrient and instead takes it up through osmosis through the [[plant roots]]. This uptake of aluminum has several effects on the growth of plants. The aluminum inhibits root growth, lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching.<br /> <br /> '''Alkaline soils''' <br /> Alkaline soils have low infiltration capacity so rain water stagnates on the soil easily and it is harder for plants to get established. Alkaline soils require irrigated water and good drainage. This soil is only used in agriculture for crops tolerant to surface waterlogging such as grass and rice. The productivity of this soil is lower.<br /> <br /> == Water availability in relation to soil pH ==<br /> Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and have slow infiltration. alkaline soils also have very poor available water capacity. Plant growth is restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet, in dry conditions, plant available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard.<br /> <br /> Strongly acidic soils have strong aggregation, good internal drainage and good water-holding characteristics. For many plant species aluminum toxicity severely limits root growth and moisture stress can occur when the soil is relatively moist.<br /> <br /> == Changing soil pH ==<br /> '''Increasing pH of acidic soils'''<br /> Finely ground limestone is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH called liming. The amount of liming needed depends on the mesh size used and the buffering capacity of the soil. The finer the mesh the faster it will react to soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on its [[clay]] content and the amount of organic matter. Soils with a high buffering capacity will need a greater amount of liming to achieve an equivalent change in pH.<br /> <br /> '''Decreasing pH of alkaline soils'''<br /> The pH level can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental sulfur has been used as it slowly oxidizes in soil to form sulfuric acid. Acidifying fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea can help reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidizes to form nitric acid. Aluminum sulfate will also reduce the pH but the aluminum is also detrimental to plant growth.<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File:Proper pH.png]]<br /> <br /> [[File:PH map.png]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. Cox, L., and R. Koenig. (n.d.). Solutions to Soil Problems, II. High pH (alkaline soil)<br /> <br /> 2. nrcs142p2_053293.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> 3. Queensland;, c=AU; o=The S. of. (n.d.). Soil pH | Soil [[properties]]. Text, corporateName=The State of Queensland; jurisdiction=Queensland. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/soil-properties/ph-levels.<br /> <br /> 4. Soil pH: What it Means. (n.d.). . <br /> https://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm.<br /> <br /> 5. Magdoff, F., and R. Bartlett. 1985. Soil pH buffering revisited. Soil Sci Soc Am J. Soil Science Society of America Journal - SSSAJ 49.<br /> <br /> 6. Mclean, E. O. 1983. Soil pH and Lime Requirement. Pages 199–224 Methods of Soil Analysis. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.<br /> <br /> 7. Robson, A. 2012. Soil Acidity and Plant Growth. Elsevier.<br /> <br /> 8. Sloan, J., and N. Basta. 1995a. Remediation of Acid Soils by Using Alkaline Biosolids. Journal of Environmental Quality - J ENVIRON QUAL 24.<br /> <br /> 9. Sloan, J. J., and N. T. Basta. 1995b. Remediation of Acid Soils by Using Alkaline Biosolids. Journal of Environmental Quality 24:1097–1103.<br /> <br /> 10. Thomas, G. W. 1996. Soil pH and Soil Acidity. Pages 475–490 Methods of Soil Analysis. John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7135 2021-05-07T15:02:25Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Japanese Beetle<br /> | kingdom = Animalia<br /> | phylum = Arthropoda<br /> | class = Insecta<br /> | order = Coleoptera<br /> | family = Scarabaeidae<br /> | genus = Popillia<br /> | species = P. japonica<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.<br /> <br /> 6. Held, D., P. Gonsiska, and D. Potter. 2003. Evaluating Companion Planting and Non-host Masking Odors for Protecting Roses from the Japanese Beetle ([[Coleoptera]]: Scarabaeidae). Journal of economic entomology 96:81–7.<br /> <br /> 7. Held, D. W., and D. A. Potter. 2004. Floral affinity and benefits of dietary mixing with flowers for a polyphagous scarab, Popillia japonica Newman. Oecologia 140:312–320.<br /> <br /> 8. Ludwig, D. 1928. The Effects of Temperature on the Development of an Insect (Popillia japonica Newman). Physiological Zoology 1:358–389.<br /> <br /> 9. Piñero, J. C., and A. P. Dudenhoeffer. 2018. Mass trapping designs for organic control of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pest Management Science 74:1687–1693.<br /> <br /> 10. Potter, D. A., and D. W. Held. 2002. Biology and Management of the Japanese Beetle. Annual Review of Entomology 47:175–205.<br /> <br /> 11. Switzer, P. V., P. C. Enstrom, and C. A. Schoenick. 2009. Behavioral Explanations Underlying the Lack of Trap Effectiveness for Small-Scale Management of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 102:934–940.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7134 2021-05-07T15:01:57Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Japanese Beetle<br /> | kingdom = Animalia<br /> | phylum = Arthropoda<br /> | class = Insecta<br /> | order = Coleoptera<br /> | family = Scarabaeidae<br /> | genus = Popillia<br /> | species = P. japonica<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.<br /> <br /> 6. Held, D., P. Gonsiska, and D. Potter. 2003. Evaluating Companion Planting and Non-host Masking Odors for Protecting Roses from the Japanese Beetle ([[Coleoptera]]: Scarabaeidae). Journal of economic entomology 96:81–7.<br /> <br /> 7. Held, D. W., and D. A. Potter. 2004. Floral affinity and benefits of dietary mixing with flowers for a polyphagous scarab, Popillia japonica Newman. Oecologia 140:312–320.<br /> <br /> 8. Ludwig, D. 1928. The Effects of Temperature on the Development of an Insect (Popillia japonica Newman). Physiological Zoology 1:358–389.<br /> <br /> 9. Piñero, J. C., and A. P. Dudenhoeffer. 2018. Mass trapping designs for organic control of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pest Management Science 74:1687–1693.<br /> <br /> 10. Potter, D. A., and D. W. Held. 2002. Biology and Management of the Japanese Beetle. Annual Review of Entomology 47:175–205.<br /> <br /> 11. Switzer, P. V., P. C. Enstrom, and C. A. Schoenick. 2009. Behavioral Explanations Underlying the Lack of Trap Effectiveness for Small-Scale Management of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 102:934–940.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7133 2021-05-07T15:01:03Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Japanese Beetle<br /> | kingdom = Animalia<br /> | phylum = Arthropoda<br /> | class = Insecta<br /> | order = Coleoptera<br /> | family = Scarabaeidae<br /> | genus = Popillia<br /> | species = P. japonica<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.<br /> <br /> 6. Held, D., P. Gonsiska, and D. Potter. 2003. Evaluating Companion Planting and Non-host Masking Odors for Protecting Roses from the Japanese Beetle ([[Coleoptera]]: Scarabaeidae). Journal of economic entomology 96:81–7.<br /> <br /> 7. Held, D. W., and D. A. Potter. 2004. Floral affinity and benefits of dietary mixing with flowers for a polyphagous scarab, Popillia japonica Newman. Oecologia 140:312–320.<br /> <br /> 8. Ludwig, D. 1928. The Effects of Temperature on the Development of an Insect (Popillia japonica Newman). Physiological Zoology 1:358–389.<br /> <br /> 9. Piñero, J. C., and A. P. Dudenhoeffer. 2018. Mass trapping designs for organic control of the Japanese beetle, Popillia japonica (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Pest Management Science 74:1687–1693.<br /> <br /> 10. Potter, D. A., and D. W. Held. 2002. Biology and Management of the Japanese Beetle. Annual Review of Entomology 47:175–205.<br /> <br /> 11. Switzer, P. V., P. C. Enstrom, and C. A. Schoenick. 2009. Behavioral Explanations Underlying the Lack of Trap Effectiveness for Small-Scale Management of Japanese Beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 102:934–940.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7132 2021-05-07T14:58:53Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Japanese Beetle<br /> | kingdom = Animalia<br /> | phylum = Arthropoda<br /> | class = Insecta<br /> | order = Coleoptera<br /> | family = Scarabaeidae<br /> | genus = Popillia<br /> | species = P. japonica<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7131 2021-05-07T14:56:49Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Dragon<br /> | kingdom = Animalia<br /> | phylum = Chordata<br /> | class = Reptilia<br /> | order = Squamata<br /> | suborder = fiction<br /> | family = Draconidae<br /> | genus = Draco<br /> | species = D. igneus<br /> }}<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7130 2021-05-07T14:55:45Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Japanese Beetle<br /> | kingdom = Animalia<br /> | phylum = Chordata<br /> | class = Reptilia<br /> | order = Squamata<br /> | suborder = fiction<br /> | family = Draconidae<br /> | genus = Draco<br /> | species = D. igneus<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7129 2021-05-07T14:55:23Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Dragon<br /> | kingdom = Animalia<br /> | phylum = Chordata<br /> | class = Reptilia<br /> | order = Squamata<br /> | suborder = fiction<br /> | family = Draconidae<br /> | genus = Draco<br /> | species = D. igneus<br /> }}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7128 2021-05-07T14:53:56Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=7127 2021-05-07T14:52:37Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Lifecycle */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6971 2021-05-05T20:06:39Z

<p>Qlschill: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water.<br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminum is present in all soils to different degrees, dissolved aluminum is toxic to plants and aluminum is the most soluble at low pH, above a pH of 5 there is little aluminum soluble in most soils. Plants do not use aluminum as a nutrient and instead takes it up through osmosis through the [[plant roots]]. This uptake of aluminum has several effects on the growth of plants. The aluminum inhibits root growth, lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching.<br /> <br /> '''Alkaline soils''' <br /> Alkaline soils have low infiltration capacity so rain water stagnates on the soil easily and it is harder for plants to get established. Alkaline soils require irrigated water and good drainage. This soil is only used in agriculture for crops tolerant to surface waterlogging such as grass and rice. The productivity of this soil is lower.<br /> <br /> == Water availability in relation to soil pH ==<br /> Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and have slow infiltration. alkaline soils also have very poor available water capacity. Plant growth is restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet, in dry conditions, plant available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard.<br /> <br /> Strongly acidic soils have strong aggregation, good internal drainage and good water-holding characteristics. For many plant species aluminum toxicity severely limits root growth and moisture stress can occur when the soil is relatively moist.<br /> <br /> == Changing soil pH ==<br /> '''Increasing pH of acidic soils'''<br /> Finely ground limestone is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH called liming. The amount of liming needed depends on the mesh size used and the buffering capacity of the soil. The finer the mesh the faster it will react to soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on its [[clay]] content and the amount of organic matter. Soils with a high buffering capacity will need a greater amount of liming to achieve an equivalent change in pH.<br /> <br /> '''Decreasing pH of alkaline soils'''<br /> The pH level can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental sulfur has been used as it slowly oxidizes in soil to form sulfuric acid. Acidifying fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea can help reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidizes to form nitric acid. Aluminum sulfate will also reduce the pH but the aluminum is also detrimental to plant growth.<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File:Proper pH.png]]<br /> <br /> [[File:PH map.png]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. Cox, L., and R. Koenig. (n.d.). Solutions to Soil Problems, II. High pH (alkaline soil)<br /> <br /> 2. nrcs142p2_053293.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> 3. Queensland;, c=AU; o=The S. of. (n.d.). Soil pH | Soil [[properties]]. Text, corporateName=The State of Queensland; jurisdiction=Queensland. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/soil-properties/ph-levels.<br /> <br /> 4. Soil pH: What it Means. (n.d.). . https://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6968 2021-05-05T19:59:03Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Changing soil pH */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water.<br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminum is present in all soils to different degrees, dissolved aluminum is toxic to plants and aluminum is the most soluble at low pH, above a pH of 5 there is little aluminum soluble in most soils. Plants do not use aluminum as a nutrient and instead takes it up through osmosis through the [[plant roots]]. This uptake of aluminum has several effects on the growth of plants. The aluminum inhibits root growth, lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching.<br /> <br /> '''Alkaline soils''' <br /> Alkaline soils have low infiltration capacity so rain water stagnates on the soil easily and it is harder for plants to get established. Alkaline soils require irrigated water and good drainage. This soil is only used in agriculture for crops tolerant to surface waterlogging such as grass and rice. The productivity of this soil is lower.<br /> <br /> == Water availability in relation to soil pH ==<br /> Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and have slow infiltration. alkaline soils also have very poor available water capacity. Plant growth is restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet, in dry conditions, plant available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard.<br /> <br /> Strongly acidic soils have strong aggregation, good internal drainage and good water-holding characteristics. For many plant species aluminum toxicity severely limits root growth and moisture stress can occur when the soil is relatively moist.<br /> <br /> == Changing soil pH ==<br /> '''Increasing pH of acidic soils'''<br /> Finely ground limestone is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH called liming. The amount of liming needed depends on the mesh size used and the buffering capacity of the soil. The finer the mesh the faster it will react to soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on its [[clay]] content and the amount of organic matter. Soils with a high buffering capacity will need a greater amount of liming to achieve an equivalent change in pH.<br /> <br /> '''Decreasing pH of alkaline soils'''<br /> The pH level can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental sulfur has been used as it slowly oxidizes in soil to form sulfuric acid. Acidifying fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea can help reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidizes to form nitric acid. Aluminum sulfate will also reduce the pH but the aluminum is also detrimental to plant growth.<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File:Proper pH.png]]<br /> <br /> [[File:PH map.png]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. Cox, L., and R. Koenig. (n.d.). Solutions to Soil Problems, II. High pH (alkaline soil):2.<br /> 2. nrcs142p2_053293.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> 3. Queensland;, c=AU; o=The S. of. (n.d.). Soil pH | Soil [[properties]]. Text, corporateName=The State of Queensland; jurisdiction=Queensland. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/soil-properties/ph-levels.<br /> 4. Soil pH: What it Means. (n.d.). . https://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6963 2021-05-05T19:55:48Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Methods of determining pH in soil */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water.<br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminum is present in all soils to different degrees, dissolved aluminum is toxic to plants and aluminum is the most soluble at low pH, above a pH of 5 there is little aluminum soluble in most soils. Plants do not use aluminum as a nutrient and instead takes it up through osmosis through the [[plant roots]]. This uptake of aluminum has several effects on the growth of plants. The aluminum inhibits root growth, lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching.<br /> <br /> '''Alkaline soils''' <br /> Alkaline soils have low infiltration capacity so rain water stagnates on the soil easily and it is harder for plants to get established. Alkaline soils require irrigated water and good drainage. This soil is only used in agriculture for crops tolerant to surface waterlogging such as grass and rice. The productivity of this soil is lower.<br /> <br /> == Water availability in relation to soil pH ==<br /> Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and have slow infiltration. alkaline soils also have very poor available water capacity. Plant growth is restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet, in dry conditions, plant available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard.<br /> <br /> Strongly acidic soils have strong aggregation, good internal drainage and good water-holding characteristics. For many plant species aluminum toxicity severely limits root growth and moisture stress can occur when the soil is relatively moist.<br /> <br /> == Changing soil pH ==<br /> '''Increasing pH of acidic soils'''<br /> Finely ground agricultural lime is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH called liming. The amount of liming needed depends on the mesh size of the lime and the buffering capacity of the soil. The finer the mesh the faster it will react to soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on its [[clay]] content and the amount of organic matter. Soils with a high buffering capacity will need a greater amount of lime to achieve an equivalent change in pH.<br /> <br /> '''Decreasing pH of alkaline soils'''<br /> The pH level can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental sulfur has been used as it slowly oxidizes in soil to form sulfuric acid. Acidifying fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea can help reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidizes to form nitric acid.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File:Proper pH.png]]<br /> <br /> [[File:PH map.png]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. Cox, L., and R. Koenig. (n.d.). Solutions to Soil Problems, II. High pH (alkaline soil):2.<br /> 2. nrcs142p2_053293.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> 3. Queensland;, c=AU; o=The S. of. (n.d.). Soil pH | Soil [[properties]]. Text, corporateName=The State of Queensland; jurisdiction=Queensland. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/soil-properties/ph-levels.<br /> 4. Soil pH: What it Means. (n.d.). . https://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=6707 2021-05-05T16:46:28Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=6706 2021-05-05T16:46:11Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=6705 2021-05-05T16:45:06Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Life stages of Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle identify.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beelte swarm.jpg]]<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Life_stages_of_Japanese_Beetle.jpg&diff=6704 2021-05-05T16:43:05Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Japanese_Beetle_identify.jpg&diff=6703 2021-05-05T16:42:33Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Japanese_Beelte_swarm.jpg&diff=6702 2021-05-05T16:42:05Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Japanese_Beetle.jpg&diff=6701 2021-05-05T16:41:46Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6700 2021-05-05T16:31:45Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water. The pH usually appears directly on the digital display screen.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminum is present in all soils to different degrees, dissolved aluminum is toxic to plants and aluminum is the most soluble at low pH, above a pH of 5 there is little aluminum soluble in most soils. Plants do not use aluminum as a nutrient and instead takes it up through osmosis through the [[plant roots]]. This uptake of aluminum has several effects on the growth of plants. The aluminum inhibits root growth, lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching.<br /> <br /> '''Alkaline soils''' <br /> Alkaline soils have low infiltration capacity so rain water stagnates on the soil easily and it is harder for plants to get established. Alkaline soils require irrigated water and good drainage. This soil is only used in agriculture for crops tolerant to surface waterlogging such as grass and rice. The productivity of this soil is lower.<br /> <br /> == Water availability in relation to soil pH ==<br /> Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and have slow infiltration. alkaline soils also have very poor available water capacity. Plant growth is restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet, in dry conditions, plant available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard.<br /> <br /> Strongly acidic soils have strong aggregation, good internal drainage and good water-holding characteristics. For many plant species aluminum toxicity severely limits root growth and moisture stress can occur when the soil is relatively moist.<br /> <br /> == Changing soil pH ==<br /> '''Increasing pH of acidic soils'''<br /> Finely ground agricultural lime is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH called liming. The amount of liming needed depends on the mesh size of the lime and the buffering capacity of the soil. The finer the mesh the faster it will react to soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on its [[clay]] content and the amount of organic matter. Soils with a high buffering capacity will need a greater amount of lime to achieve an equivalent change in pH.<br /> <br /> '''Decreasing pH of alkaline soils'''<br /> The pH level can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental sulfur has been used as it slowly oxidizes in soil to form sulfuric acid. Acidifying fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea can help reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidizes to form nitric acid.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File:Proper pH.png]]<br /> <br /> [[File:PH map.png]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. Cox, L., and R. Koenig. (n.d.). Solutions to Soil Problems, II. High pH (alkaline soil):2.<br /> 2. nrcs142p2_053293.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> 3. Queensland;, c=AU; o=The S. of. (n.d.). Soil pH | Soil [[properties]]. Text, corporateName=The State of Queensland; jurisdiction=Queensland. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/soil-properties/ph-levels.<br /> 4. Soil pH: What it Means. (n.d.). . https://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=6699 2021-05-05T16:30:45Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Gallery */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> [[File: Japanese Beetle Life cycle.jpg]]<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Japanese_Beetle_Life_cycle.jpg&diff=6697 2021-05-05T16:28:49Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Proper_pH.png&diff=6696 2021-05-05T16:28:20Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:PH_map.png&diff=6695 2021-05-05T16:27:51Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=6693 2021-05-05T16:24:31Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Gallery */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan, it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States, it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by their iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay their ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the [[soil]]. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine [[plant roots]] and other organic materials present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage, the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of its leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetle's life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetle's range, its life cycle takes one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> &lt;!-- it would be helpful to include pictures of these specific beetles--&gt;<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent the human-assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand-pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand-picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home gardens this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 days. The spores remain viable in the soil for years, which is important as a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> <br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6684 2021-05-05T16:04:40Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water. The pH usually appears directly on the digital display screen.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminum is present in all soils to different degrees, dissolved aluminum is toxic to plants and aluminum is the most soluble at low pH, above a pH of 5 there is little aluminum soluble in most soils. Plants do not use aluminum as a nutrient and instead takes it up through osmosis through the [[plant roots]]. This uptake of aluminum has several effects on the growth of plants. The aluminum inhibits root growth, lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching.<br /> <br /> '''Alkaline soils''' <br /> Alkaline soils have low infiltration capacity so rain water stagnates on the soil easily and it is harder for plants to get established. Alkaline soils require irrigated water and good drainage. This soil is only used in agriculture for crops tolerant to surface waterlogging such as grass and rice. The productivity of this soil is lower.<br /> <br /> == Water availability in relation to soil pH ==<br /> Strongly alkaline soils are sodic and have slow infiltration. alkaline soils also have very poor available water capacity. Plant growth is restricted because aeration is poor when the soil is wet, in dry conditions, plant available water is rapidly depleted and the soils become hard.<br /> <br /> Strongly acidic soils have strong aggregation, good internal drainage and good water-holding characteristics. For many plant species aluminum toxicity severely limits root growth and moisture stress can occur when the soil is relatively moist.<br /> <br /> == Changing soil pH ==<br /> '''Increasing pH of acidic soils'''<br /> Finely ground agricultural lime is often applied to acid soils to increase soil pH called liming. The amount of liming needed depends on the mesh size of the lime and the buffering capacity of the soil. The finer the mesh the faster it will react to soil acidity. The buffering capacity of a soil depends on its [[clay]] content and the amount of organic matter. Soils with a high buffering capacity will need a greater amount of lime to achieve an equivalent change in pH.<br /> <br /> '''Decreasing pH of alkaline soils'''<br /> The pH level can be reduced by adding acidifying agents or acidic organic materials. Elemental sulfur has been used as it slowly oxidizes in soil to form sulfuric acid. Acidifying fertilizers such as ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate and urea can help reduce the pH of a soil because ammonium oxidizes to form nitric acid.<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. Cox, L., and R. Koenig. (n.d.). Solutions to Soil Problems, II. High pH (alkaline soil):2.<br /> 2. nrcs142p2_053293.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> 3. Queensland;, c=AU; o=The S. of. (n.d.). Soil pH | Soil [[properties]]. Text, corporateName=The State of Queensland; jurisdiction=Queensland. https://www.qld.gov.au/environment/land/management/soil/soil-properties/ph-levels.<br /> 4. Soil pH: What it Means. (n.d.). . https://www.esf.edu/pubprog/brochure/soilph/soilph.htm.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6673 2021-05-05T15:42:40Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water. The pH usually appears directly on the digital display screen.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils. Aluminum is present in all soils to different degrees, dissolved aluminum is toxic to plants and aluminum is the most soluble at low pH, above a pH of 5 there is little aluminum soluble in most soils. Plants do not use aluminum as a nutrient and instead takes it up through osmosis through the [[plant roots]]. This uptake of aluminum has several effects on the growth of plants. The aluminum inhibits root growth, lateral roots and root tips become thickened and roots lack fine branching.<br /> <br /> '''Alkaline soils''' <br /> Alkaline soils have low infiltration capacity so rain water stagnates on the soil easily and it is harder for plants to get established. Alkaline soils require irrigated water and good drainage. This soil is only used in agriculture for crops tolerant to surface waterlogging such as grass and rice. The productivity of this soil is lower.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6671 2021-05-05T15:34:34Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.<br /> <br /> Observation of predominant flora. Calcifuge plants prefer acidic soils and include species from nearly all Ericaceae species, many birch, foxglove, gorse, and scots pine.<br /> <br /> Use of an inexpensive pH testing kit where a small sample of soil can be mixed with an indicator solution which changes color according to the pH of the soil.<br /> <br /> Use of a commercially available electronic pH meter in which a glass or solid-state electrode is inserted into moistened soil or a mixture of soil and water. The pH usually appears directly on the digital display screen.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Factors affecting soil pH ==<br /> '''Sources of acidity'''<br /> * Rainfall: average rainfall has a pH of 5.6. When the water enters the soil it results in the leaching of basic cations from the soil.<br /> <br /> *Root respiration and [[decomposition]] of organic matter by [[microorganisms]] releases carbon dioxide and increases carbonic acid concentration and subsequent leaching which acidifies the soil.<br /> <br /> * Fertilizer use, ammonium fertilizers react in the soil by the process of nitrification to form nitrate and in the process releases of Hydrogen ions which acidify the soil.<br /> <br /> * Acid rain will increase the acidity in soils where the rain falls and flows into the soil.<br /> <br /> '''Sources of alkalinity'''<br /> <br /> * Weathering of silicate, aluminosilicate, and carbonate materials will cause the soil basicity to rise.<br /> <br /> * Addition of water containing dissolved bicarbonates, occurs when irrigating with high-bicarbonate waters.<br /> <br /> The accumulation of basic elements such as carbonates and bicarbonates occurs when insufficient water flows through the soils to leach the soluble salts.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH effects on plant growth ==<br /> '''Acidic soils'''<br /> Plants grown in acidic soils can experience many stresses including aluminum, hydrogen, and/or manganese toxicity, as well as nutrient deficiencies of calcium and magnesium.<br /> Aluminum toxicity is the most widespread problem in acid soils.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6664 2021-05-05T15:12:44Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==<br /> Observing a soil profile can reveal profile characteristics that can be possible indicators of acidic, alkaline or neutral soils.<br /> * Poor incorporation of an organic surface layer with underlying mineral layer can indicate strongly acidic soils<br /> * Columnar structure can be an indicator of sodic condition<br /> * Presence of a caliche layer or a mineral deposit indicates the presence of calcium carbonates, which are present in alkaline conditions.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6663 2021-05-05T15:08:00Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> == Methods of determining pH in soil ==</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6662 2021-05-05T15:06:17Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Soil pH */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> [[Soil]] pH is a measure of the acidity or basicity of a soil. Soil pH can be used as an important indicator to make analysis of both quantitative and quantitively regarding soil characteristics. In soils the pH is commonly measured as a slurry of soil mixed with water or a salt solution and normally falls between 3 and 10 with 7 being neutral. Alkaline soils are basic soils with a pH above 7, soils with a pH below 7 are acidic soils. Ultra-acidic soils with a pH &lt; 3.5 and very strongly alkaline soils pH &gt; 9 are rare but can occur. The soil pH can affect may chemical processes and it specifically affects plant nutrient availability and influencing the chemical reactions they undergo. The best pH range for most plants is between 5.5 and 7.5. Many plants have adapted to survive at pH values outside this range. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Soil pH ranges and classification ==<br /> {|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;align: center; height: 400px;&quot;<br /> |-<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot;|Denomination<br /> !scope=&quot;col&quot; width=&quot;100&quot;|pH range<br /> |-<br /> |Ultra acidic|| &lt; 3.5<br /> |-<br /> |Extremely acidic|| 3.5–4.4<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly acidic|| 4.5–5.0 <br /> |-<br /> |Strongly acidic|| 5.1–5.5<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately acidic|| 5.6–6.0<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly acidic|| 6.1–6.5<br /> |-<br /> |Neutral|| 6.6–7.3<br /> |-<br /> |Slightly alkaline|| 7.4–7.8<br /> |-<br /> |Moderately alkaline|| 7.9–8.4<br /> |-<br /> |Strongly alkaline|| 8.5–9.0<br /> |-<br /> |Very strongly alkaline|| &gt; 9.0<br /> |-<br /> |}</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_pH&diff=6661 2021-05-05T14:54:49Z

<p>Qlschill: Created page with &quot; == Soil pH ==&quot;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Soil pH ==</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=5792 2021-04-27T02:11:17Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home garden this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 day. The spores remain viable in the soil for years which is important a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. &quot;Popillia japonica | WY Cooperative Agriculture Pest Survey | University of Wyoming&quot;.<br /> <br /> 2. Fleming, WE (1972). &quot;Biology of the Japanese beetle&quot;. USDA Technical Bulletin. 1449.<br /> <br /> 3. &quot;Popillia Japonica (Japanese Beetle) – Fact Sheet&quot;. Canadian Food Inspection Agency. 19 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 4. &quot;Managing the Japanese Beetle: A Homeowner's Handbook&quot;. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. May 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2015.<br /> <br /> 5. Hahn, J., J. Weisenhorn, and S. Bugeja. (n.d.). &quot;Japanese beetles in yards and gardens.&quot; https://extension.umn.edu/yard-and-garden-insects/japanese-beetles.</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=5791 2021-04-27T01:59:28Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> Row coverings can be used to protect plants from the Japanese beetles during the 6 to 8 week feeding period when the adult beetles are feeding which can vary depending on the temperature. This will keep pollinators out as well, so hand pollinating may need to be implemented, or the row covers can be removed after the feeding period is over.<br /> <br /> Hand picking the beetles is the most effective way to remove the beetles but is not practical for large plots. In home garden this can be the most effective. For this method a jar filled with soapy water can be used to dispatch the picked off beetles.<br /> <br /> Geraniums can be used to protect other vulnerable plants. The beetles are attracted to geraniums, when they eat the blossoms they get dizzy from the natural chemicals in the geranium and fall off the plant. They can then be collected from the ground and disposed of.<br /> <br /> Japanese beetle traps can also be used but they can attract more beetles as well. They are best used in large populations of beetles, on the border of agricultural areas, and placed downwind. Even though the traps are effective they can be detrimental if placed wrong as they can attract more beetles to the plants nearby the traps.<br /> <br /> There are a few biological controls that can be used to remove the beetles. Milky spores, a fungal disease can be introduced to the soil to control the larvae population. The grubs will ingest the spores as they feed in the soil and they will reproduce inside the larvae and kill the larvae in 7-21 day. The spores remain viable in the soil for years which is important a spore count must be up for 2 to 3 years to be effective. This treatment can be very expensive as all soil within five-eighths of a mile needs to be treated for good control, and may need to be treated multiple times to keep the spore count high enough in the soil to be effective. Parasitic wasps, specifically ''Tiphia vernalis'', will attack larvae, but they are not very effective in reducing the beetle population as a whole.<br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese beetles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=5790 2021-04-27T00:26:57Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Hostplants */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> The larvae of Japanese bettles feed on the roots of many genera of grasses, the adults consume on leaves of a much wider range of hosts, including many common crops: bean, cannabis, strawberry, tomato, grape, hop, rose, cherry, corn and many more.<br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=5789 2021-04-27T00:21:18Z

<p>Qlschill: /* List of adult beetle hostplant genera */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Castanea'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rosa '' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=5787 2021-04-27T00:16:29Z

<p>Qlschill: /* List of adult beetle hostplant genera */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer (genus)|Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Alcea''<br /> * ''Aronia''<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster (genus)|Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Caladium''<br /> * ''Canna (plant)|Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Chaenomeles''<br /> * ''Castanea (plant)|Castanea]]'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos (flower)|Cosmos''<br /> * ''Dahlia''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos (plant)|Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hemerocallis''<br /> * ''Heuchera''<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Impatiens''<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris (plant)|Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Lagerstroemia''<br /> * ''Liatris''<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Phlox''<br /> * ''Physocarpus''<br /> * ''Pistacia''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rhododendron''<br /> * ''Rosa (plant)|Rosa'' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sambucus'' (elder)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Viburnum''<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Weigelia''<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zea (plant)|Zea''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=5786 2021-04-27T00:15:42Z

<p>Qlschill: </p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> === List of adult beetle hostplant genera ===<br /> {{div col|colwidth=15em}}<br /> * ''Abelmoschus''<br /> * ''Acer (genus)|Acer'' (maple)<br /> * ''Aesculus'' (horse chestnut)<br /> * ''Alcea''<br /> * ''Aronia''<br /> * ''Asimina'' (pawpaw)''<br /> * ''Asparagus''<br /> * ''Aster (genus)|Aster''<br /> * ''Buddleja''<br /> * ''Calluna''<br /> * ''Caladium''<br /> * ''Canna (plant)|Canna''<br /> * ''Cannabis sativa''<br /> * ''Chaenomeles''<br /> * ''Castanea (plant)|Castanea]]'' (sweet chestnut)<br /> * ''Cirsium'' (thistle)''<br /> * ''Cosmos (flower)|Cosmos''<br /> * ''Dahlia''<br /> * ''Daucus'' (carrot)<br /> * ''Dendranthema''<br /> * ''Digitalis''<br /> * ''Dolichos (plant)|Dolichos''<br /> * ''Echinacea'' (coneflower)<br /> * ''Hemerocallis''<br /> * ''Heuchera''<br /> * ''Hibiscus''<br /> * ''Humulus'' (hop)<br /> * ''Hydrangea''<br /> * ''Ilex'' (holly)<br /> * ''Impatiens''<br /> * ''Ipomoea'' (morning glory)<br /> * ''Iris (plant)|Iris''<br /> * ''Juglans'' (walnut)<br /> * ''Lagerstroemia''<br /> * ''Liatris''<br /> * ''Ligustrum'' (privet)<br /> * ''Malus'' (apple, crabapple)<br /> * ''Malva'' (mallow)<br /> * ''Mentha'' (mint)<br /> * ''Myrica''<br /> * ''Ocimum'' (basil)<br /> * ''Oenothera ''(evening primrose)''<br /> * ''Parthenocissus''<br /> * ''Phaseolus''<br /> * ''Phlox''<br /> * ''Physocarpus''<br /> * ''Pistacia''<br /> * ''Platanus'' (plane)<br /> * ''Polygonum'' (Japanese knotweed)<br /> * ''Populus'' (poplar)<br /> * ''Prunus'' (plum, peach)<br /> * ''Quercus'' (oak)<br /> * ''Ribes'' (gooseberry, currants, etc.)<br /> * ''Rheum''<br /> * ''Rhododendron''<br /> * ''Rosa (plant)|Rosa'' (rose)<br /> * ''Rubus'' (raspberry, blackberry, etc.)<br /> * ''Salix'' (willows)<br /> * ''Sambucus'' (elder)<br /> * ''Sassafras''<br /> * ''Solanum'' (nightshades, including potato, tomato, eggplant)<br /> * ''Spinacia'' (spinach)<br /> * ''Syringa'' (lilac)<br /> * ''Thuja'' (arborvitae)<br /> * ''Tilia'' (basswood, linden, UK: lime)<br /> * ''Toxicodendron'' (poison oak, poison ivy, sumac)<br /> * ''Ulmus'' (elm)<br /> * ''Vaccinium'' (blueberry)<br /> * ''Viburnum''<br /> * ''Vitis'' (grape)<br /> * ''Weigelia''<br /> * ''Wisteria''<br /> * ''Zea (plant)|Zea''<br /> * ''Zinnia''<br /> {{div col end}}<br /> <br /> == Gallery ==</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=5785 2021-04-27T00:08:38Z

<p>Qlschill: /* Range */</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.<br /> <br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Gallery ==</div>

Qlschill https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Japanese_Beetle&diff=5784 2021-04-27T00:07:59Z

<p>Qlschill: Created page with &quot;The &#039;&#039;&#039;Japanese Beetle&#039;&#039;&#039; (&#039;&#039;Popillia japonica&#039;&#039;) is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>The '''Japanese Beetle''' (''Popillia japonica'') is a species of scarab beetle that is native to Japan. In Japan it is not very destructive as they are controlled by natural predators, but in the United States it is an invasive species that is known as a pest of about 300 species of plants. Adult beetles damage plants by skeletonizing the plant leaves, consuming the leaf material between the veins. They may also feed on any fruit on the plants. The subterranean larvae feed in the roots of plants primarily grasses.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> Adult Japanese beetles can be recognized by its iridescent copper-colored elytra, they have a green thorax and head, with 5 patches of white hair on each side of the abdomen, and one pair on the last abdominal segment. The Japanese beetle adults are 0.6&quot; (15mm) in length and 0.4&quot; (10mm) in width.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Lifecycle ==<br /> The female adults lay there ova (eggs) individually or in small clusters near the surface of the soil. In about two weeks the larvae hatch and will feed on fine plant roots and other organic material present. As the larvae mature and grow they become c-shaped grubs and will feed on larger plant roots. During this stage the larvae can cause economic damage by destroying the roots of plants in pastures and turf.<br /> <br /> Larvae hibernate in small patches of soil and emerge in the spring when soil temperatures rise. After breaking hibernation it takes 4-6 weeks for the larvae to pupate. The adults feed on leaf material aboveground by skeletonizing plant leaves. This feeding is harmful to the plant but it can recover if the feeding is not severe. The feeding of the beetles can be severe as they release pheromones to attract other beetles and can overwhelm plants skeletonizing all of it's leaves. The beetles will alternate daily between mating, feeding, and ovipositing (laying ova). An adult female may lay as many as 40-60 ova in a lifetime.<br /> <br /> Most of the beetles life is in the larval stage, with only 30-45 days spent as an adult beetle. Throughout most of the beetles range it's life cycle take one full year, but in extreme northern parts of its range as well as high altitude zones its development may take two years.<br /> <br /> <br /> == Range ==<br /> ''Popillia japonica'' is native to Japan. However, it is an invasive species in North America.<br /> The first evidence of the beetle appearing in the United States was in 1916 in a nursery in New Jersey. The beetle larvae are thought to have entered the US in a shipment of iris bulbs prior to 1912 when inspections of commodities that entered the country began. Beetles have been detected in airports on the west coast of the US since the 1940s. Since 2015 only 9 western US states were considered free of Japanese beetles. The spread of the beetle population to the western US has been deterred by APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) a part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture. APHIS maintains the Japanese Beetle Quarantine and Regulations. These regulations protect the agriculture of the western US and prevent human assisted spread of the beetle from the Eastern US. These regulations specifically protect the states of: Arizona, California, Colorado. Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oregon, Utah and Washington.<br /> ''P. japonica'' have also been found in China, Russia, Portugal, and Canada.<br /> <br /> == Control methods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Hostplants ==<br /> <br /> <br /> == Gallery ==</div>

Qlschill