Soil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]

Wood frog

2021-05-04T18:16:48Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(''Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica'') is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. They belong to the Order Anura, Family being Ranidae.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution and Habitat ==

[[File:woodfrogmap.gif]]

Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. During the summer months they can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines,bogs or forested swamps During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands. When spring comes they will migrate into forested wetlands or other protected bodies of water to breed. This migration can be somewhat explosive with large numbers migrating.
For breeding these frogs find temporary pools of water of [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]]. This can be any cut off water sources like in a stream or ponds, even in ditches. These are usually fish free to increase survivability of the offspring. Wood frogs are diurnal and are rarely seen at night but often heard in loud chores during mating seasons.

== Cold Tolerance ==
Wood frogs one of the only amphibians to inhabit the Arctic Circle. The wood frog has a freeze tolerance. This freeze tolerance is capable due to the rapid synthesis of glucose from liver glycogen and the distribution of this cryoprotective agent to cells throughout the body. This distribution enhances the survival of cells, tissues, and organs. This was seen by experimentally adding additional glucose to the frog which increases its tolerance to freezing (Costanzo et al. 1993). This glucose distribution will raise the osmotic pressure of the body fluids, which in turn reduces the amount of ice that forms at any given temperature. The extra gluclose will casue a decrease in the degree of cell shrinkage during freezing, and also works as a fermentable fuel that can be metabolized in the absence of oxygen. The wood frog also uses urea as a cryoprotectant. Unlike glucose, urea is accumulated during autumn and early winter, and is already localized within cells when freezing begins. Some evidence suggests that urea is more efficacious than glucose in preventing cryoinjury (Costanzo and Lee 2005).
== Diet ==
Wood Frogs are omnivores. While inhabiting the forests as adults they feed on a variety of small invertebrates that they find on the forest floor. As tadpoles they will feed on algae or detritus and even larvae of amphibians. Cannibalism has often been observed in tadpoles when starvation is the alternative.

== Reproduction ==
The Wood frogs emerge from the leaf litter in late winter or early spring, usually March. The head to a nearby body of water and begin looking for a mate. The male wood frog has a short quack like mating call. Once the frogs pair the female will lay egg clutches of 300-1000 eggs. The eggs will hatch between 9 to 30 days after they are laid. Males will mature between 1 and 2 years and Females after about 3 years. Some individuals will only reproduce once in there lives, others two or three times as their life span is on average 4 years.

----

== References ==
Berven, Keith A., and Thaddeus A. Grudzien. “Dispersal in the Wood Frog (Rana Sylvatica): Implications for Genetic Population Structure.” Evolution, vol. 44, no. 8, 1990, pp. 2047–56. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/2409614.

Conlon, J. M., et al. “Freeze Tolerance in the Wood Frog Rana Sylvatica Is Associated with Unusual Structural Features in Insulin but Not in Glucagon.” Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 21, no. 2, Oct. 1998, pp. 153–59. PubMed, doi:10.1677/jme.0.0210153.

Costanzo, Jon P., et al. “Cryoprotectants and Extreme Freeze Tolerance in a Subarctic Population of the Wood Frog.” PLOS ONE, vol. 10, no. 2, Feb. 2015, p. e0117234. PLoS Journals, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117234.

“Explosive Breeding Reduces Egg and Tadpole Cannibalism in the Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica.” Animal Behaviour, vol. 50, no. 3, Jan. 1995, pp. 731–39. www.sciencedirect.com, doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80133-2.

Virginia Herpetological Society. http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com. Accessed 4 May 2021.

“Wood Frog | Vermont Center for Ecostudies.” Vermont Center for Ecostudies | Uniting People & Science for Conservation, 5 June 2014, https://vtecostudies.org/wildlife/amphibians/wood-frog/.

Wood frog

2021-05-04T18:16:14Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(''Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica'') is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. They belong to the Order Anura, Family being Ranidae.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution and Habitat ==

[[File:woodfrogmap.gif]]

Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. During the summer months they can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines,bogs or forested swamps During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands. When spring comes they will migrate into forested wetlands or other protected bodies of water to breed. This migration can be somewhat explosive with large numbers migrating.
For breeding these frogs find temporary pools of water of [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]]. This can be any cut off water sources like in a stream or ponds, even in ditches. These are usually fish free to increase survivability of the offspring. Wood frogs are diurnal and are rarely seen at night but often heard in loud chores during mating seasons.

== Cold Tolerance ==
Wood frogs one of the only amphibians to inhabit the Arctic Circle. The wood frog has a freeze tolerance. This freeze tolerance is capable due to the rapid synthesis of glucose from liver glycogen and the distribution of this cryoprotective agent to cells throughout the body. This distribution enhances the survival of cells, tissues, and organs. This was seen by experimentally adding additional glucose to the frog which increases its tolerance to freezing (Costanzo et al. 1993). This glucose distribution will raise the osmotic pressure of the body fluids, which in turn reduces the amount of ice that forms at any given temperature. The extra gluclose will casue a decrease in the degree of cell shrinkage during freezing, and also works as a fermentable fuel that can be metabolized in the absence of oxygen. The wood frog also uses urea as a cryoprotectant. Unlike glucose, urea is accumulated during autumn and early winter, and is already localized within cells when freezing begins. Some evidence suggests that urea is more efficacious than glucose in preventing cryoinjury (Costanzo and Lee 2005).
== Diet ==
Wood Frogs are omnivores. While inhabiting the forests as adults they feed on a variety of small invertebrates that they find on the forest floor. As tadpoles they will feed on algae or detritus and even larvae of amphibians. Cannibalism has often been observed in tadpoles when starvation is the alternative.

== Reproduction ==
The Wood frogs emerge from the leaf litter in late winter or early spring, usually March. The head to a nearby body of water and begin looking for a mate. The male wood frog has a short quack like mating call. Once the frogs pair the female will lay egg clutches of 300-1000 eggs. The eggs will hatch between 9 to 30 days after they are laid. Males will mature between 1 and 2 years and Females after about 3 years. Some individuals will only reproduce once in there lives, others two or three times as their life span is on average 4 years.

----

== References ==
Berven, Keith A., and Thaddeus A. Grudzien. “Dispersal in the Wood Frog (Rana Sylvatica): Implications for Genetic Population Structure.” Evolution, vol. 44, no. 8, 1990, pp. 2047–56. JSTOR, doi:10.2307/2409614.
Conlon, J. M., et al. “Freeze Tolerance in the Wood Frog Rana Sylvatica Is Associated with Unusual Structural Features in Insulin but Not in Glucagon.” Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, vol. 21, no. 2, Oct. 1998, pp. 153–59. PubMed, doi:10.1677/jme.0.0210153.
Costanzo, Jon P., et al. “Cryoprotectants and Extreme Freeze Tolerance in a Subarctic Population of the Wood Frog.” PLOS ONE, vol. 10, no. 2, Feb. 2015, p. e0117234. PLoS Journals, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117234.
“Explosive Breeding Reduces Egg and Tadpole Cannibalism in the Wood Frog, Rana Sylvatica.” Animal Behaviour, vol. 50, no. 3, Jan. 1995, pp. 731–39. www.sciencedirect.com, doi:10.1016/0003-3472(95)80133-2.
Virginia Herpetological Society. http://www.virginiaherpetologicalsociety.com. Accessed 4 May 2021.
“Wood Frog | Vermont Center for Ecostudies.” Vermont Center for Ecostudies | Uniting People & Science for Conservation, 5 June 2014, https://vtecostudies.org/wildlife/amphibians/wood-frog/.

Wood frog

2021-05-04T18:05:37Z

Nhertel:

Wood frog

2021-05-04T18:05:07Z

Nhertel:

Wood frog

2021-05-04T18:03:17Z

Nhertel: /* Diet */

American toad

2021-05-04T18:00:25Z

Nhertel: /* Range and Subspecies */

'''American toad'''''(Anaxyrus americanus)'': the American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada.
[[File:bufame210.jpg]]

== Description ==
The American toad is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length. Its coloration can change with the humidity and temperature. Predominantly brown, it can have hues of red or olive green. Noticeable warts on its skin, two large ones behind their eyes. These bumps behind their eyes are their parotoid glands that can secrete a bufotoxin, that is used to deter predators. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. Females are slightly larger than males.

== Range and Subspecies ==
These toads can be found throughout most of the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. It prefers cool woodlands with lots of moisture, but can live in meadows, fields, and gardens. There are thought to be three different subspecies of the American toad. There are currently two subspecies of the American toad, the Eastern American toad (''Anaxyrus americanus'') and the Dwarf American toad (''A. a. charlesmithi''). The range of the Dwarf American Toad is more concentrated.There has been some hybridization with the Woodhouse's toad (''Anaxyrus woodhousii'') when there is range overlap, which is native to the Central United States
[[File:range23.gif]]

== Life Cycle and Behavior ==
Depending on temperature and location, mating can being as early as March and ends in July. The males will find a shallow spot in wetlands or ponds and call to attract females. The males generally only call at night but will call during wet days during the peak of mating season.
[https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/terrestrial/amphibians/armi/frog_calls/american_toad.wav] Once the mating takes place the female will lay from 2,000- 20,000 eggs in a long strand. The eggs will hatch after 3-12 days. The eggs hatching usually happens from June to August. Once the eggs hatch they develop into tadpoles and then after about 60 days turn into fully developed toads. While tadpoles are developing they feed on algae. An American Toad will reach sexual maturity after 2-4 years.
Once the toads reach adulthood they feed during the early morning into the night. The toads feed on a variety of insects. The toad will often hide in leaf litter to avoid predators. The toads will burrow in moist soils, and hibernate in these burrows during the winter.

== References ==

Altig, Ronald, et al. Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada. 1st ed., Cornell University Press, 2015. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1tm7g59. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

(“Eastern American Toad Fact Sheet - Signs of the Seasons: A New England Phenology Program - University of Maine Cooperative Extension”)
“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.

Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.

“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

Wood frog

2021-05-04T00:29:53Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(''Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica'') is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. They belong to the Order Anura, Family being Ranidae.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution and Habitat ==

[[File:woodfrogmap.gif]]

Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. During the summer months they can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines,bogs or forested swamps During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands. When spring comes they will migrate into forested wetlands or other protected bodies of water to breed. This migration can be somewhat explosive with large numbers migrating.
For breeding these frogs find temporary pools of water of [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]]. This can be any cut off water sources like in a stream or ponds, even in ditches. These are usually fish free to increase survivability of the offspring. Wood frogs are diurnal and are rarely seen at night but often heard in loud chores during mating seasons.

== Cold Tolerance ==
Wood frogs one of the only amphibians to inhabit the Arctic Circle. The wood frog has a freeze tolerance. This freeze tolerance is capable due to the rapid synthesis of glucose from liver glycogen and the distribution of this cryoprotective agent to cells throughout the body. This distribution enhances the survival of cells, tissues, and organs. This was seen by experimentally adding additional glucose to the frog which increases its tolerance to freezing (Costanzo et al. 1993). This glucose distribution will raise the osmotic pressure of the body fluids, which in turn reduces the amount of ice that forms at any given temperature. The extra gluclose will casue a decrease in the degree of cell shrinkage during freezing, and also works as a fermentable fuel that can be metabolized in the absence of oxygen. The wood frog also uses urea as a cryoprotectant. Unlike glucose, urea is accumulated during autumn and early winter, and is already localized within cells when freezing begins. Some evidence suggests that urea is more efficacious than glucose in preventing cryoinjury (Costanzo and Lee 2005).
== Diet ==
Wood Frogs are omnivores. While inhabiting the forests as adults they feed on a variety of small invertebrates that they find on the forest floor. As tadpoles they will feed on algae or detritus and even larvae of amphibians.

== Reproduction ==
The Wood frogs emerge from the leaf litter in late winter or early spring, usually March. The head to a nearby body of water and begin looking for a mate. The male wood frog has a short quack like mating call. Once the frogs pair the female will lay egg clutches of 300-1000 eggs. The eggs will hatch between 9 to 30 days after they are laid. Males will mature between 1 and 2 years and Females after about 3 years. Some individuals will only reproduce once in there lives, others two or three times as their life span is on average 4 years.

Wood frog

2021-05-04T00:29:12Z

Nhertel: /* Distribution and Habitat */

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. They belong to the Order Anura, Family being Ranidae.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution and Habitat ==

[[File:woodfrogmap.gif]]

Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. During the summer months they can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines,bogs or forested swamps During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands. When spring comes they will migrate into forested wetlands or other protected bodies of water to breed. This migration can be somewhat explosive with large numbers migrating.
For breeding these frogs find temporary pools of water of [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]]. This can be any cut off water sources like in a stream or ponds, even in ditches. These are usually fish free to increase survivability of the offspring. Wood frogs are diurnal and are rarely seen at night but often heard in loud chores during mating seasons.

== Cold Tolerance ==
Wood frogs one of the only amphibians to inhabit the Arctic Circle. The wood frog has a freeze tolerance. This freeze tolerance is capable due to the rapid synthesis of glucose from liver glycogen and the distribution of this cryoprotective agent to cells throughout the body. This distribution enhances the survival of cells, tissues, and organs. This was seen by experimentally adding additional glucose to the frog which increases its tolerance to freezing (Costanzo et al. 1993). This glucose distribution will raise the osmotic pressure of the body fluids, which in turn reduces the amount of ice that forms at any given temperature. The extra gluclose will casue a decrease in the degree of cell shrinkage during freezing, and also works as a fermentable fuel that can be metabolized in the absence of oxygen. The wood frog also uses urea as a cryoprotectant. Unlike glucose, urea is accumulated during autumn and early winter, and is already localized within cells when freezing begins. Some evidence suggests that urea is more efficacious than glucose in preventing cryoinjury (Costanzo and Lee 2005).
== Diet ==
Wood Frogs are omnivores. While inhabiting the forests as adults they feed on a variety of small invertebrates that they find on the forest floor. As tadpoles they will feed on algae or detritus and even larvae of amphibians.

== Reproduction ==
The Wood frogs emerge from the leaf litter in late winter or early spring, usually March. The head to a nearby body of water and begin looking for a mate. The male wood frog has a short quack like mating call. Once the frogs pair the female will lay egg clutches of 300-1000 eggs. The eggs will hatch between 9 to 30 days after they are laid. Males will mature between 1 and 2 years and Females after about 3 years. Some individuals will only reproduce once in there lives, others two or three times as their life span is on average 4 years.

Wood frog

2021-05-04T00:28:53Z

Nhertel: /* Distribution and Habitat */

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. They belong to the Order Anura, Family being Ranidae.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution and Habitat ==

[[File:woodfrogmap.gif]]
Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. During the summer months they can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines,bogs or forested swamps During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands. When spring comes they will migrate into forested wetlands or other protected bodies of water to breed. This migration can be somewhat explosive with large numbers migrating.
For breeding these frogs find temporary pools of water of [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]]. This can be any cut off water sources like in a stream or ponds, even in ditches. These are usually fish free to increase survivability of the offspring. Wood frogs are diurnal and are rarely seen at night but often heard in loud chores during mating seasons.

== Cold Tolerance ==
Wood frogs one of the only amphibians to inhabit the Arctic Circle. The wood frog has a freeze tolerance. This freeze tolerance is capable due to the rapid synthesis of glucose from liver glycogen and the distribution of this cryoprotective agent to cells throughout the body. This distribution enhances the survival of cells, tissues, and organs. This was seen by experimentally adding additional glucose to the frog which increases its tolerance to freezing (Costanzo et al. 1993). This glucose distribution will raise the osmotic pressure of the body fluids, which in turn reduces the amount of ice that forms at any given temperature. The extra gluclose will casue a decrease in the degree of cell shrinkage during freezing, and also works as a fermentable fuel that can be metabolized in the absence of oxygen. The wood frog also uses urea as a cryoprotectant. Unlike glucose, urea is accumulated during autumn and early winter, and is already localized within cells when freezing begins. Some evidence suggests that urea is more efficacious than glucose in preventing cryoinjury (Costanzo and Lee 2005).
== Diet ==
Wood Frogs are omnivores. While inhabiting the forests as adults they feed on a variety of small invertebrates that they find on the forest floor. As tadpoles they will feed on algae or detritus and even larvae of amphibians.

== Reproduction ==
The Wood frogs emerge from the leaf litter in late winter or early spring, usually March. The head to a nearby body of water and begin looking for a mate. The male wood frog has a short quack like mating call. Once the frogs pair the female will lay egg clutches of 300-1000 eggs. The eggs will hatch between 9 to 30 days after they are laid. Males will mature between 1 and 2 years and Females after about 3 years. Some individuals will only reproduce once in there lives, others two or three times as their life span is on average 4 years.

File:Woodfrogmap.gif

2021-05-04T00:28:14Z

Nhertel:

Wood frog

2021-05-04T00:27:07Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. They belong to the Order Anura, Family being Ranidae.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution and Habitat ==

[[File:woodfrogmap.jpg]]
Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. During the summer months they can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines,bogs or forested swamps During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands. When spring comes they will migrate into forested wetlands or other protected bodies of water to breed. This migration can be somewhat explosive with large numbers migrating.
For breeding these frogs find temporary pools of water of [[Vernal Pools|vernal pools]]. This can be any cut off water sources like in a stream or ponds, even in ditches. These are usually fish free to increase survivability of the offspring. Wood frogs are diurnal and are rarely seen at night but often heard in loud chores during mating seasons.

== Cold Tolerance ==
Wood frogs one of the only amphibians to inhabit the Arctic Circle. The wood frog has a freeze tolerance. This freeze tolerance is capable due to the rapid synthesis of glucose from liver glycogen and the distribution of this cryoprotective agent to cells throughout the body. This distribution enhances the survival of cells, tissues, and organs. This was seen by experimentally adding additional glucose to the frog which increases its tolerance to freezing (Costanzo et al. 1993). This glucose distribution will raise the osmotic pressure of the body fluids, which in turn reduces the amount of ice that forms at any given temperature. The extra gluclose will casue a decrease in the degree of cell shrinkage during freezing, and also works as a fermentable fuel that can be metabolized in the absence of oxygen. The wood frog also uses urea as a cryoprotectant. Unlike glucose, urea is accumulated during autumn and early winter, and is already localized within cells when freezing begins. Some evidence suggests that urea is more efficacious than glucose in preventing cryoinjury (Costanzo and Lee 2005).
== Diet ==
Wood Frogs are omnivores. While inhabiting the forests as adults they feed on a variety of small invertebrates that they find on the forest floor. As tadpoles they will feed on algae or detritus and even larvae of amphibians.

== Reproduction ==
The Wood frogs emerge from the leaf litter in late winter or early spring, usually March. The head to a nearby body of water and begin looking for a mate. The male wood frog has a short quack like mating call. Once the frogs pair the female will lay egg clutches of 300-1000 eggs. The eggs will hatch between 9 to 30 days after they are laid. Males will mature between 1 and 2 years and Females after about 3 years. Some individuals will only reproduce once in there lives, others two or three times as their life span is on average 4 years.

Wood frog

2021-04-26T22:12:13Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. They belong to the Order Anura, Family being Ranidae.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution and Habitat ==
Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. During the summer months they can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines,bogs or forested swamps During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands. When spring comes they will migrate into forested wetlands or other protected bodies of water to breed. This migration can be somewhat explosive with large numbers migrating.
For breeding these frogs find temporary pools of water of vernal pools. This can be any cut off water sources like in a stream or ponds, even in ditches. These are usually fish free to increase survivability of the offspring. Wood frogs are diurnal and are rarely seen at night but often heard in loud chores during mating seasons.

== Cold Tolerance ==
Wood frogs one of the only amphibians to inhabit the Arctic Circle. The wood frog has a freeze tolerance. This freeze tolerance is capable due to the rapid synthesis of glucose from liver glycogen and the distribution of this cryoprotective agent to cells throughout the body. This distribution enhances the survival of cells, tissues, and organs. This was seen by experimentally adding additional glucose to the frog which increases its tolerance to freezing (Costanzo et al. 1993). This glucose distribution will raise the osmotic pressure of the body fluids, which in turn reduces the amount of ice that forms at any given temperature. The extra gluclose will casue a decrease in the degree of cell shrinkage during freezing, and also works as a fermentable fuel that can be metabolized in the absence of oxygen. The wood frog also uses urea as a cryoprotectant. Unlike glucose, urea is accumulated during autumn and early winter, and is already localized within cells when freezing begins. Some evidence suggests that urea is more efficacious than glucose in preventing cryoinjury (Costanzo and Lee 2005).
== Diet ==
Wood Frogs are omnivores. While inhabiting the forests as adults they feed on a variety of small invertebrates that they find on the forest floor. As tadpoles they will feed on algae or detritus and even larvae of amphibians.

== Reproduction ==
The Wood frogs emerge from the leaf litter in late winter or early spring, usually March. The head to a nearby body of water and begin looking for a mate. The male wood frog has a short quack like mating call. Once the frogs pair the female will lay egg clutches of 300-1000 eggs. The eggs will hatch between 9 to 30 days after they are laid. Males will mature between 1 and 2 years and Females after about 3 years. Some individuals will only reproduce once in there lives, others two or three times as their life span is on average 4 years.

Wood frog

2021-04-26T21:53:38Z

Nhertel:

Wood frog

2021-04-26T19:30:26Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution and Habitat ==
Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. During the summer months they can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines,bogs or forested swamps During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands. When spring comes they will migrate into forested wetlands or other protected bodies of water to breed. This migration can be somewhat explosive with large numbers migrating.
For breeding these frogs find temporary pools of water of vernal pools. This can be any cut off water sources like in a stream or ponds, even in ditches. Wood frogs are diurnal and are rarely seen at night but often heard in loud chores during mating seasons.

== Diet ==
Wood Frogs are omnivores. While inhabiting the forests as adults they feed on a variety of small invertebrates that they find on the forest floor. As tadpoles they will feed on alage or detritus and even larvae of amphibians.

Wood frog

2021-04-26T19:00:57Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males and tend to be more brightly colored. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

== Distribution ==
Wood Frogs can be found through most of Canada and Alaska and as far south as northern Georgia. In the United States they are mostly found in the Northeastern states.

== Habitat ==
Wood frogs are forest dwelling amphibians. They can be found in an moist forested areas, ravines, They move into wetlands to breed. They are thought to be an obligate species in vernal pools. During the winter months the seek refuge in leaf litter in the uplands.

Wood frog

2021-04-26T18:32:50Z

Nhertel: /* Description */

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]

The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

File:Wood-frog.jpg

2021-04-26T18:32:04Z

Nhertel:

Wood frog

2021-04-26T18:30:27Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States.
== Description ==
[[File:wood-frog.jpg]]
The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

Wood frog

2021-04-26T18:23:12Z

Nhertel:

Wood Frog(Lithobates sylvaticus or Rana sylvatica) is a terrestrial frog found throughout North America. It can be found in the up into the north most boreal forests of Canada down to the Appalachian Mountains of the United States.
== Description ==
The wood frog is a small frog ranging in size from an inch to three and a half inches in length as an adult. Females are typically larger than males. It can be brown, tan to rust colored with distinct black patches over it's eyes that resemble a mask.The underbelly a greenish yellow Coloration may vary with individual depending on conditions. Two distinct ridges run down it's back on each side.

Wood frog

2021-04-26T18:07:34Z

Nhertel: Created page with "Wood Frog"

Wood Frog

American toad

2021-04-13T00:06:26Z

Nhertel:

'''American toad'''''(Anaxyrus americanus)'': the American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada.
[[File:bufame210.jpg]]

== Description ==
The American toad is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length. Its coloration can change with the humidity and temperature. Predominantly brown, it can have hues of red or olive green. Noticeable warts on its skin, two large ones behind their eyes. These bumps behind their eyes are their parotoid glands that can secrete a bufotoxin, that is used to deter predators. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. Females are slightly larger than males.

== Range and Subspecies ==
These toads can be found throughout most of the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. It prefers cool woodlands with lots of moisture, but can live in meadows, fields, and gardens. There are thought to be three different subspecies of the American toad. There are currently two subspecies of the American toad, the Eastern American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and the Dwarf American toad (A. a. charlesmithi). The range of the Dwarf American Toad is more concentrated.There has been some hybridization with the Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) when there is range overlap, which is native to the Central United States
[[File:range23.gif]]
== Life Cycle and Behavior ==
Depending on temperature and location, mating can being as early as March and ends in July. The males will find a shallow spot in wetlands or ponds and call to attract females. The males generally only call at night but will call during wet days during the peak of mating season.
[https://www.umesc.usgs.gov/terrestrial/amphibians/armi/frog_calls/american_toad.wav] Once the mating takes place the female will lay from 2,000- 20,000 eggs in a long strand. The eggs will hatch after 3-12 days. The eggs hatching usually happens from June to August. Once the eggs hatch they develop into tadpoles and then after about 60 days turn into fully developed toads. While tadpoles are developing they feed on algae. An American Toad will reach sexual maturity after 2-4 years.
Once the toads reach adulthood they feed during the early morning into the night. The toads feed on a variety of insects. The toad will often hide in leaf litter to avoid predators. The toads will burrow in moist soils, and hibernate in these burrows during the winter.

== References ==

Altig, Ronald, et al. Handbook of Larval Amphibians of the United States and Canada. 1st ed., Cornell University Press, 2015. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt1tm7g59. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

(“Eastern American Toad Fact Sheet - Signs of the Seasons: A New England Phenology Program - University of Maine Cooperative Extension”)
“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

Pauly, Gregory B., et al. “THE HISTORY OF A NEARCTIC COLONIZATION: MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF THE NEARCTIC TOADS (BUFO).” Evolution, no. 11, The Society for the Study of Evolution, 2004, p. 2517. Crossref, doi:10.1554/04-208.

Vaughan, Andres, and Joseph R. Mendelson. “Taxonomy and Ecology of the Central American Toads of the Genus Crepidophryne (Anura: Bufonidae).” Copeia, no. 2, American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists (ASIH), May 2007, pp. 304–14. Crossref, doi:10.1643/0045-8511(2007)7[304:taeotc]2.0.co;2.

“IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/54570/56843565. Accessed 12 Apr. 2021.

American toad

2021-04-12T23:46:09Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T23:45:14Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T23:44:21Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T23:24:41Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T23:17:47Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T23:11:54Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T23:02:31Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T23:01:42Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T23:00:59Z

Nhertel:

File:Bufame210.jpg

2021-04-12T23:00:18Z

Nhertel: the American Toad

the American Toad

American toad

2021-04-12T22:59:46Z

Nhertel:

'''American toad'''''(Anaxyrus americanus)'': [[File:bufame210.jpg]] the American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada.

== Description ==
The American toad is a medium size toad that grows up to 5-9 cm or 2-4 inches in length. Its coloration can change with the humidity and temperature. Predominantly brown, it can have hues of red or olive green. Noticeable warts on its skin, two large ones behind their eyes. These bumps behind their eyes are their parotoid glands that can secrete a bufotoxin, that is used to deter predators. Their bellies are whitish or yellow, usually with dark spots. Females are slightly larger than males.

== Range and Subspecies ==
These toads can be found throughout most of the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Canada. It prefers cool woodlands with lots of moisture, but can live in meadows, fields, and gardens. There are thought to be three different subspecies of the American toad. There are currently two subspecies of the American toad, the Eastern American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) and the Dwarf American toad (A. a. charlesmithi). The range of the Dwarf American Toad is more concentrated. [[File:range23.gif]]
There has been some hybridization with the Woodhouse's toad (Anaxyrus woodhousii) when there is range overlap, which is native to the Central United States

== Life Cycle and Behavior ==
Depending on temperature and location, mating can being as early as March

American toad

2021-04-12T22:53:28Z

Nhertel:

File:Range23.gif

2021-04-12T22:48:01Z

Nhertel: Range of Eastern American Toad and the Dwarf American Toad.

Range of Eastern American Toad and the Dwarf American Toad.

American toad

2021-04-12T22:47:01Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T22:42:54Z

Nhertel:

American toad

2021-04-12T22:42:34Z

Nhertel: Created page with "'''American toad'''''(Anaxyrus americanus)'': the American toad is a common toad species that can be found throughout the Eastern and Central parts of the United States and Ca..."