https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Noahgers 2026-04-16T12:48:15Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=7144 2021-05-07T15:36:34Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Trematoda */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are [[Triploblastic]] which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some [[turbellaria]] that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> [[Monogenea]] are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> [[Trematodes]] are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as [[hermaphrodites]][7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| Here you have a tapeworm which are common in household pets and can even be transmitted to humans.[9]]]<br /> [[Cestoda]] are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as [[tapeworms]] when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=7034 2021-05-06T13:50:02Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Cestoda */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are [[Triploblastic]] which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some [[turbellaria]] that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> [[Monogenea]] are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> [[Trematodes]] are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| Here you have a tapeworm which are common in household pets and can even be transmitted to humans.[9]]]<br /> [[Cestoda]] are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as [[tapeworms]] when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=7033 2021-05-06T13:49:24Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Trematoda */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are [[Triploblastic]] which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some [[turbellaria]] that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> [[Monogenea]] are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> [[Trematodes]] are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| Here you have a tapeworm which are common in household pets and can even be transmitted to humans.[9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=7032 2021-05-06T13:46:33Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Monogenea */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are [[Triploblastic]] which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some [[turbellaria]] that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> [[Monogenea]] are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| Here you have a tapeworm which are common in household pets and can even be transmitted to humans.[9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=7031 2021-05-06T13:42:39Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Turbellaria */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are [[Triploblastic]] which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some [[turbellaria]] that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| Here you have a tapeworm which are common in household pets and can even be transmitted to humans.[9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=7030 2021-05-06T13:42:14Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are [[Triploblastic]] which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| Here you have a tapeworm which are common in household pets and can even be transmitted to humans.[9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=7029 2021-05-06T13:27:29Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:collembola.jpg|right||thumb|This is a springtail collemobla[6]]]<br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in [[osmoregulation]], water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the [[furcula]]. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> [[File:collembola2.jpg|right||thumb| A colony of Springtail Collembola in their soil habitat[10]]]<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. [[Desiccation]] occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this.<br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great [[bioindicators]]. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Springtail Culture Care: A Straightforward Guide for Breeding Folsomia Candida Springtails - On Feeding - Use Only Brewer's y...: Springtails, Vivarium, Reptile Room.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/42784265190304769/.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=7028 2021-05-06T13:18:21Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Collembola as Bioindicators */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:collembola.jpg|right||thumb|This is a springtail collemobla[6]]]<br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> [[File:collembola2.jpg|right||thumb| A colony of Springtail Collembola in their soil habitat[10]]]<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. [[Desiccation]] occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this.<br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great [[bioindicators]]. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Springtail Culture Care: A Straightforward Guide for Breeding Folsomia Candida Springtails - On Feeding - Use Only Brewer's y...: Springtails, Vivarium, Reptile Room.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/42784265190304769/.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=7027 2021-05-06T13:14:59Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Habitat &amp; Distribution */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:collembola.jpg|right||thumb|This is a springtail collemobla[6]]]<br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> [[File:collembola2.jpg|right||thumb| A colony of Springtail Collembola in their soil habitat[10]]]<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. [[Desiccation]] occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this.<br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great bioindicators. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Springtail Culture Care: A Straightforward Guide for Breeding Folsomia Candida Springtails - On Feeding - Use Only Brewer's y...: Springtails, Vivarium, Reptile Room.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/42784265190304769/.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=7026 2021-05-06T13:14:32Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Taxonomy */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:collembola.jpg|right||thumb|This is a springtail collemobla[6]]]<br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> [[File:collembola2.jpg|right||thumb| A colony of Springtail Collembola in their soil habitat[10]]]<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. Desiccation occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this.<br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great bioindicators. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Springtail Culture Care: A Straightforward Guide for Breeding Folsomia Candida Springtails - On Feeding - Use Only Brewer's y...: Springtails, Vivarium, Reptile Room.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/42784265190304769/.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Entomopathogenic_Nematodes&diff=7025 2021-05-06T13:13:44Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Phenology */</p> <hr /> <div>== Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda Rhabditida) ==<br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:wikiimages.jpg|thumb|second stage juvenile entomopathogenic nematode [1] ]] <br /> There are two different families of Entomopathogenic [[Nematodes]] known as Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Both of these families of Nematodes are considered to obligate parasites of [[insects]] meaning that they must parasitize their host to survive and reproduce. Entomopathogenic Nematodes are used as biological insecticides in pest management. These nematodes are considered to be non-toxic to humans and have been very beneficial to the Integrated Pest Management for both agricultural and residential use. They can be found naturally in soils but also can be implemented into almost any [[soil]] type and be effective at eliminating pests. <br /> <br /> == Description == <br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes are soft-bodied, non-segmented [[roundworms]] that parasitize their prey and use their body for homes and their bodily fluids for nutrients.<br /> <br /> == Phenology == <br /> '''Kingdom''': [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Phylum''': Nematoda<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Class''': Chromadorea<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Order''': Rhabditida<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Family''': [[Steinernematidae]]/ [[Heterorhabditidae]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Genus''': Steinernema/ Heterohabditis<br /> ----<br /> [4]<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|right|Life cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes[9]]<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes first start their life cycles at the infective juvenile stage of their life. This is before they infect a host and it's the only free living stage of life that occurs during their life cycle. Then the juvenile finds an insect host to infect by entering through any possible natural opening they can find such as spiracles, the mouth of an insect, the anus, or in some less common cases through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle. About 24-48 hours after the nematode infests its prey the host finally dies while the nematodes mature to and adult stage and then reproduce. The host surprisingly does not die from just being infected by the nematode but dies from the intestinal symbiotic bacteria that is released by the nematodes. Depending on available resources after maturation and reproduction inside the host one or more generations may be able to survive inside a singular host[2]. This whole process from the beginning of the juvenile stage where they spend most of their life through adulthood and eventually death is approximately 42-56 days.<br /> <br /> == Host Selection ==<br /> [[File:host(2).jpg|thumb|right| host infected with thousands of entomopathogenic nematodes [10] ]]<br /> These specific nematodes will either sit and wait till they find a host that they can infect or they will be actively moving and searching for a host they can easily infect[6]. Studies have shown that Entomopathogenic Nematodes use their olfactory bulbs to &quot;sniff&quot; out chemical signals that insects release into the air. These nematodes are most commonly attracted to the carbon dioxide signals emitted by insects. The volatile components released by insect feces are also a common trigger of the olfactory nerve inside these nematodes that allow them to find a host[5]. By using these scents the Nematodes are able to find new hosts generation after generation.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> The reproduction stages of life depends on which family of Entomopathogenic Nematode is being observed. In the Steinernematidae family after the juvenile finds a host whether it is live or dead they will develop into either a male or female. In this family of nematodes multiple nematodes need to infect the same host in order to reproduce but once this occurs, then breeding occurs between one of the males and one of the females and the female will then lay their eggs within the host. <br /> On the other hand for the Heterorhabditidae family after entering the host they are considered to be self-fertile [[hermaphrodites]]. A hermaphroditic nematode has both sex organs that a male and a female would have and therefore does not need to colonize a host with another nematode of the opposite sex. Research shows that this happens more often due to the relative abundance being fairly low for this family so adaptations occurred throughout time[3].<br /> <br /> == Agricultural Value ==<br /> These [[Nematodes]] can act as a biological pesticide. Entomopathogenic Nematodes can control agricultural pests due to mutualistic relationships with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus[7]. This bacteria can cause disease in unwanted pests by suppressing both cellular and humoral insect immunity[7]. The most commonly used and most agriculturally effective nematodes were of those from the Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae families[8]. Since Entomopathogenic Nematodes are nontoxic to humans and provide a great ecosystem service to agricultural areas, this field is continues to grow and more information from different countries is being recorded and published[8].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] bugsforgrowers.com picture taken by G.B Jagdale, 2015<br /> ----<br /> [2] http://entnemdept.ufl.edu, Author: Nastaran Tofangsaz<br /> ----<br /> [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578460/ Author: Christine T. Griffin<br /> ----<br /> [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode<br /> ----<br /> [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993646/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20have,)%20%5B10%E2%80%9315%5D.<br /> ----<br /> [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06620-2 Author: Tiffany Baiocchi, Grant Lee, Dong-Hwang Choe, and Adler R. Dillman<br /> ----<br /> [7] de Brida, A., Rosa, J., Oliveira, C. et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 7, 45254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45254<br /> ----<br /> [8] Catharine M. Mannion, Richard K. Jansson, Comparison of Ten Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil ([[Coleoptera]]: Apionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1642–1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1642<br /> ----<br /> [9]“Figure 1: Mortality OfBombus Terrestrisexposed to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” doi:10.7717/peerj.1413/fig-1.<br /> ----<br /> [10] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Entomopathogenic-nematodes-produce-Hhundreds-of-thousands-of-new-juveniles_fig4_263444652</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Entomopathogenic_Nematodes&diff=7024 2021-05-06T13:10:10Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Life Cycle */</p> <hr /> <div>== Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda Rhabditida) ==<br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:wikiimages.jpg|thumb|second stage juvenile entomopathogenic nematode [1] ]] <br /> There are two different families of Entomopathogenic [[Nematodes]] known as Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Both of these families of Nematodes are considered to obligate parasites of [[insects]] meaning that they must parasitize their host to survive and reproduce. Entomopathogenic Nematodes are used as biological insecticides in pest management. These nematodes are considered to be non-toxic to humans and have been very beneficial to the Integrated Pest Management for both agricultural and residential use. They can be found naturally in soils but also can be implemented into almost any [[soil]] type and be effective at eliminating pests. <br /> <br /> == Description == <br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes are soft-bodied, non-segmented [[roundworms]] that parasitize their prey and use their body for homes and their bodily fluids for nutrients.<br /> <br /> == Phenology == <br /> '''Kingdom''': [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Phylum''': Nematoda<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Class''': Chromadorea<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Order''': Rhabditida<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Family''': Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Genus''': Steinernema/ Heterohabditis<br /> ----<br /> [4]<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|right|Life cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes[9]]<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes first start their life cycles at the infective juvenile stage of their life. This is before they infect a host and it's the only free living stage of life that occurs during their life cycle. Then the juvenile finds an insect host to infect by entering through any possible natural opening they can find such as spiracles, the mouth of an insect, the anus, or in some less common cases through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle. About 24-48 hours after the nematode infests its prey the host finally dies while the nematodes mature to and adult stage and then reproduce. The host surprisingly does not die from just being infected by the nematode but dies from the intestinal symbiotic bacteria that is released by the nematodes. Depending on available resources after maturation and reproduction inside the host one or more generations may be able to survive inside a singular host[2]. This whole process from the beginning of the juvenile stage where they spend most of their life through adulthood and eventually death is approximately 42-56 days.<br /> <br /> == Host Selection ==<br /> [[File:host(2).jpg|thumb|right| host infected with thousands of entomopathogenic nematodes [10] ]]<br /> These specific nematodes will either sit and wait till they find a host that they can infect or they will be actively moving and searching for a host they can easily infect[6]. Studies have shown that Entomopathogenic Nematodes use their olfactory bulbs to &quot;sniff&quot; out chemical signals that insects release into the air. These nematodes are most commonly attracted to the carbon dioxide signals emitted by insects. The volatile components released by insect feces are also a common trigger of the olfactory nerve inside these nematodes that allow them to find a host[5]. By using these scents the Nematodes are able to find new hosts generation after generation.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> The reproduction stages of life depends on which family of Entomopathogenic Nematode is being observed. In the Steinernematidae family after the juvenile finds a host whether it is live or dead they will develop into either a male or female. In this family of nematodes multiple nematodes need to infect the same host in order to reproduce but once this occurs, then breeding occurs between one of the males and one of the females and the female will then lay their eggs within the host. <br /> On the other hand for the Heterorhabditidae family after entering the host they are considered to be self-fertile [[hermaphrodites]]. A hermaphroditic nematode has both sex organs that a male and a female would have and therefore does not need to colonize a host with another nematode of the opposite sex. Research shows that this happens more often due to the relative abundance being fairly low for this family so adaptations occurred throughout time[3].<br /> <br /> == Agricultural Value ==<br /> These [[Nematodes]] can act as a biological pesticide. Entomopathogenic Nematodes can control agricultural pests due to mutualistic relationships with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus[7]. This bacteria can cause disease in unwanted pests by suppressing both cellular and humoral insect immunity[7]. The most commonly used and most agriculturally effective nematodes were of those from the Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae families[8]. Since Entomopathogenic Nematodes are nontoxic to humans and provide a great ecosystem service to agricultural areas, this field is continues to grow and more information from different countries is being recorded and published[8].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] bugsforgrowers.com picture taken by G.B Jagdale, 2015<br /> ----<br /> [2] http://entnemdept.ufl.edu, Author: Nastaran Tofangsaz<br /> ----<br /> [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578460/ Author: Christine T. Griffin<br /> ----<br /> [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode<br /> ----<br /> [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993646/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20have,)%20%5B10%E2%80%9315%5D.<br /> ----<br /> [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06620-2 Author: Tiffany Baiocchi, Grant Lee, Dong-Hwang Choe, and Adler R. Dillman<br /> ----<br /> [7] de Brida, A., Rosa, J., Oliveira, C. et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 7, 45254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45254<br /> ----<br /> [8] Catharine M. Mannion, Richard K. Jansson, Comparison of Ten Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil ([[Coleoptera]]: Apionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1642–1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1642<br /> ----<br /> [9]“Figure 1: Mortality OfBombus Terrestrisexposed to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” doi:10.7717/peerj.1413/fig-1.<br /> ----<br /> [10] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Entomopathogenic-nematodes-produce-Hhundreds-of-thousands-of-new-juveniles_fig4_263444652</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Entomopathogenic_Nematodes&diff=7023 2021-05-06T13:00:19Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Reproduction */</p> <hr /> <div>== Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda Rhabditida) ==<br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:wikiimages.jpg|thumb|second stage juvenile entomopathogenic nematode [1] ]] <br /> There are two different families of Entomopathogenic [[Nematodes]] known as Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Both of these families of Nematodes are considered to obligate parasites of [[insects]] meaning that they must parasitize their host to survive and reproduce. Entomopathogenic Nematodes are used as biological insecticides in pest management. These nematodes are considered to be non-toxic to humans and have been very beneficial to the Integrated Pest Management for both agricultural and residential use. They can be found naturally in soils but also can be implemented into almost any [[soil]] type and be effective at eliminating pests. <br /> <br /> == Description == <br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes are soft-bodied, non-segmented [[roundworms]] that parasitize their prey and use their body for homes and their bodily fluids for nutrients.<br /> <br /> == Phenology == <br /> '''Kingdom''': [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Phylum''': Nematoda<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Class''': Chromadorea<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Order''': Rhabditida<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Family''': Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Genus''': Steinernema/ Heterohabditis<br /> ----<br /> [4]<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|right|Life cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes[9]]<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes first start their life cycles at the infective juvenile stage of their life. This is before they infect a host and it's the only free living stage of life that occurs during their life cycle. Then the juvenile finds an insect host to infect by entering through any possible natural opening they can find such as spiracles, the mouth of an insect, the anus, or in some less common cases through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle. About 24-48 hours after the nematode infests its prey the host finally dies while the nematodes mature to and adult stage and then reproduce. The host surprisingly does not die from just being infected by the nematode but dies from the intestinal symbiotic bacteria that is released by the nematodes. Depending on available resources after maturation and reproduction inside the host one or more generations may be able to survive inside a singular host[2]. This whole process from the beginning of the juvenile stage where they spend most of their life through adulthood and eventually death is approximately 42-56 days. <br /> <br /> == Host Selection ==<br /> [[File:host(2).jpg|thumb|right| host infected with thousands of entomopathogenic nematodes [10] ]]<br /> These specific nematodes will either sit and wait till they find a host that they can infect or they will be actively moving and searching for a host they can easily infect[6]. Studies have shown that Entomopathogenic Nematodes use their olfactory bulbs to &quot;sniff&quot; out chemical signals that insects release into the air. These nematodes are most commonly attracted to the carbon dioxide signals emitted by insects. The volatile components released by insect feces are also a common trigger of the olfactory nerve inside these nematodes that allow them to find a host[5]. By using these scents the Nematodes are able to find new hosts generation after generation.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> The reproduction stages of life depends on which family of Entomopathogenic Nematode is being observed. In the Steinernematidae family after the juvenile finds a host whether it is live or dead they will develop into either a male or female. In this family of nematodes multiple nematodes need to infect the same host in order to reproduce but once this occurs, then breeding occurs between one of the males and one of the females and the female will then lay their eggs within the host. <br /> On the other hand for the Heterorhabditidae family after entering the host they are considered to be self-fertile [[hermaphrodites]]. A hermaphroditic nematode has both sex organs that a male and a female would have and therefore does not need to colonize a host with another nematode of the opposite sex. Research shows that this happens more often due to the relative abundance being fairly low for this family so adaptations occurred throughout time[3].<br /> <br /> == Agricultural Value ==<br /> These [[Nematodes]] can act as a biological pesticide. Entomopathogenic Nematodes can control agricultural pests due to mutualistic relationships with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus[7]. This bacteria can cause disease in unwanted pests by suppressing both cellular and humoral insect immunity[7]. The most commonly used and most agriculturally effective nematodes were of those from the Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae families[8]. Since Entomopathogenic Nematodes are nontoxic to humans and provide a great ecosystem service to agricultural areas, this field is continues to grow and more information from different countries is being recorded and published[8].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] bugsforgrowers.com picture taken by G.B Jagdale, 2015<br /> ----<br /> [2] http://entnemdept.ufl.edu, Author: Nastaran Tofangsaz<br /> ----<br /> [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578460/ Author: Christine T. Griffin<br /> ----<br /> [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode<br /> ----<br /> [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993646/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20have,)%20%5B10%E2%80%9315%5D.<br /> ----<br /> [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06620-2 Author: Tiffany Baiocchi, Grant Lee, Dong-Hwang Choe, and Adler R. Dillman<br /> ----<br /> [7] de Brida, A., Rosa, J., Oliveira, C. et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 7, 45254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45254<br /> ----<br /> [8] Catharine M. Mannion, Richard K. Jansson, Comparison of Ten Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil ([[Coleoptera]]: Apionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1642–1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1642<br /> ----<br /> [9]“Figure 1: Mortality OfBombus Terrestrisexposed to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” doi:10.7717/peerj.1413/fig-1.<br /> ----<br /> [10] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Entomopathogenic-nematodes-produce-Hhundreds-of-thousands-of-new-juveniles_fig4_263444652</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Entomopathogenic_Nematodes&diff=7022 2021-05-06T12:56:39Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Agricultural Value */</p> <hr /> <div>== Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda Rhabditida) ==<br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:wikiimages.jpg|thumb|second stage juvenile entomopathogenic nematode [1] ]] <br /> There are two different families of Entomopathogenic [[Nematodes]] known as Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Both of these families of Nematodes are considered to obligate parasites of [[insects]] meaning that they must parasitize their host to survive and reproduce. Entomopathogenic Nematodes are used as biological insecticides in pest management. These nematodes are considered to be non-toxic to humans and have been very beneficial to the Integrated Pest Management for both agricultural and residential use. They can be found naturally in soils but also can be implemented into almost any [[soil]] type and be effective at eliminating pests. <br /> <br /> == Description == <br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes are soft-bodied, non-segmented [[roundworms]] that parasitize their prey and use their body for homes and their bodily fluids for nutrients.<br /> <br /> == Phenology == <br /> '''Kingdom''': [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Phylum''': Nematoda<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Class''': Chromadorea<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Order''': Rhabditida<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Family''': Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Genus''': Steinernema/ Heterohabditis<br /> ----<br /> [4]<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|right|Life cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes[9]]<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes first start their life cycles at the infective juvenile stage of their life. This is before they infect a host and it's the only free living stage of life that occurs during their life cycle. Then the juvenile finds an insect host to infect by entering through any possible natural opening they can find such as spiracles, the mouth of an insect, the anus, or in some less common cases through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle. About 24-48 hours after the nematode infests its prey the host finally dies while the nematodes mature to and adult stage and then reproduce. The host surprisingly does not die from just being infected by the nematode but dies from the intestinal symbiotic bacteria that is released by the nematodes. Depending on available resources after maturation and reproduction inside the host one or more generations may be able to survive inside a singular host[2]. This whole process from the beginning of the juvenile stage where they spend most of their life through adulthood and eventually death is approximately 42-56 days. <br /> <br /> == Host Selection ==<br /> [[File:host(2).jpg|thumb|right| host infected with thousands of entomopathogenic nematodes [10] ]]<br /> These specific nematodes will either sit and wait till they find a host that they can infect or they will be actively moving and searching for a host they can easily infect[6]. Studies have shown that Entomopathogenic Nematodes use their olfactory bulbs to &quot;sniff&quot; out chemical signals that insects release into the air. These nematodes are most commonly attracted to the carbon dioxide signals emitted by insects. The volatile components released by insect feces are also a common trigger of the olfactory nerve inside these nematodes that allow them to find a host[5]. By using these scents the Nematodes are able to find new hosts generation after generation.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> The reproduction stages of life depends on which family of Entomopathogenic Nematode is being observed. In the Steinernematidae family after the juvenile finds a host whether it is live or dead they will develop into either a male or female. In this family of nematodes multiple nematodes need to infect the same host in order to reproduce but once this occurs, then breeding occurs between one of the males and one of the females and the female will then lay their eggs within the host. <br /> On the other hand for the Heterorhabditidae family after entering the host they are considered to be self-fertile hermaphrodites. A hermaphroditic nematode has both sex organs that a male and a female would have and therefore does not need to colonize a host with another nematode of the opposite sex. Research shows that this happens more often due to the relative abundance being fairly low for this family so adaptations occurred throughout time[3]. <br /> <br /> == Agricultural Value ==<br /> These [[Nematodes]] can act as a biological pesticide. Entomopathogenic Nematodes can control agricultural pests due to mutualistic relationships with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus[7]. This bacteria can cause disease in unwanted pests by suppressing both cellular and humoral insect immunity[7]. The most commonly used and most agriculturally effective nematodes were of those from the Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae families[8]. Since Entomopathogenic Nematodes are nontoxic to humans and provide a great ecosystem service to agricultural areas, this field is continues to grow and more information from different countries is being recorded and published[8].<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] bugsforgrowers.com picture taken by G.B Jagdale, 2015<br /> ----<br /> [2] http://entnemdept.ufl.edu, Author: Nastaran Tofangsaz<br /> ----<br /> [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578460/ Author: Christine T. Griffin<br /> ----<br /> [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode<br /> ----<br /> [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993646/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20have,)%20%5B10%E2%80%9315%5D.<br /> ----<br /> [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06620-2 Author: Tiffany Baiocchi, Grant Lee, Dong-Hwang Choe, and Adler R. Dillman<br /> ----<br /> [7] de Brida, A., Rosa, J., Oliveira, C. et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 7, 45254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45254<br /> ----<br /> [8] Catharine M. Mannion, Richard K. Jansson, Comparison of Ten Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil ([[Coleoptera]]: Apionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1642–1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1642<br /> ----<br /> [9]“Figure 1: Mortality OfBombus Terrestrisexposed to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” doi:10.7717/peerj.1413/fig-1.<br /> ----<br /> [10] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Entomopathogenic-nematodes-produce-Hhundreds-of-thousands-of-new-juveniles_fig4_263444652</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Entomopathogenic_Nematodes&diff=7021 2021-05-06T12:42:32Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>== Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda Rhabditida) ==<br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:wikiimages.jpg|thumb|second stage juvenile entomopathogenic nematode [1] ]] <br /> There are two different families of Entomopathogenic [[Nematodes]] known as Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Both of these families of Nematodes are considered to obligate parasites of [[insects]] meaning that they must parasitize their host to survive and reproduce. Entomopathogenic Nematodes are used as biological insecticides in pest management. These nematodes are considered to be non-toxic to humans and have been very beneficial to the Integrated Pest Management for both agricultural and residential use. They can be found naturally in soils but also can be implemented into almost any [[soil]] type and be effective at eliminating pests. <br /> <br /> == Description == <br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes are soft-bodied, non-segmented [[roundworms]] that parasitize their prey and use their body for homes and their bodily fluids for nutrients.<br /> <br /> == Phenology == <br /> '''Kingdom''': [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Phylum''': Nematoda<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Class''': Chromadorea<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Order''': Rhabditida<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Family''': Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Genus''': Steinernema/ Heterohabditis<br /> ----<br /> [4]<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|right|Life cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes[9]]<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes first start their life cycles at the infective juvenile stage of their life. This is before they infect a host and it's the only free living stage of life that occurs during their life cycle. Then the juvenile finds an insect host to infect by entering through any possible natural opening they can find such as spiracles, the mouth of an insect, the anus, or in some less common cases through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle. About 24-48 hours after the nematode infests its prey the host finally dies while the nematodes mature to and adult stage and then reproduce. The host surprisingly does not die from just being infected by the nematode but dies from the intestinal symbiotic bacteria that is released by the nematodes. Depending on available resources after maturation and reproduction inside the host one or more generations may be able to survive inside a singular host[2]. This whole process from the beginning of the juvenile stage where they spend most of their life through adulthood and eventually death is approximately 42-56 days. <br /> <br /> == Host Selection ==<br /> [[File:host(2).jpg|thumb|right| host infected with thousands of entomopathogenic nematodes [10] ]]<br /> These specific nematodes will either sit and wait till they find a host that they can infect or they will be actively moving and searching for a host they can easily infect[6]. Studies have shown that Entomopathogenic Nematodes use their olfactory bulbs to &quot;sniff&quot; out chemical signals that insects release into the air. These nematodes are most commonly attracted to the carbon dioxide signals emitted by insects. The volatile components released by insect feces are also a common trigger of the olfactory nerve inside these nematodes that allow them to find a host[5]. By using these scents the Nematodes are able to find new hosts generation after generation.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> The reproduction stages of life depends on which family of Entomopathogenic Nematode is being observed. In the Steinernematidae family after the juvenile finds a host whether it is live or dead they will develop into either a male or female. In this family of nematodes multiple nematodes need to infect the same host in order to reproduce but once this occurs, then breeding occurs between one of the males and one of the females and the female will then lay their eggs within the host. <br /> On the other hand for the Heterorhabditidae family after entering the host they are considered to be self-fertile hermaphrodites. A hermaphroditic nematode has both sex organs that a male and a female would have and therefore does not need to colonize a host with another nematode of the opposite sex. Research shows that this happens more often due to the relative abundance being fairly low for this family so adaptations occurred throughout time[3]. <br /> <br /> == Agricultural Value ==<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes can control agricultural pests due to mutualistic relationships with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus[7]. This bacteria can cause disease in unwanted pests by suppressing both cellular and humoral insect immunity[7]. The most commonly used and most agriculturally effective nematodes were of those from the Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae families[8]. Since Entomopathogenic Nematodes are nontoxic to humans and provide a great ecosystem service to agricultural areas, this field is continues to grow and more information from different countries is being recorded and published[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] bugsforgrowers.com picture taken by G.B Jagdale, 2015<br /> ----<br /> [2] http://entnemdept.ufl.edu, Author: Nastaran Tofangsaz<br /> ----<br /> [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578460/ Author: Christine T. Griffin<br /> ----<br /> [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode<br /> ----<br /> [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993646/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20have,)%20%5B10%E2%80%9315%5D.<br /> ----<br /> [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06620-2 Author: Tiffany Baiocchi, Grant Lee, Dong-Hwang Choe, and Adler R. Dillman<br /> ----<br /> [7] de Brida, A., Rosa, J., Oliveira, C. et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 7, 45254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45254<br /> ----<br /> [8] Catharine M. Mannion, Richard K. Jansson, Comparison of Ten Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil ([[Coleoptera]]: Apionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1642–1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1642<br /> ----<br /> [9]“Figure 1: Mortality OfBombus Terrestrisexposed to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” doi:10.7717/peerj.1413/fig-1.<br /> ----<br /> [10] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Entomopathogenic-nematodes-produce-Hhundreds-of-thousands-of-new-juveniles_fig4_263444652</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Entomopathogenic_Nematodes&diff=7020 2021-05-06T12:41:49Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Phenology */</p> <hr /> <div>== Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda Rhabditida) ==<br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:wikiimages.jpg|thumb|second stage juvenile entomopathogenic nematode [1] ]] <br /> There are two different families of Entomopathogenic [[Nematodes]] known as Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Both of these families of Nematodes are considered to obligate parasites of [[insects]] meaning that they must parasitize their host to survive and reproduce. Entomopathogenic Nematodes are used as biological insecticides in pest management. These nematodes are considered to be non-toxic to humans and have been very beneficial to the Integrated Pest Management for both agricultural and residential use. They can be found naturally in soils but also can be implemented into almost any [[soil]] type and be effective at eliminating pests. <br /> <br /> == Description == <br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes are soft-bodied, non-segmented roundworms that parasitize their prey and use their body for homes and their bodily fluids for nutrients.<br /> <br /> == Phenology == <br /> '''Kingdom''': [[Animalia]]<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Phylum''': Nematoda<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Class''': Chromadorea<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Order''': Rhabditida<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Family''': Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Genus''': Steinernema/ Heterohabditis<br /> ----<br /> [4]<br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|right|Life cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes[9]]<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes first start their life cycles at the infective juvenile stage of their life. This is before they infect a host and it's the only free living stage of life that occurs during their life cycle. Then the juvenile finds an insect host to infect by entering through any possible natural opening they can find such as spiracles, the mouth of an insect, the anus, or in some less common cases through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle. About 24-48 hours after the nematode infests its prey the host finally dies while the nematodes mature to and adult stage and then reproduce. The host surprisingly does not die from just being infected by the nematode but dies from the intestinal symbiotic bacteria that is released by the nematodes. Depending on available resources after maturation and reproduction inside the host one or more generations may be able to survive inside a singular host[2]. This whole process from the beginning of the juvenile stage where they spend most of their life through adulthood and eventually death is approximately 42-56 days. <br /> <br /> == Host Selection ==<br /> [[File:host(2).jpg|thumb|right| host infected with thousands of entomopathogenic nematodes [10] ]]<br /> These specific nematodes will either sit and wait till they find a host that they can infect or they will be actively moving and searching for a host they can easily infect[6]. Studies have shown that Entomopathogenic Nematodes use their olfactory bulbs to &quot;sniff&quot; out chemical signals that insects release into the air. These nematodes are most commonly attracted to the carbon dioxide signals emitted by insects. The volatile components released by insect feces are also a common trigger of the olfactory nerve inside these nematodes that allow them to find a host[5]. By using these scents the Nematodes are able to find new hosts generation after generation.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> The reproduction stages of life depends on which family of Entomopathogenic Nematode is being observed. In the Steinernematidae family after the juvenile finds a host whether it is live or dead they will develop into either a male or female. In this family of nematodes multiple nematodes need to infect the same host in order to reproduce but once this occurs, then breeding occurs between one of the males and one of the females and the female will then lay their eggs within the host. <br /> On the other hand for the Heterorhabditidae family after entering the host they are considered to be self-fertile hermaphrodites. A hermaphroditic nematode has both sex organs that a male and a female would have and therefore does not need to colonize a host with another nematode of the opposite sex. Research shows that this happens more often due to the relative abundance being fairly low for this family so adaptations occurred throughout time[3]. <br /> <br /> == Agricultural Value ==<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes can control agricultural pests due to mutualistic relationships with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus[7]. This bacteria can cause disease in unwanted pests by suppressing both cellular and humoral insect immunity[7]. The most commonly used and most agriculturally effective nematodes were of those from the Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae families[8]. Since Entomopathogenic Nematodes are nontoxic to humans and provide a great ecosystem service to agricultural areas, this field is continues to grow and more information from different countries is being recorded and published[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] bugsforgrowers.com picture taken by G.B Jagdale, 2015<br /> ----<br /> [2] http://entnemdept.ufl.edu, Author: Nastaran Tofangsaz<br /> ----<br /> [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578460/ Author: Christine T. Griffin<br /> ----<br /> [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode<br /> ----<br /> [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993646/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20have,)%20%5B10%E2%80%9315%5D.<br /> ----<br /> [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06620-2 Author: Tiffany Baiocchi, Grant Lee, Dong-Hwang Choe, and Adler R. Dillman<br /> ----<br /> [7] de Brida, A., Rosa, J., Oliveira, C. et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 7, 45254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45254<br /> ----<br /> [8] Catharine M. Mannion, Richard K. Jansson, Comparison of Ten Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil ([[Coleoptera]]: Apionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1642–1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1642<br /> ----<br /> [9]“Figure 1: Mortality OfBombus Terrestrisexposed to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” doi:10.7717/peerj.1413/fig-1.<br /> ----<br /> [10] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Entomopathogenic-nematodes-produce-Hhundreds-of-thousands-of-new-juveniles_fig4_263444652</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=6140 2021-04-30T16:39:20Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Cestoda */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| Here you have a tapeworm which are common in household pets and can even be transmitted to humans.[9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=6139 2021-04-30T16:38:20Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Taxonomy */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| This is a tapeworm [9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Acari&diff=6123 2021-04-30T13:50:46Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>== Overview ==<br /> [[File:Rust_Mite,_Aceria_anthocoptes.jpg|200px|thumb|right]]Acari are a taxon of the Arachnida class and are the most abundant, as well as, the most diverse of the arachnids that include animals such as [[mites]] and ticks. The existence of these creatures has been dated as far back as 400 million years ago to the early Devonian Period, making them the oldest terrestrial [[animals]]. Due to their immense [[diversity]], they vary heavily in terms of size, shape, and structure. The species of Acari are relatively small in size, being as small as the human follicle mite at around 0.1 mm and as large as ticks or the Red Velvet mite which can be as large as 10 mm. [1] As of 1999, over 50,000 species of Acari have been documented and it is estimated that around 1 million more have yet to be discovered. [2]<br /> <br /> == Habitat and Distribution ==<br /> Because of their vast abundance and diversity, acari are distributed to essentially all locations of the world. Their presence has been recorded as high up as the slopes of Mt. Everest, as deep as 3 miles below the surface of the ocean, and even on the continent of Antarctica. These minuscule animals can be found in almost any particular habitat from the hot springs of Yellowstone to the seemingly uninhabitable Saharan desert. In upper layers of the [[soil]], as many as 50,000-250,000 of these [[organisms]] can be found in one square meter.[5] Despite most of the species being defined as free-living, some species of Acari also engage in parasitism of other animals. [3]<br /> <br /> == Morphology &amp; Anatomy ==<br /> [[File:54894-004-8C1BBFF7 (1).jpg|200px|thumb|right]] Although being more closely related to spiders, acari also share several similarities with [[insects]]. When it comes to adaptability to both terrestrial and aquatic environments, both excel. Species of acari also enjoy the benefits of jointed legs and chitinous exoskeletons just like that of insects. That being said, they still exhibit more similarities to spiders like that of their piercing mouthparts as well as other features like an open circulatory system, ventral nerve chord, alimentary canal, and striated muscles. As much as they have in common with both insects and [[arthropods]], acari have their own particular features as well as a lack of qualities that are seen in the other two discussed previously. For example, acarids do not possess mandibles or antenna. The acari body is structured and divided into two regions: the gnathosoma which contains the head and mouth and the idiosoma which is where the legs, genital &amp; anal openings, and sensory structures can be found. [4] Acarids also have an outer cuticle on their bodies which allows them to absorb water from the air in order to avoid desiccation. The bodies of acarids are also covered in setae which basically work as sensory receptors. [3]<br /> <br /> == Reproduction &amp; Life Cycle ==<br /> A separation of sexes exists among all acarids, with most species laying eggs although, there are some parasitic species that hatch the eggs inside the mother and the offspring is then born alive. It is also possible for some species to reproduce via parthenogenesis. The majority of the species, except those of the [[prostigmata]] and oribatada, endure a fairly simple 4-staged life cycle despite there being slight variations in the same cycle among different species. The inception of the life cycle begins with acarids as [[hexapod]] larva, continues on to the protonymph stage, the deutonymph stage, and ends with the tritonymph phase. [3]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Niches == <br /> Although the roles that acarids play in overall soil [[ecology]] are small in comparison to other living organisms, they still have roles to play nonetheless. Some of the species aid in the construction of [[humus]] which allows many other [[soil organisms]] to exist. Acarids are also vital for what they do for mineral turnover, vegetation succession, and even [[decomposition]].[5] <br /> [[File:2AcariF.jpg|300px|thumb]] <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> 1. Walter, David Evans; Krantz, Gerald; Lindquist, Evert (December 13, 1996) &quot;Acari. The Mites. Tree of Life Web Project.<br /> <br /> 2. Walter, D.E.; Proctor, H.C. (1999). ''Mites: Ecology, Evolution, and Behaviour.'' University of NSW Press, Sydney and CABI, Wallingford. ISBN 978-0-86840-529-2<br /> <br /> 3. Wilson, Nixon A., (2011, Nov. 22) ''Acarid-Arachnid'' https://www.britannica.com/animal/acarid<br /> <br /> 4. Dhooria M.S. (2016) Morphology and Anatomy of Acari. In: Fundamentals of Applied Acarology. Springer, Singapore<br /> <br /> 5. Hoy M.A. (2008) Soil Mites (Acari: [[Oribatida]] and Others). In: Capinera J.L. (eds) Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=6122 2021-04-30T13:37:18Z

<p>Noahgers: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:collembola.jpg|right||thumb|This is a springtail collemobla[6]]]<br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> [[File:collembola2.jpg|right||thumb| A colony of Springtail Collembola in their soil habitat[10]]]<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. Desiccation occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this.<br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great bioindicators. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Springtail Culture Care: A Straightforward Guide for Breeding Folsomia Candida Springtails - On Feeding - Use Only Brewer's y...: Springtails, Vivarium, Reptile Room.” Pinterest, www.pinterest.com/pin/42784265190304769/.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=6121 2021-04-30T13:25:21Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Habitat &amp; Distribution */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:collembola.jpg|right||thumb|This is a springtail collemobla[6]]]<br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> [[File:collembola2.jpg|right||thumb| A colony of Springtail Collembola in their soil habitat[10]]]<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. Desiccation occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this.<br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great bioindicators. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Collembola2.jpg&diff=6120 2021-04-30T13:22:50Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=6119 2021-04-30T12:41:13Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:collembola.jpg|right||thumb|This is a springtail collemobla[6]]]<br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. Desiccation occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great bioindicators. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=6118 2021-04-30T12:40:55Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> [[File:collembola.jpg|right||thumb|This is a springtail collemobla[7]]]<br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. Desiccation occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great bioindicators. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Collembola.jpg&diff=6117 2021-04-30T12:28:13Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=6116 2021-04-30T00:53:06Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. Desiccation occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola effect the organic soil matter by quickly cycling nutrients that come from leaf litter and dead organic matter. The microfragmentation of plant detritus along with stimulating the activity of fungal and bacterial colonies positively impacts soils[8]. Collembola play an important role in nutrient mineralization which is taking the organic form of a nutrient and [[decomposing]] it into an inorganic form which then can be more easily accessed by other organisms keeping the soils fresh and high in biodiversity. <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Collembola as Bioindicators==<br /> Collembola have been known to be great bioindicators. Bioindicators are powerful tools to evaluate the restoration of the environmental conditions in disturbed areas[9] Collembola are very sensitive to loss of their natural habitat owing to human interaction and thus represent useful indicators of tolerance to environmental stress[8]. In managed stands of forests(with human interaction) 51 species were found in and abundant 708,498 ind. m^-2( mean density) compared to semi- natural forests which had 36 different species in just 306,042 ind. m^-2[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Nathalie Cassagne, Thierry Gauquelin, Marie-Claude Bal-Serin, Charles Gers,<br /> Endemic Collembola, privileged bioindicators of forest management,<br /> Pedobiologia,Volume 50, Issue 2,2006,<br /> Pages 127-134<br /> https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedobi.2005.10.002.<br /> ----<br /> [9] Zeppelini, D., Bellini, B.C., Creão-Duarte, A.J. et al. Collembola as bioindicators of restoration in mined [[sand]] dunes of Northeastern Brazil. Biodivers Conserv 18, 1161–1170 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9505-2</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=6112 2021-04-29T23:46:43Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Environmental Impacts */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. Desiccation occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> Collembola have huge environmental impacts, mostly in forest ecosystems. There are two main ways that collembola support forest ecosystems. Soil organic matter dynamics and nutrient mineralization are the two main ways that collembola benefit these ecosystems[8]. Collembola<br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Collembola&diff=6096 2021-04-29T19:11:08Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> == Description ==<br /> <br /> Members of the Collembola Family are relatively small, typically less than 6 millimeters in length, with as many as six abdominal segments [1]. They have a tubular appendage called a collophore, which protrudes from the first abdominal segment. The collophore used to be thought to be a stabilizing mechanism for the collembola when it jumped by sticking to the surface on which it landed. More recent research has concluded that the collophore is used in osmoregulation, water intake, and excretion [2].<br /> <br /> Collembola that live in the upper [[soil]] layers are often referred to as Springtails because of a tail-like appendage found among most species, called the furcula. It is a forked appendage attached to the fourth segment by a structure called the retinaculum and is used for jumping when the animal is threatened; it is not used for normal locomotion [3]. In as little as 18 milliseconds the furcula can be released from the retinaculum, snapping against the substrate and flinging the [[springtail]] into the air[4]. A reason that this mechanism is not used in typical locomotion is that it’s direction is very unpredictable. When the furcula is released, the springtail is sent tumbling through the air on an arbitrary trajectory, landing randomly [3].<br /> <br /> Springtails are able to reduce their body size by up to 30% through genetically controlled molting if temperatures are high enough. Warmer conditions increase energy needs, as well as metabolic rates, therefore a smaller body size comes with many advantages to the organism [5].<br /> ----<br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom- Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- [[Arthropoda]]<br /> ----<br /> Class- Entognatha<br /> ----<br /> Subclass- Collembola<br /> ----<br /> [6]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Habitat &amp; Distribution ==<br /> Collembola can be found in almost all regions of the world, from the coldest of and hottest places that can support multicellular [[organisms]]. Collembola can also be found from the highest of treetops to the deepest parts of soil that can sustain multicellular organisms[7]. Humidity plays a very important role in the distribution of collembola as they are susceptible to desiccation. Desiccation occurs when an organism is deprived from water and their bodies will start to shrivel and leads to the death of the organism. Collembola thrive in wetter environments due to this. <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evolution ==<br /> Collembola are among the ancient [[arthropods]] as fossil records have dated them back all the way to the Devonian Era(400mya). Collembola have evolved throughout time to prevent desiccation. These adaptations include moving to high-humidity areas such as deep soils or under rocks. They also will limit activities during the day and do more of them at night to prevent excessive water loss if needed. Collembola also have made morphological adaptations to prevent water loss such as the development of scales and the thickening of the outer skin(cuticle)[7]. <br /> <br /> == Environmental Impacts ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1]. Davies, W. Maldwyn (1927). &quot;On the tracheal system of Collembola, with special reference to that of Sminthurus viridis, Lubb&quot; (PDF). Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science. 71 (281): 15–30.<br /> ----<br /> [2]. Eisenbeis, G., 1982. Physiological absorption of liquid water by Collembola: absorption by the ventral tube at different salinities. Journal of Insect Physiology 28:11–20.<br /> ----<br /> [3]. Christian, E., 1978. The jump of the springtails. Naturwissenschaften 65:495-496.<br /> ----<br /> [4]. Piper, Ross (2007). Extraordinary [[animals]]: an encyclopedia of curious and unusual animals. Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Press.<br /> ----<br /> [5]. &quot;The incredible shrinking springtail&quot;. Science. 341 (6149): 945. 30 August 2013. doi:10.1126/science.341.6149.945-a.<br /> ----<br /> [6]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springtail<br /> ----<br /> [7] “Collembola.” Collembola - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/collembola.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5921 2021-04-29T16:15:20Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic [[organisms]][1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and [[animals]]. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| This is a tapeworm [9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> == Taxonomy==<br /> Kingdom: Animalia<br /> ----<br /> Subkingdom: Eumetazoa<br /> ----<br /> Classes(4)- Turbellaria, Cestoda, Trematoda, Monogenea<br /> ----<br /> Phylum- Platyhelminthes <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5742 2021-04-26T19:17:17Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Monogenea */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic(attach to the outside of a host) flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and animals. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| This is a tapeworm [9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5719 2021-04-26T15:27:34Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Citations */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and animals. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| This is a tapeworm [9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----<br /> [10] “Monogeneans Images.” Shutterstock, www.shutterstock.com/search/monogeneans.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5718 2021-04-26T15:26:24Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> [[File:monogean.jpg|thumb||right| This is a Monogea flatworm [10]]]<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and animals. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| This is a tapeworm [9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----<br /> [9]Tony, Author Dr. “Tapeworms in Dogs and Cats.” Acupet Veterinary Care, 22 May 2015, acupetvetcare.com/veterinary-medicine/tapeworms-in-dogs-and-cats/.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Monogean.jpg&diff=5717 2021-04-26T15:24:41Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5704 2021-04-26T15:08:12Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Cestoda */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and animals. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right| This is a tapeworm [9]]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5703 2021-04-26T15:07:20Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Trematoda */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and animals. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. These flatworms are usually found in the liver tissues, vascular systems or respiratory systems of domesticated animals and are known to cause cancers in the liver[7]. These flatworms can range from a couple millimeters long up to a few centimeters. A trematode uses multiple hosts throughout its life cycle, first using an intermediate host through its juvenile development and then using its definitive host for the rest of its life cycle until they reproduce and die. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> [[File:tapeworm.jpg|thumb||right|]]<br /> Cestoda are a parasitic flatworm and the most commonly known Cestoda are from the subclass Eucestoda. Eucestoda are ribbon-like worms known as tapeworms when in the adult stage of their life. The flatworms have no digestive system, therefore they obtain nutrients by absorbing them through the body wall. Their life cycles can include up too three intermediate hosts before they reach their final adult stage of life[8]. Tapeworms can reach up to 15 meters long and can be found inside humans and animals. Alike the other classes of flatworms, Cestoda is hermaphroditic, containing both male and female reproductive systems. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----<br /> [7] Jones, Brian F. “Trematoda.” Trematoda - an Overview | ScienceDirect Topics, www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/trematoda.<br /> ----<br /> [8] Class Cestoda (Tapeworms).” CLASS CESTODA, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/cestoda.html#:~:text=Cestodes are long, flat, ribbon,segments, each containing reproductive organs.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Tapeworm.jpg&diff=5699 2021-04-26T15:04:29Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5675 2021-04-26T13:28:01Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Trematoda */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> Trematodes are also more commonly known as flukes. Theses parasitic flatworms are known to infect both humans and animals. They contain both male and female reproductive systems which identifies them as hermaphrodites[7]. <br /> ----<br /> <br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5674 2021-04-26T12:56:27Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Citations */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6] Smyth, James D. “Development.” Encyclopedia Britannica, Encyclopedia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/animal/flatworm/Development#ref529410.<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5673 2021-04-26T12:43:42Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> ----<br /> ==Monogenea==<br /> Monogenea are ectoparasitic flatworms which are usually found on the fins, gills and scales of fish. They range from 5 millimeters up too several centimeters long but no longer than 10cm. Their lifecycle is the simplest among all platyhelminthes due to the fact that they do not have a need for an intermediate host to continue their lifecycle. Their eggs hatch in water and their larvae are known as oncomiracidium[6]. These oncomiracidium are heavily ciliated which allows them to move through the water to find and attach to a host. Before they can start maturing Monogenea need to use their posterior hooks to attach to their prey. <br /> ----<br /> ==Trematoda==<br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==Cestoda==<br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6]</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5508 2021-04-23T15:58:52Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Platyhelminthes */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| This is a turbellaria flatworm[5]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6]</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5507 2021-04-23T15:54:18Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Platyhelminthes */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> [[File:Turb.jpg|thumb| this is a turbellaria flatworm[6]]]<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6]</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Turb.jpg&diff=5506 2021-04-23T15:50:10Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5505 2021-04-23T15:41:38Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda[3].<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and excretions come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ----<br /> ==Turbellaria==<br /> This class of flatworms is typically free-living and aquatic. Although, there are some turbellaria that can live on land but the conditions must be moist and humid[4]. Free-living means that they do not need to parasitize a host for survival, unlike some of the other flatworms. These specific flatworms can range anywhere from a few millimeters to up to half a meter long[4]. Turbellaria are also hermaphrodites'. They contain both sperm and egg cells which are fertilized inside their body cavity. They fertilize the eggs by copulation, a process where the sperm is directly inserted into the females reproductive system[5]. <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----<br /> [4] “Class Turbellaria(Flatworms).” Class Turbellaria, jupiter.plymouth.edu/~lts/invertebrates/Primer/text/turbellaria.html.<br /> ----<br /> [5] “Turbellaria.” Wikipedia, Wikimedia Foundation, 20 Jan. 2021, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turbellaria<br /> ----<br /> [6]</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5504 2021-04-23T13:57:13Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda.<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and feces come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5503 2021-04-23T13:47:53Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Citations */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda.<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and feces come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ==Phenology==<br /> <br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.<br /> ----<br /> [3] Learning, Lumen. “Biology for Majors II.” Lumen, courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/phylum-platyhelminthes/#:~:text=Platyhelminthes are traditionally divided into,and Cestoda (Figure 2).<br /> ----</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5502 2021-04-23T13:37:50Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Overview */</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. These flatworms are divided into four different classes: Turbellaria, Monogenea, Trematoda and Cestoda.<br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and feces come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ==Phenology==<br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5470 2021-04-21T21:01:52Z

<p>Noahgers: </p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==<br /> <br /> == Overview==<br /> Platyhelminthes also known as acoelomate flatworms are triploblastic organisms[1]. These flatworms can either be commensal or parasitic. <br /> <br /> ==Description== <br /> Platyhelminthes are Triploblastic which means that these organisms are composed of three fundamental cell layers. The three layers are derived from embryonic germ layers and are known as the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm[2]. These flatworms also have no body cavities other than their gut where they have a 2 way digestive system[1]. A two way digestive system means that their food and feces come out of the same orifice or opening. <br /> ==Phenology==<br /> ==Citations== <br /> [1] Introduction to the Platyhelminthes, ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html.<br /> ----<br /> [2]Neupane, Laxmi, and Keerthana. “Phylum Platyhelminthes- Characteristics, Classification, Examples.” Microbe Notes, 25 Aug. 2020, microbenotes.com/phylum-platyhelminthes-flatworms/.</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Platyhelminthes&diff=5469 2021-04-21T19:14:42Z

<p>Noahgers: Created page with &quot;==Platyhelminthes==&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>==Platyhelminthes==</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Entomopathogenic_Nematodes&diff=5426 2021-04-20T15:16:49Z

<p>Noahgers: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>== Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda Rhabditida) ==<br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:wikiimages.jpg|thumb|second stage juvenile entomopathogenic nematode [1] ]] <br /> There are two different families of Entomopathogenic Nematodes known as Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Both of these families of Nematodes are considered to obligate parasites of insects meaning that they must parasitize their host to survive and reproduce. Entomopathogenic Nematodes are used as biological insecticides in pest management. These nematodes are considered to be non-toxic to humans and have been very beneficial to the Integrated Pest Management for both agricultural and residential use. They can be found naturally in soils but also can be implemented into almost any soil type and be effective at eliminating pests. <br /> <br /> == Description == <br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes are soft-bodied, non-segmented roundworms that parasitize their prey and use their body for homes and their bodily fluids for nutrients.<br /> <br /> == Phenology == <br /> '''Kingdom''': Animals<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Phylum''': Nematoda<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Class''': Chromadorea<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Order''': Rhabditida<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Family''': Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Genus''': Steinernema/ Heterohabditis<br /> ----<br /> [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|right|Life cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes[9]]<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes first start their life cycles at the infective juvenile stage of their life. This is before they infect a host and it's the only free living stage of life that occurs during their life cycle. Then the juvenile finds an insect host to infect by entering through any possible natural opening they can find such as spiracles, the mouth of an insect, the anus, or in some less common cases through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle. About 24-48 hours after the nematode infests its prey the host finally dies while the nematodes mature to and adult stage and then reproduce. The host surprisingly does not die from just being infected by the nematode but dies from the intestinal symbiotic bacteria that is released by the nematodes. Depending on available resources after maturation and reproduction inside the host one or more generations may be able to survive inside a singular host[2]. This whole process from the beginning of the juvenile stage where they spend most of their life through adulthood and eventually death is approximately 42-56 days. <br /> <br /> == Host Selection ==<br /> [[File:host(2).jpg|thumb|right| host infected with thousands of entomopathogenic nematodes [10] ]]<br /> These specific nematodes will either sit and wait till they find a host that they can infect or they will be actively moving and searching for a host they can easily infect[6]. Studies have shown that Entomopathogenic Nematodes use their olfactory bulbs to &quot;sniff&quot; out chemical signals that insects release into the air. These nematodes are most commonly attracted to the carbon dioxide signals emitted by insects. The volatile components released by insect feces are also a common trigger of the olfactory nerve inside these nematodes that allow them to find a host[5]. By using these scents the Nematodes are able to find new hosts generation after generation.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> The reproduction stages of life depends on which family of Entomopathogenic Nematode is being observed. In the Steinernematidae family after the juvenile finds a host whether it is live or dead they will develop into either a male or female. In this family of nematodes multiple nematodes need to infect the same host in order to reproduce but once this occurs, then breeding occurs between one of the males and one of the females and the female will then lay their eggs within the host. <br /> On the other hand for the Heterorhabditidae family after entering the host they are considered to be self-fertile hermaphrodites. A hermaphroditic nematode has both sex organs that a male and a female would have and therefore does not need to colonize a host with another nematode of the opposite sex. Research shows that this happens more often due to the relative abundance being fairly low for this family so adaptations occurred throughout time[3]. <br /> <br /> == Agricultural Value ==<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes can control agricultural pests due to mutualistic relationships with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus[7]. This bacteria can cause disease in unwanted pests by suppressing both cellular and humoral insect immunity[7]. The most commonly used and most agriculturally effective nematodes were of those from the Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae families[8]. Since Entomopathogenic Nematodes are nontoxic to humans and provide a great ecosystem service to agricultural areas, this field is continues to grow and more information from different countries is being recorded and published[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] bugsforgrowers.com picture taken by G.B Jagdale, 2015<br /> ----<br /> [2] http://entnemdept.ufl.edu, Author: Nastaran Tofangsaz<br /> ----<br /> [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578460/ Author: Christine T. Griffin<br /> ----<br /> [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode<br /> ----<br /> [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993646/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20have,)%20%5B10%E2%80%9315%5D.<br /> ----<br /> [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06620-2 Author: Tiffany Baiocchi, Grant Lee, Dong-Hwang Choe, and Adler R. Dillman<br /> ----<br /> [7] de Brida, A., Rosa, J., Oliveira, C. et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 7, 45254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45254<br /> ----<br /> [8] Catharine M. Mannion, Richard K. Jansson, Comparison of Ten Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil (Coleoptera: Apionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1642–1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1642<br /> ----<br /> [9]“Figure 1: Mortality OfBombus Terrestrisexposed to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” doi:10.7717/peerj.1413/fig-1.<br /> ----<br /> [10] https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Entomopathogenic-nematodes-produce-Hhundreds-of-thousands-of-new-juveniles_fig4_263444652</div>

Noahgers https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Entomopathogenic_Nematodes&diff=5425 2021-04-20T15:04:52Z

<p>Noahgers: /* Host Selection */</p> <hr /> <div>== Entomopathogenic Nematodes (Nematoda Rhabditida) ==<br /> == Overview ==<br /> [[File:wikiimages.jpg|thumb|second stage juvenile entomopathogenic nematode [1] ]] <br /> There are two different families of Entomopathogenic Nematodes known as Heterorhabditidae and Steinernematidae. Both of these families of Nematodes are considered to obligate parasites of insects meaning that they must parasitize their host to survive and reproduce. Entomopathogenic Nematodes are used as biological insecticides in pest management. These nematodes are considered to be non-toxic to humans and have been very beneficial to the Integrated Pest Management for both agricultural and residential use. They can be found naturally in soils but also can be implemented into almost any soil type and be effective at eliminating pests. <br /> <br /> == Description == <br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes are soft-bodied, non-segmented roundworms that parasitize their prey and use their body for homes and their bodily fluids for nutrients.<br /> <br /> == Phenology == <br /> '''Kingdom''': Animals<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Phylum''': Nematoda<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Class''': Chromadorea<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Order''': Rhabditida<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Family''': Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae<br /> ----<br /> <br /> '''Genus''': Steinernema/ Heterohabditis<br /> ----<br /> [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> == Life Cycle ==<br /> [[File:lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|right|Life cycle of Entomopathogenic Nematodes[9]]<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes first start their life cycles at the infective juvenile stage of their life. This is before they infect a host and it's the only free living stage of life that occurs during their life cycle. Then the juvenile finds an insect host to infect by entering through any possible natural opening they can find such as spiracles, the mouth of an insect, the anus, or in some less common cases through intersegmental membranes of the cuticle. About 24-48 hours after the nematode infests its prey the host finally dies while the nematodes mature to and adult stage and then reproduce. The host surprisingly does not die from just being infected by the nematode but dies from the intestinal symbiotic bacteria that is released by the nematodes. Depending on available resources after maturation and reproduction inside the host one or more generations may be able to survive inside a singular host[2]. This whole process from the beginning of the juvenile stage where they spend most of their life through adulthood and eventually death is approximately 42-56 days. <br /> <br /> == Host Selection ==<br /> [[File:host(2).jpg|thumb|right| host infected with thousands of entomopathogenic nematodes [10] ]]<br /> These specific nematodes will either sit and wait till they find a host that they can infect or they will be actively moving and searching for a host they can easily infect[6]. Studies have shown that Entomopathogenic Nematodes use their olfactory bulbs to &quot;sniff&quot; out chemical signals that insects release into the air. These nematodes are most commonly attracted to the carbon dioxide signals emitted by insects. The volatile components released by insect feces are also a common trigger of the olfactory nerve inside these nematodes that allow them to find a host[5]. By using these scents the Nematodes are able to find new hosts generation after generation.<br /> <br /> == Reproduction ==<br /> The reproduction stages of life depends on which family of Entomopathogenic Nematode is being observed. In the Steinernematidae family after the juvenile finds a host whether it is live or dead they will develop into either a male or female. In this family of nematodes multiple nematodes need to infect the same host in order to reproduce but once this occurs, then breeding occurs between one of the males and one of the females and the female will then lay their eggs within the host. <br /> On the other hand for the Heterorhabditidae family after entering the host they are considered to be self-fertile hermaphrodites. A hermaphroditic nematode has both sex organs that a male and a female would have and therefore does not need to colonize a host with another nematode of the opposite sex. Research shows that this happens more often due to the relative abundance being fairly low for this family so adaptations occurred throughout time[3]. <br /> <br /> == Agricultural Value ==<br /> Entomopathogenic Nematodes can control agricultural pests due to mutualistic relationships with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus[7]. This bacteria can cause disease in unwanted pests by suppressing both cellular and humoral insect immunity[7]. The most commonly used and most agriculturally effective nematodes were of those from the Steinernematidae/ Heterorhabditidae families[8]. Since Entomopathogenic Nematodes are nontoxic to humans and provide a great ecosystem service to agricultural areas, this field is continues to grow and more information from different countries is being recorded and published[8]. <br /> <br /> == References ==<br /> [1] bugsforgrowers.com picture taken by G.B Jagdale, 2015<br /> ----<br /> [2] http://entnemdept.ufl.edu, Author: Nastaran Tofangsaz<br /> ----<br /> [3] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3578460/ Author: Christine T. Griffin<br /> ----<br /> [4] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomopathogenic_nematode<br /> ----<br /> [5] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4993646/#:~:text=A%20number%20of%20studies%20have,)%20%5B10%E2%80%9315%5D.<br /> ----<br /> [6] https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-017-06620-2 Author: Tiffany Baiocchi, Grant Lee, Dong-Hwang Choe, and Adler R. Dillman<br /> ----<br /> [7] de Brida, A., Rosa, J., Oliveira, C. et al. Entomopathogenic nematodes in agricultural areas in Brazil. Sci Rep 7, 45254 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep45254<br /> ----<br /> [8] Catharine M. Mannion, Richard K. Jansson, Comparison of Ten Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Sweetpotato Weevil (Coleoptera: Apionidae), Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 85, Issue 5, 1 October 1992, Pages 1642–1650, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/85.5.1642<br /> ----<br /> [9]“Figure 1: Mortality OfBombus Terrestrisexposed to Entomopathogenic Nematodes.” doi:10.7717/peerj.1413/fig-1.</div>

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