https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Mastrong 2026-04-14T22:33:39Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=11229 2023-05-12T17:42:26Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Proturan in soil [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are a type of [[hexapod]] that reside in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small, either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans, despite having six legs, are not considered to be true [[insects]], though this is controversial. Instead, they are a unique order within the animal kingdom believed to be a sister group to [[collembola]]n, but they may be considered their own separate class. They are collectively comprised of more than 800 species across most continents [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The determination of a proturan's morphological taxonomy is highly difficult, and only a small number of taxonomists possess the expertise to achieve this. The location and length ratio, particularly of some foretarsal bristles, play a key role in species identification when observing characteristics such as bristle arrangement or pattern. Alternatively, small splices of their DNA can be studied and compared for species identification. While their complete taxonomic rank is still being figured out, we do know that all proturans reside within a suborder of either eosentomoidea or acerentomoidea [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> Proturans have a poor capacity to disperse, which is mostly due to water and human-mediated transmission. They are also [[soil]]-obligate, meaning they are restricted to [[soil]] habitats and have &quot;mutual&quot; interactions with those environments. However, for up to five days, they can live and move when immersed in freshwater. This fact has helped us discover how proturans have used debris rafts for long-distance traveling, similar to that of other microscopic [[soil]]-dwelling [[arthropods]] such as [[mites]] [4]. Their distribution in aggregates is most likely influenced by their diet, the quality and availability of fungal hyphae, and the creation of aggregation pheromones. Proturans often group together to create species assemblages that represent certain environments. Additionally, they frequently have populations with a high ratio of females to males [5].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> There are several main characteristics that may be shared throughout the various species of proturans. These include the presence or absence of a tracheal system, a rostrum, the size and shape of the mouthparts, the number of segments of the abdominal appendages, and the presence or absence of teeth on the lid covering the large glands on the sides of their exoskeleton [7]. Essentially all proturans do not have any antennae or compound eyes. To make up for the loss of the antenna, the growth and usage of abundant and diverse appendages, namely sensilla on their prolegs (fleshy stubs), may be used as sensory parts instead [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Parts of a proturan [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. (2004). &quot;Proturans (Protura)&quot;. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht:1842–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3467<br /> <br /> [2] Resch, M. C., J. Shrubovych, D. Bartel, N. U. Szucsich, G. Timelthaler, Y. Bu, M. Walzl, &amp; G. Pass. (March 2014). &quot;Where taxonomy based on subtle morphological differences is perfectly mirrored by huge genetic distances: DNA barcoding in Protura (hexapoda)&quot;. PLoS ONE 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090653<br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] Galli, L. &amp; I. Rellini. (July 2020). &quot;The geographic distribution of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda): A Review&quot;. Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 35. https://doi.org/10.21426/B635048595<br /> <br /> [5] Galli, L., M. Capurro, E. Colasanto, T. Molyneux, A. Murray, C. Torti, and M. Zinni (January 2020). &quot;A synopsis of the [[ecology]] of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)&quot;. Revue suisse de Zoologie 126(2), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463443<br /> <br /> [6] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/8643077843 &quot;Festival of Proturans Part II poss. Acerentomon sp.&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/ Andy Murray] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]<br /> <br /> [7] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, &amp; M. Zinni. (July 2018). &quot;Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key&quot;. ZooKeys 772:1–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.24410<br /> <br /> [8] Allen, R. T., A. Lawrence, &amp; R. L. Brown. (August 2014). &quot;A comparative study of the sensory structures among three basal hexapodclades (Arthropoda: [[Collembola]], Protura, [[Diplura]]) using scanning electronmicrographs&quot;. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20:1280–1281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614008137<br /> <br /> [9] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/21404515062 &quot;protura_flickr&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/ Frost Museum] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10590 2023-05-08T03:54:15Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Shapes.jpg|325px|thumb|right|Several diatom frustule shapes [1].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> <br /> Diatoms are tiny, single-celled algal plants that are made of silica and other minerals. They are typically found in marine environments, but can survive in other areas with enough moisture, including [[soil]] habitats. Each of the more than 8,000 species has a skeleton that is ornate and symmetrical, unique from that of every other species. The skeletons can take the shape of crescents, discs, rectangles, triangles, stars, or other different geometric shapes. One of its byproducts, called diatomaceous earth, has various practical applications due to its silica content and extremely small size [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> While diatoms belong to the supergroup chromalveolates, individual species can be incredibly difficult to identify due to their sheer numbers as well as inconsistency in how observations are interpreted. This results in multiple taxa being lumped together for ease of comparison. Even with 75,000 taxa already recognized, many regions of earth have neither been explored for their presence or absence nor inventoried if they do exist. As a result of these conundrums, the identification of taxa depends on the precise observation of discrete and continuous features, primarily those seen in the diatoms' glassy cell walls. Many classification guides have been developed through the years with the goal of creating a standard with more clear categories and organization [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Ochrophytina<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Bacillariophyceae<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> The lack of data on the [[ecology]] of [[Terrestrial ecology|terrestrial]] diatoms is the greatest barrier to future research. [[Terrestrial ecology|Terrestrial]] diatoms can be used as indicators for the quality of both aquatic and [[soil]] environments. Also, land use and [[soil pH]] are important factors in determining the ecological condition of the diatom sites and have the greatest influence on how their communities are structured. Studies looking at [[soil]] algae populations as a whole have revealed that they are very sensitive to disturbance causes [5]. In a range of [[Terrestrial ecology|terrestrial]] environments, including [[soil]]s, [[moss]]es, wet walls, and rocks, many taxa may persist and reproduce. For diatoms, forests provide a stable microhabitat, and agricultural techniques, rather than seasonal variations in environmental factors, regulate the majority of the diatom communities' temporal fluctuation. Lastly, diatoms play a very crucial role in the [[Nutrient Cycling|carbon cycle]] by facilitating the production of chemical energy in organic compounds [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|350px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> Diatoms also have the ability to generate a porous silica cell wall, known as the frustule, that makes up the structure of their skeleton. These cell walls display a staggering variety of pore patterns and species-specific forms. They typically belong to one of two anatomical categories; centrales or pennates, characterized by either radial or bilateral symmetry of their frustule, respectively. In both situations, the live cell is enclosed by a hypotheca that is inserted into a somewhat larger epitheca inside the frustule. The frustule's size varies from a few microns to millimeters depending on the species. The hypotheca and epitheca can both be thought of as valves encircled by lateral girdles. Each layer of a valve is composed of a number of pores in more or less regular patterns, the size and location of which vary depending on the species and layer [8]. Their form and function are also made up of other morphological characteristics such as pore size, shape, porosity, and pore organization. For example, pore size and organization can be optimized to be smaller, which allows for more efficient blocking of viruses or other harmful particles [9]. Diatoms are so complex, there are even more structures and characteristics worth mentioning. A number of silica bands are connected by their borders to form the girdle, which connects the protoplasm with the frustule. The first girdle bands can be one of the factors in determining the overall shape and ability of the diatom. Research on their nanostructures will continue for quite some time, especially for engineering we can apply on a larger scale [10].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Anatomical orientation of a diatom [11].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolinabio/6622267417 &quot;Mixed diatom frustules&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolinabio/ Carolina Biological Supply Company] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ CC BY-NC-ND 2.0]<br /> <br /> [2] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. https://doi.org/10.1021/ed007p2829<br /> <br /> [3] Blanco, S. (May 2020). &quot;Diatom taxonomy and Identification Keys. Modern Trends in Diatom Identification&quot;. Developments in Applied Phycology, vol 10. Springer, Cham. 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39212-3_3<br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, &amp; L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [6] Foets, J., C. E. Wetzel, A. J. Teuling, &amp; L. Pfister. (January 2020). &quot;Temporal and spatial variability of terrestrial diatoms at the catchment scale: Controls on communities&quot;. PeerJ 8. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8296<br /> <br /> [7] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg &quot;Ocean carbon cycle and diatom carbon dioxide concentration mechanisms 2&quot;] by Juan José Pierella Karlusich, Chris Bowler, and Haimanti Biswas is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 4.0]<br /> <br /> [8] De Tommasi, E., J. Gielis, &amp; A. Rogato. (July 2017). &quot;Diatom frustule morphogenesis and Function: A multidisciplinary survey&quot;. Marine Genomics 35:1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.margen.2017.07.001<br /> <br /> [9] Losic, D., G. Rosengarten, J. G. Mitchell, &amp; N. H. Voelcker. (April 2006). &quot;Pore architecture of diatom frustules: Potential nanostructured membranes for molecular and particle separations&quot;. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6:982–989. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.174<br /> <br /> [10] De Stefano, M. &amp; L. De Stefano. (January 2005). &quot;Nanostructures in diatom frustules: Functional morphology of valvocopulae in Cocconeidacean monoraphid taxa&quot;. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 5:15–24. https://doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2005.001<br /> <br /> [11] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG &quot;Longitudinal Diatom (Labelled)&quot;] by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esseh~commonswiki Esseh~commonswiki] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10589 2023-05-08T02:14:23Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Shapes.jpg|325px|thumb|right|Several diatom frustule shapes [1].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Diatoms are tiny, single-celled algal plants that are made of silica and other minerals. They are typically found in marine environments, but can survive in other areas with enough moisture, including [[soil]] habitats. Each of the more than 8000 species has a skeleton that is ornate and symmetrical, unique from that of every other species. The skeletons can take the shape of crescents, discs, rectangles, triangles, stars, or other different geometric shapes. One of its byproducts, called diatomaceous earth, has various practical applications due to its silica content and extremely small size [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> The lack of data on the [[ecology]] of terrestrial diatoms is the greatest barrier to future research. Terrestrial diatoms can be used as indicators for the quality of both aquatic and soil environments. Also, land use and [[soil pH]] are important factors in determining the ecological condition of the diatom sites and have the greatest influence on how their communities are structured. Studies looking at soil algae populations as a whole have revealed that they are very sensitive to disturbance causes [5]. In a range of terrestrial environments, including soils, mosses, wet walls, and rocks, many taxa may persist and reproduce. For diatoms, forests provide a stable microhabitat, and agricultural techniques, rather than seasonal variations in environmental factors, regulate the majority of the diatom communities' temporal fluctuation [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|350px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> The skeletons that make up their structure, called frustules, can be [8].<br /> [9].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Anatomical orientation of a diatom [10].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolinabio/6622267417 &quot;Mixed diatom frustules&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolinabio/ Carolina Biological Supply Company] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/2.0/ CC BY-NC-ND 2.0]<br /> <br /> [2] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. doi:10.1021/ed007p2829<br /> <br /> [3] Blanco, S. (May 2020). &quot;Diatom taxonomy and Identification Keys. Modern Trends in Diatom Identification&quot;. Developments in Applied Phycology, vol 10. Springer, Cham. 25–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39212-3_3 <br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0 https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [6] Foets, J., C. E. Wetzel, A. J. Teuling, &amp; L. Pfister. (January 2020). &quot;Temporal and spatial variability of terrestrial diatoms at the catchment scale: Controls on communities&quot;. PeerJ 8. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8296<br /> <br /> [7] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg &quot;Ocean carbon cycle and diatom carbon dioxide concentration mechanisms 2&quot;] by Juan José Pierella Karlusich, Chris Bowler, and Haimanti Biswas is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 4.0]<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9] <br /> <br /> [10] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG &quot;Longitudinal Diatom (Labelled)&quot;] by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esseh~commonswiki Esseh~commonswiki] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Diatom_Shapes.jpg&diff=10588 2023-05-08T01:35:36Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10587 2023-05-08T00:26:43Z

<p>Mastrong: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Proturan in soil [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are a type of [[hexapod]] that resides in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans, despite having six legs, are not considered to be true [[insects]], though this is controversial. Instead, they are a unique order within the animal kingdom believed to be a sister group to [[collembola]], but may be considered their own separate class. They are collectively comprised of more than 800 species across most continents [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The determination of a proturan's morphological taxonomy is highly difficult, and only a small number of taxonomists possess the expertise to achieve this. The location and length ratio, particularly of some foretarsal bristles, play a key role in species identification when observing characteristics such as bristle arrangement or pattern. Alternatively, small splices of their DNA can be studied and compared for species identification. While their complete taxonomic rank is still being figured out, we do know that all proturans reside within a suborder of either eosentomoidea or acerentomoidea [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> Proturans have a poor capacity to disperse, which is mostly due to water and human-mediated transmission. They are also [[soil]]-obligate, meaning they are restricted to [[soil]] habitats and have &quot;mutual&quot; interactions with those environments. However, for up to five days, they can live and move when immersed in freshwater. This fact has helped us discover how proturans have used debris rafts for long-distance traveling, similar to that of other microscopic [[soil]]-dwelling [[arthropods]] such as [[mites]] [4]. Their distribution in aggregates is most likely influenced by their diet, the quality and availability of fungal hyphae, and the creation of aggregation pheromones. Proturans often group together to create species assemblages that represent certain environments. Additionally, they frequently have populations with a high ratio of females to males [5].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> There are several main characteristics that may be shared throughout the various species of proturans. These include the presence or absence of a tracheal system, a rostrum, the size and shape of the mouthparts, the number of segments of the abdominal appendages, and the presence or absence of teeth on the lid covering the large glands on the sides of their exoskeleton [7]. Essentially all proturans do not have any antennae or compound eyes. To make up for the loss of the antenna, the growth and usage of abundant and diverse appendages, namely sensilla on their prolegs (fleshy stubs), may be used as sensory parts instead [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Parts of a proturan [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. (2004). &quot;Proturans (Protura)&quot;. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht:1842–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3467<br /> <br /> [2] Resch, M. C., J. Shrubovych, D. Bartel, N. U. Szucsich, G. Timelthaler, Y. Bu, M. Walzl, &amp; G. Pass. (March 2014). &quot;Where taxonomy based on subtle morphological differences is perfectly mirrored by huge genetic distances: DNA barcoding in Protura (hexapoda)&quot;. PLoS ONE 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090653<br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] Galli, L. &amp; I. Rellini. (July 2020). &quot;The geographic distribution of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda): A Review&quot;. Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 35. https://doi.org/10.21426/B635048595<br /> <br /> [5] Galli, L., M. Capurro, E. Colasanto, T. Molyneux, A. Murray, C. Torti, and M. Zinni (January 2020). &quot;A synopsis of the [[ecology]] of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)&quot;. Revue suisse de Zoologie 126(2), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463443<br /> <br /> [6] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/8643077843 &quot;Festival of Proturans Part II poss. Acerentomon sp.&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/ Andy Murray] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]<br /> <br /> [7] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, &amp; M. Zinni. (July 2018). &quot;Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key&quot;. ZooKeys 772:1–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.24410<br /> <br /> [8] Allen, R. T., A. Lawrence, &amp; R. L. Brown. (August 2014). &quot;A comparative study of the sensory structures among three basal hexapodclades (Arthropoda: Collembola, Protura, [[Diplura]]) using scanning electronmicrographs&quot;. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20:1280–1281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614008137<br /> <br /> [9] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/21404515062 &quot;protura_flickr&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/ Frost Museum] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10583 2023-05-07T21:19:23Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Proturan in soil [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are a type of [[hexapod]] that resides in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans, despite having six legs, are not considered to be true [[insects]], though this is controversial. Instead, they are a unique order within the animal kingdom believed to be a sister group to [[collembola]], but may be considered their own separate class. They are collectively comprised of more than 800 species across most continents [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The determination of a proturan's morphological taxonomy is highly difficult, and only a small number of taxonomists possess the expertise to achieve this. The location and length ratio, particularly of some foretarsal bristles, play a key role in species identification when observing characteristics such as bristle arrangement or pattern. Alternatively, small splices of their DNA can be studied and compared for species identification. While their complete taxonomic rank is still being figured out, we do know that all proturans reside within a suborder of either eosentomoidea or acerentomoidea [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> Proturans have a poor capacity to disperse, which is mostly due to water and human-mediated transmission. They are also [[soil]]-obligate, meaning they are restricted to [[soil]] habitats and have &quot;mutual&quot; interactions with those environments. However, for up to five days, they can live and move when immersed in freshwater. This fact has helped us discover how proturans have used debris rafts for long-distance traveling, similar to that of other microscopic [[soil]]-dwelling [[arthropods]] such as [[mites]] [4]. Their distribution in aggregates is most likely influenced by their diet, the quality and availability of fungal hyphae, and the creation of aggregation pheromones. Proturans often group together to create species assemblages that represent certain environments. Additionally, they frequently have populations with a high ratio of females to males [5].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> There are several main characteristics that may be shared throughout the various species of proturans. These include the presence or absence of a tracheal system, a rostrum, the size and shape of the mouthparts, the number of segments of the abdominal appendages, and the presence or absence of teeth on the lid covering the large glands on the sides of their exoskeleton [7]. Essentially all proturans do not have any antennae or compound eyes. To make up for the loss of the antenna, the growth and usage of abundant and diverse appendages, namely sensilla on their prolegs (fleshy stubs), may be used as sensory parts instead [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Parts of a proturan [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. (2004). &quot;Proturans (Protura)&quot;. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht:1842–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3467<br /> <br /> [2] Resch, M. C., J. Shrubovych, D. Bartel, N. U. Szucsich, G. Timelthaler, Y. Bu, M. Walzl, &amp; G. Pass. (March 2014). &quot;Where taxonomy based on subtle morphological differences is perfectly mirrored by huge genetic distances: DNA barcoding in Protura (hexapoda)&quot;. PLoS ONE 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090653<br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] Galli, L. &amp; I. Rellini. (July 2020). &quot;The geographic distribution of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda): A Review&quot;. Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 35. https://doi.org/10.21426/B635048595<br /> <br /> [5] L. Galli, M. Capurro, E. Colasanto, T. Molyneux, A. Murray, C. Torti, and M. Zinni (January 2020). &quot;A synopsis of the [[ecology]] of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)&quot;. Revue suisse de Zoologie 126(2), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463443<br /> <br /> [6] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/8643077843 &quot;Festival of Proturans Part II poss. Acerentomon sp.&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/ Andy Murray] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]<br /> <br /> [7] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, &amp; M. Zinni. (July 2018). &quot;Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key&quot;. ZooKeys 772:1–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.24410<br /> <br /> [8] Allen, R. T., A. Lawrence, &amp; R. L. Brown. (August 2014). &quot;A comparative study of the sensory structures among three basal hexapodclades (Arthropoda: Collembola, Protura, [[Diplura]]) using scanning electronmicrographs&quot;. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20:1280–1281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614008137<br /> <br /> [9] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/21404515062 &quot;protura_flickr&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/ Frost Museum] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10582 2023-05-07T21:15:33Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Proturan in soil [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are a type of [[hexapod]] that resides in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans, despite having six legs, are not considered to be true [[insects]], though this is controversial. Instead, they are a unique order within the animal kingdom believed to be a sister group to [[collembola]], but may be considered their own separate class. They are collectively comprised of more than 800 species across most continents [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapod]]a<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> The determination of a proturan's morphological taxonomy is highly difficult, and only a small number of taxonomists possess the expertise to achieve this. The location and length ratio, particularly of some foretarsal bristles, play a key role in species identification when observing characteristics such as bristle arrangement or pattern. Alternatively, small splices of their DNA can be studied and compared for species identification. While their complete taxonomic rank is still being figured out, we do know that all proturans reside within a suborder of either eosentomoidea or acerentomoidea [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> Proturans have a poor capacity to disperse, which is mostly due to water and human-mediated transmission. They are also [[soil]]-obligate, meaning they are restricted to [[soil]] habitats and have &quot;mutual&quot; interactions with those environments. However, for up to five days, they can live and move when immersed in freshwater. This fact has helped us discover how proturans have used debris rafts for long-distance traveling, similar to that of other microscopic [[soil]]-dwelling [[arthropods]] such as [[mites]] [4]. Their distribution in aggregates is most likely influenced by their diet, the quality and availability of fungal hyphae, and the creation of aggregation pheromones. Proturans often group together to create species assemblages that represent certain environments. Additionally, they frequently have populations with a high ratio of females to males [5].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> There are several main characteristics that may be shared throughout the various species of proturans. These include the presence or absence of a tracheal system, a rostrum, the size and shape of the mouthparts, the number of segments of the abdominal appendages, and the presence or absence of teeth on the lid covering the large glands on the sides of their exoskeleton [7]. Essentially all proturans do not have any antennae or compound eyes. To make up for the loss of the antenna, the growth and usage of abundant and diverse appendages, namely sensilla on their prolegs (fleshy stubs) may be used as sensory parts instead [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Parts of a proturan [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. (2004). &quot;Proturans (Protura)&quot;. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht:1842–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3467<br /> <br /> [2] Resch, M. C., J. Shrubovych, D. Bartel, N. U. Szucsich, G. Timelthaler, Y. Bu, M. Walzl, &amp; G. Pass. (March 2014). &quot;Where taxonomy based on subtle morphological differences is perfectly mirrored by huge genetic distances: DNA barcoding in Protura (hexapoda)&quot;. PLoS ONE 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090653<br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] Galli, L. &amp; I. Rellini. (July 2020). &quot;The geographic distribution of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda): A Review&quot;. Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 35. https://doi.org/10.21426/B635048595<br /> <br /> [5] L. Galli, M. Capurro, E. Colasanto, T. Molyneux, A. Murray, C. Torti, and M. Zinni (January 2020). &quot;A synopsis of the [[ecology]] of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)&quot;. Revue suisse de Zoologie 126(2), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463443<br /> <br /> [6] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/8643077843 &quot;Festival of Proturans Part II poss. Acerentomon sp.&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/ Andy Murray] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]<br /> <br /> [7] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, &amp; M. Zinni. (July 2018). &quot;Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key&quot;. ZooKeys 772:1–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.24410<br /> <br /> [8] Allen, R. T., A. Lawrence, &amp; R. L. Brown. (August 2014). &quot;A comparative study of the sensory structures among three basal hexapodclades (Arthropoda: Collembola, Protura, [[Diplura]]) using scanning electronmicrographs&quot;. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20:1280–1281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614008137<br /> <br /> [9] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/21404515062 &quot;protura_flickr&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/ Frost Museum] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10577 2023-05-07T20:50:23Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are a type of [[hexapod]] that resides in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans, despite having six legs, are not considered to be true [[insects]], though this is controversial. Instead, they are a unique order within the animal kingdom believed to be a sister group to [[collembola]], but may be considered their own separate class. They are collectively comprised of more than 800 species across most continents [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> The determination of a proturan's morphological taxonomy is highly difficult, and only a small number of taxonomists possess the expertise to achieve this. The location and length ratio, particularly of some foretarsal bristles, play a key role in species identification when observing characteristics such as bristle arrangement or pattern. Alternatively, small splices of their DNA can be studied and compared for species identification. While their complete taxonomic rank is still being figured out, we do know that all proturans reside within a suborder of either eosentomoidea or acerentomoidea [2].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropoda]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapoda]] <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> Proturans have a poor capacity to disperse, which is mostly due to water and human-mediated transmission. They are also soil-obligate, meaning they are restricted to soil habitats and have &quot;mutual&quot; interactions with those environments. However, for up to five days, they can live and move when immersed in freshwater. This fact has helped us discover how proturans have used debris rafts for long-distance traveling, similar to that of other microscopic soil-dwelling [[arthropods]] such as [[mites]] [4]. Their distribution in aggregates is most likely influenced by their diet, the quality and availability of fungal hyphae, and the creation of aggregation pheromones. Proturans often group together to create species assemblages that represent certain environments. Additionally, they frequently have populations with a high ratio of females to males [5].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Proturan in soil [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> There are several main characteristics that may be shared throughout the various species of proturans. These include the presence or absence of a tracheal system, a rostrum, the size and shape of the mouthparts, the number of segments of the abdominal appendages, and the presence or absence of teeth on the lid covering the large glands on the sides of their exoskeleton [7]. Essentially all proturans do not have any antennae or compound eyes. To make up for the loss of the antenna, the growth and usage of abundant and diverse appendages, namely sensilla on their prolegs (fleshy stubs) may be used as sensory parts instead [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Parts of a proturan [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. (2004). &quot;Proturans (Protura)&quot;. Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht:1842–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3467<br /> <br /> [2] Resch, M. C., J. Shrubovych, D. Bartel, N. U. Szucsich, G. Timelthaler, Y. Bu, M. Walzl, &amp; G. Pass. (March 2014). &quot;Where taxonomy based on subtle morphological differences is perfectly mirrored by huge genetic distances: DNA barcoding in Protura (hexapoda)&quot;. PLoS ONE 9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0090653<br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] Galli, L. &amp; I. Rellini. (July 2020). &quot;The geographic distribution of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda): A Review&quot;. Biogeographia – The Journal of Integrative Biogeography 35. https://doi.org/10.21426/B635048595<br /> <br /> [5] L. Galli, M. Capurro, E. Colasanto, T. Molyneux, A. Murray, C. Torti, and M. Zinni (January 2020). &quot;A synopsis of the [[ecology]] of Protura (Arthropoda: Hexapoda)&quot;. Revue suisse de Zoologie 126(2), 155-164. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3463443<br /> <br /> [6] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/8643077843 &quot;Festival of Proturans Part II poss. Acerentomon sp.&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/ Andy Murray] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]<br /> <br /> [7] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, &amp; M. Zinni. (July 2018). &quot;Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key&quot;. ZooKeys 772:1–45. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.772.24410<br /> <br /> [8] Allen, R. T., A. Lawrence, &amp; R. L. Brown. (August 2014). &quot;A comparative study of the sensory structures among three basal hexapodclades (Arthropoda: Collembola, Protura, [[Diplura]]) using scanning electronmicrographs&quot;. Microscopy and Microanalysis 20:1280–1281. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1431927614008137<br /> <br /> [9] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/21404515062 &quot;protura_flickr&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/ Frost Museum] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10573 2023-05-07T19:15:50Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Pic.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Naviculoid diatom [1].]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 12px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [5].<br /> [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|350px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [8].<br /> [9].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.JPG|300px|thumb|right|Anatomical orientation of a diatom [10].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naviculoid_diatom.jpg &quot;Naviculoid diatom&quot;] by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Djpmapfer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Djpmapfer] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 4.0]<br /> <br /> [2] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. doi:10.1021/ed007p2829 <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg &quot;Ocean carbon cycle and diatom carbon dioxide concentration mechanisms 2&quot;] by Juan José Pierella Karlusich, Chris Bowler, and Haimanti Biswas is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 4.0]<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9] <br /> <br /> [10] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG &quot;Longitudinal Diatom (Labelled)&quot;] by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esseh~commonswiki Esseh~commonswiki] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=10570 2023-05-07T19:02:47Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:LigninPic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic view of rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin within a plant stem.]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, which have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols; coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, while softwoods are more rich in coniferyl alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sinapyl units. A higher concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material [3].<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest [[decomposers]] of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In addition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. While a plant's leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin itself is hydrophobic, or water-repellent. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water, which allows the plant to transport it more efficiently [5]. The last major significance of lignin is its ability to act as an antimicrobial defense polymer, meaning it can protect the plants that contain it from pathogens. It does this by activating various pathogen-fighting genes when an attack is detected, all with the help of the enzyme polymerase [6].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S. &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. https://doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., &amp; Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., &amp; Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G. &amp; Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V. &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. https://doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.110100315<br /> <br /> [6] Xie, M., J. Zhang, T. J. Tschaplinski, G. A. Tuskan, J. G. Chen, &amp; W. Muchero. (September 2018). &quot;Regulation of lignin biosynthesis and its role in growth-defense tradeoffs&quot;. Frontiers in Plant Science 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01427</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10567 2023-05-07T17:06:12Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Naviculoid diatom [1].]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [5].<br /> [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [8].<br /> [9].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.JPG|250px|thumb|right|Anatomical orientation of a diatom [10].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naviculoid_diatom.jpg &quot;Naviculoid diatom&quot;] by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Djpmapfer&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1 Djpmapfer] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 4.0]<br /> <br /> [2] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. doi:10.1021/ed007p2829 <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg &quot;Ocean carbon cycle and diatom carbon dioxide concentration mechanisms 2&quot;] by Juan José Pierella Karlusich, Chris Bowler, and Haimanti Biswas is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 4.0]<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9] <br /> <br /> [10] [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG &quot;Longitudinal Diatom (Labelled)&quot;] by [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Esseh~commonswiki Esseh~commonswiki] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/deed.en CC BY-SA 3.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10566 2023-05-07T16:15:28Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are a type of [[hexapod]] that resides in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans, despite having six legs, are not considered to be true [[insects]]. Instead, they are a unique order within the animal kingdom believed to be a sister group to [[collembola]], but may be considered their own separate class. [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropoda]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapoda]] <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [4].<br /> [5].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Proturan in soil [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> [7].<br /> [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|250px|thumb|center|Parts of a proturan [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. 2004. Proturans (Protura). Encyclopedia of Entomology. Springer, Dordrecht:1842–1843. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-48380-7_3467<br /> <br /> [2] <br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] <br /> <br /> [5] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, and M. Zinni. 2018. Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key. ZooKeys 772:1–45.<br /> <br /> [6] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/8643077843 &quot;Festival of Proturans Part II poss. Acerentomon sp.&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/andybadger/ Andy Murray] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]<br /> <br /> [7] Tihelka, E., C. Cai, M. Giacomelli, J. Lozano-Fernandez, O. Rota-Stabelli, D. Huang, M. S. Engel, P. C. J. Donoghue, and D. Pisani. 2021. The evolution of Insect Biodiversity. Current Biology 31.<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9] [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/21404515062 &quot;protura_flickr&quot;] by [https://www.flickr.com/photos/93467196@N02/ Frost Museum] is licensed under [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/ CC BY-SA 2.0]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10565 2023-05-07T03:06:41Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are an order within the animal kingdom that reside in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans are a type of [[hexapod]] (six legs), but they are not considered to be true [[insects]]. [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropoda]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapoda]] <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [4].<br /> [5].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Proturan in soil [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> [7].<br /> [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|250px|thumb|center|Parts of a proturan [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. 2004. Proturans (Protura). Encyclopedia of Entomology:1842–1843.<br /> <br /> [2] <br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] <br /> <br /> [5] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, and M. Zinni. 2018. Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key. ZooKeys 772:1–45.<br /> <br /> [6] Tihelka, E., C. Cai, M. Giacomelli, J. Lozano-Fernandez, O. Rota-Stabelli, D. Huang, M. S. Engel, P. C. J. Donoghue, and D. Pisani. 2021. The evolution of Insect Biodiversity. Current Biology 31.<br /> <br /> [7] <br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10564 2023-05-07T03:04:52Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are an order within the animal kingdom that reside in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans are a type of [[hexapod]] (six legs), but they are not considered to be true [[insects]]. [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropoda]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapoda]] <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [4].<br /> [5].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Microscopic [6].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> [7].<br /> [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|250px|thumb|center|Microscopic [9].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. 2004. Proturans (Protura). Encyclopedia of Entomology:1842–1843.<br /> <br /> [2] <br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] <br /> <br /> [5] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, and M. Zinni. 2018. Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key. ZooKeys 772:1–45.<br /> <br /> [6] Tihelka, E., C. Cai, M. Giacomelli, J. Lozano-Fernandez, O. Rota-Stabelli, D. Huang, M. S. Engel, P. C. J. Donoghue, and D. Pisani. 2021. The evolution of Insect Biodiversity. Current Biology 31.<br /> <br /> [7] <br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10563 2023-05-07T03:03:29Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Naviculoid diatom [1].]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [5].<br /> [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [8].<br /> [9].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.JPG|250px|thumb|right|Anatomical orientation of a diatom [10].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naviculoid_diatom.jpg<br /> <br /> [2] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. doi:10.1021/ed007p2829 <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.jpg<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9] <br /> <br /> [10] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Diatom_Anatomy.JPG&diff=10562 2023-05-07T03:00:31Z

<p>Mastrong: Mastrong uploaded a new version of File:Diatom Anatomy.JPG</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10561 2023-05-07T02:49:40Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Naviculoid diatom [1].]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [5].<br /> [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [8].<br /> [9].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.jpg|250px|thumb|center| Anatomical orientation of a diatom [10].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naviculoid_diatom.jpg<br /> <br /> [2] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. doi:10.1021/ed007p2829 <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.jpg<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9] <br /> <br /> [10] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10560 2023-05-07T02:41:23Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Naviculoid diatom [1].]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [5].<br /> [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [8].<br /> [9].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.jpg|250px|thumb|center| Anatomical orientation of a diatom [10].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naviculoid_diatom.jpg<br /> <br /> [2] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. doi:10.1021/ed007p2829 <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.jpg<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9] <br /> <br /> [10] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10559 2023-05-07T02:35:45Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Naviculoid diatom [1].]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [5].<br /> [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [8].<br /> [9].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.jpg|250px|thumb|center| Anatomical orientation of a diatom [10].]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naviculoid_diatom.jpg<br /> <br /> [2] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. doi:10.1021/ed007p2829 <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9]<br /> <br /> [10] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Diatom_Pic.jpg&diff=10558 2023-05-07T02:25:01Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg&diff=10557 2023-05-07T02:24:42Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Diatom_Anatomy.JPG&diff=10556 2023-05-07T02:24:12Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10555 2023-05-07T02:23:43Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Diatom_Pic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Naviculoid diatom [1].]]<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [3].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[4]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [5].<br /> [6].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Anatomy.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Role of diatoms in the carbon cycle [7].]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [8].<br /> [9].<br /> <br /> [[File:Diatom_Carbon_Cycle.jpg|250px|thumb|center| Anatomical orientation of a diatom[10].]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Naviculoid_diatom.jpg<br /> <br /> [2] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [5] Calvert, R. (December 1930). &quot;Diatomaceous earth&quot;. Journal of Chemical Education, 7(12), 2829. doi:10.1021/ed007p2829 <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Longitudinal_Diatom_%28Labelled%29.JPG<br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9]<br /> <br /> [10]https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ocean_carbon_cycle_and_diatom_carbon_dioxide_concentration_mechanisms_2.jpg</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10554 2023-05-06T20:13:14Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are an order within the animal kingdom that reside in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans are a type of [[hexapod]] (six legs), but they are not considered to be true [[insects]]. [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropoda]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapoda]] <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [4].<br /> [5].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Ecology.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Microscopic [6].]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> [7].<br /> [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg|250px|thumb|center|Microscopic [9].]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. 2004. Proturans (Protura). Encyclopedia of Entomology:1842–1843.<br /> <br /> [2] <br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] <br /> <br /> [5] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, and M. Zinni. 2018. Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key. ZooKeys 772:1–45.<br /> <br /> [6] Tihelka, E., C. Cai, M. Giacomelli, J. Lozano-Fernandez, O. Rota-Stabelli, D. Huang, M. S. Engel, P. C. J. Donoghue, and D. Pisani. 2021. The evolution of Insect Biodiversity. Current Biology 31.<br /> <br /> [7] <br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10553 2023-05-06T20:13:05Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [4].<br /> [5].<br /> <br /> [[File:.jpg|250px|thumb|left|Microscopic [6].]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [7].<br /> [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:.jpg|250px|thumb|center|Microscopic [9].]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [2] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] <br /> <br /> [5] <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] <br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Protura_Ecology.jpg&diff=10552 2023-05-06T20:04:52Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Protura_Anatomy.jpg&diff=10551 2023-05-06T20:00:00Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10550 2023-05-06T19:53:12Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are an order within the animal kingdom that reside in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans are a type of [[hexapod]] (six legs), but they are not considered to be true [[insects]]. [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animalia <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropoda]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapoda]] <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [4].<br /> [5].<br /> <br /> [[File:.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic [6].]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [7].<br /> [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic [9].]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. 2004. Proturans (Protura). Encyclopedia of Entomology:1842–1843.<br /> <br /> [2] <br /> <br /> [3] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [4] <br /> <br /> [5] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, and M. Zinni. 2018. Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key. ZooKeys 772:1–45.<br /> <br /> [6] Tihelka, E., C. Cai, M. Giacomelli, J. Lozano-Fernandez, O. Rota-Stabelli, D. Huang, M. S. Engel, P. C. J. Donoghue, and D. Pisani. 2021. The evolution of Insect Biodiversity. Current Biology 31.<br /> <br /> [7] <br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10549 2023-05-06T19:53:07Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> [1].<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> [2].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[3]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> [4].<br /> [5].<br /> <br /> [[File:.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic [6].]]<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> [7].<br /> [8].<br /> <br /> [[File:.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic [9].]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [2] Retrieved May 6, 2023, from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] <br /> <br /> [5] <br /> <br /> [6] <br /> <br /> [7] <br /> <br /> [8] <br /> <br /> [9]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10548 2023-05-06T19:16:52Z

<p>Mastrong: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> [1].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:10em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryotes|Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Plants|Plantae<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Diaphoretickes<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Gyrista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Ochrophytina <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Superclass:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Khakista<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Class:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Bacillariophyceae <br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[2]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003<br /> <br /> [2] Retrieved [May 6, 2023], from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [3] <br /> <br /> [4] <br /> <br /> [5] <br /> <br /> [6]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10547 2023-05-06T19:16:48Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>==Description==<br /> Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are an order within the animal kingdom that reside in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye. Proturans are a type of [[hexapod]] (six legs), but they are not considered to be true [[insects]]. [1].<br /> <br /> {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br /> |+ !colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Ranks'''<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Domain:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:5em; |Eukaryotes|Eukaryota<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Animals|Animalia <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Arthropoda]]<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Clade:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Pancrustacea<br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Subphylum:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Hexapoda]] <br /> |-<br /> !style=&quot;min-width:6em; |Order:<br /> |style=&quot;min-width:6em; |[[Protura]]<br /> |-<br /> |colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[2]<br /> |}<br /> <br /> ==Taxonomy==<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. 2004. Proturans (Protura). Encyclopedia of Entomology:1842–1843.<br /> <br /> [2] Retrieved [May 6, 2023], from the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS) on-line database, www.itis.gov, CC0<br /> https://doi.org/10.5066/F7KH0KBK<br /> <br /> [3] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, and M. Zinni. 2018. Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key. ZooKeys 772:1–45.<br /> <br /> [4] Tihelka, E., C. Cai, M. Giacomelli, J. Lozano-Fernandez, O. Rota-Stabelli, D. Huang, M. S. Engel, P. C. J. Donoghue, and D. Pisani. 2021. The evolution of Insect Biodiversity. Current Biology 31.<br /> <br /> [5]<br /> <br /> [6]</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=10546 2023-05-06T16:58:42Z

<p>Mastrong: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:LigninPic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic view of rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin within a plant stem.]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, which have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols; coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, while softwoods are more rich in coniferyl alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sinapyl units. A higher concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material [3].<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest [[decomposers]] of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In addition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. While a plant's leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin itself is hydrophobic, or water-repellent. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water, which allows the plant to transport it more efficiently [5]. The last major significance of lignin is its ability to act as an antimicrobial defense polymer, meaning it can protect the plants that contain it from pathogens. It does this by activating various pathogen-fighting genes when an attack is detected, all with the help of the enzyme polymerase [6].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S. &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi.org/10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., &amp; Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., &amp; Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi.org/10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G. &amp; Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V. &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi.org/10.1002/pol.1972.110100315<br /> <br /> [6] Xie, M., J. Zhang, T. J. Tschaplinski, G. A. Tuskan, J. G. Chen, &amp; W. Muchero. (September 2018). &quot;Regulation of lignin biosynthesis and its role in growth-defense tradeoffs&quot;. Frontiers in Plant Science 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01427</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=10545 2023-05-06T16:55:58Z

<p>Mastrong: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:LigninPic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic view of rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin within a plant stem.]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, which have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols; coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, while softwoods are more rich in coniferyl alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sinapyl units. A higher concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material [3].<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest [[decomposers]] of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In addition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. While a plant's leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin itself is hydrophobic, or water-repellent. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water, which allows the plant to transport it more efficiently [5]. The last major significance of lignin is its ability to act as an antimicrobial defense polymer, meaning it can protect the plants that contain it from pathogens. It does this by activating various pathogen-fighting genes when an attack is detected, all with the help of the enzyme polymerase [6].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S. &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., &amp; Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., &amp; Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G. &amp; Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V. &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315<br /> <br /> [6] Xie, M., J. Zhang, T. J. Tschaplinski, G. A. Tuskan, J. G. Chen, &amp; W. Muchero. (September 2018). &quot;Regulation of lignin biosynthesis and its role in growth-defense tradeoffs&quot;. Frontiers in Plant Science 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01427</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=10544 2023-05-06T16:50:53Z

<p>Mastrong: /* Ecological Importance */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:LigninPic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic view of rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin within a plant stem.]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, which have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols; coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, while softwoods are more rich in coniferyl alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sinapyl units. A higher concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material [3].<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest [[decomposers]] of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In addition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. While a plant's leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin itself is hydrophobic, or water-repellent. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water, which allows the plant to transport it more efficiently [5]. The last major significance of lignin is its ability to act as an antimicrobial defense polymer, meaning it can protect the plants that contain it from pathogens. It does this by activating various pathogen-fighting genes when an attack is detected, all with the help of the enzyme polymerase [6].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S., &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G., Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V., &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=10543 2023-05-06T16:11:32Z

<p>Mastrong: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:LigninPic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic view of rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin within a plant stem.]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, which have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols; coniferyl alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of coniferyl alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, while softwoods are more rich in coniferyl alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sinapyl units. A higher concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material [3].<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest [[decomposers]] of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In edition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. while a plants leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin is hydrophobic. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water allowing the plant to transport it more efficiently [5].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S., &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G., Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V., &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diatom&diff=10325 2023-04-20T21:16:12Z

<p>Mastrong: Created page with &quot;== Description == == References== [1] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Antonelli, M., C. E. Wetzel, L. Ector, A. J. Teuling, and L. Pfister. (April 2017). &quot;On the potential for terrestrial diatom communities and diatom indices to identify anthropic disturbance in soils&quot; Ecological Indicators 75:73–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.003</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10091 2023-04-02T03:30:38Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>Proturans, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are an order within the animal kingdom that reside in [[soil]] environments. These [[organisms]] are very small; either microscopic or barely visible to the naked eye.<br /> <br /> ==Description==<br /> <br /> ==Phylogeny==<br /> <br /> ==Ecology==<br /> <br /> ==Anatomy==<br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Tipping, C. 2004. Proturans (Protura). Encyclopedia of Entomology:1842–1843.<br /> <br /> [2] Tihelka, E., C. Cai, M. Giacomelli, J. Lozano-Fernandez, O. Rota-Stabelli, D. Huang, M. S. Engel, P. C. J. Donoghue, and D. Pisani. 2021. The evolution of Insect Biodiversity. Current Biology 31.<br /> <br /> [3] Galli, L., J. Shrubovych, Y. Bu, and M. Zinni. 2018. Genera of the Protura of the world: Diagnosis, distribution, and key. ZooKeys 772:1–45.</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Protura&diff=10029 2023-03-31T18:49:01Z

<p>Mastrong: Created page with &quot;Protura, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are an order of&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>Protura, commonly nicknamed &quot;coneheads&quot;, are an order of</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=9769 2023-03-11T01:21:51Z

<p>Mastrong: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:LigninPic.jpg|250px|thumb|right|Microscopic view of rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin within a plant stem.]]<br /> <br /> == Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, which have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols; conyferal alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in [3]. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of conyferal alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, while softwoods are more rich in conyferal alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sianpyl units. The higher the concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material.<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less. lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest decomposers of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In edition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. while a plants leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin is hydrophobic. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water allowing the plant to transport it more efficiently [5].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S., &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G., Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V., &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:LigninPic.jpg&diff=9768 2023-03-11T01:16:56Z

<p>Mastrong: Vessels within a plant stem showing rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin.</p> <hr /> <div>== Summary ==<br /> Vessels within a plant stem showing rings, spirals, and networks formed by lignin.</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=9760 2023-03-10T23:57:17Z

<p>Mastrong: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, which have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols; conyferal alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in [3]. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of conyferal alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, while softwoods are more rich in conyferal alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sianpyl units. The higher the concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material.<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less. lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest decomposers of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In edition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. while a plants leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin is hydrophobic. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water allowing the plant to transport it more efficiently [5].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S., &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G., Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V., &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=9759 2023-03-10T23:53:54Z

<p>Mastrong: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water and minerals throughout the organism [1]. Lastly, it provides the plant with mechanisms that resist damage from pathogens and invading pests. All plants containing lignin are called tracheophytes, which have a vascular system of roots, leaves, and stems. Plants without lignin are called bryophytes and are non-vascular with no roots, leaves, or stems [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols, conyferal alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in [3]. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of conyferal alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, softwoods are more rich in conyferal alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sianpyl units. The higher the concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material.<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less. lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest decomposers of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In edition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. while a plants leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin is hydrophobic. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water allowing the plant to transport it more efficiently [5].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S., &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G., Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V., &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=9746 2023-03-10T19:50:43Z

<p>Mastrong: /* Ecological Importance */</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water throughout the organism [1]. It is present in all vascular plants and is absent in all bryophytes, or non-vascular plants [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols, conyferal alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in [3]. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of conyferal alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, softwoods are more rich in conyferal alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sianpyl units. The higher the concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material.<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less. lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest decomposers of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [4].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In edition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. while a plants leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin is hydrophobic. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water allowing the plant to transport it more efficiently [5].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S., &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G., Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V., &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=9745 2023-03-10T19:50:31Z

<p>Mastrong: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water throughout the organism [1]. It is present in all vascular plants and is absent in all bryophytes, or non-vascular plants [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols, conyferal alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in [3]. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of conyferal alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, softwoods are more rich in conyferal alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sianpyl units. The higher the concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material.<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less. lignin)]]<br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest decomposers of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [3].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In edition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. while a plants leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin is hydrophobic. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water allowing the plant to transport it more efficiently [4].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S., &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G., Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V., &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=9743 2023-03-10T19:50:11Z

<p>Mastrong: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water throughout the organism [1]. It is present in all vascular plants and is absent in all bryophytes, or non-vascular plants [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols, conyferal alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in [2]. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of conyferal alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, softwoods are more rich in conyferal alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sianpyl units. The higher the concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material.<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less. lignin)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest decomposers of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [3].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In edition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. while a plants leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin is hydrophobic. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water allowing the plant to transport it more efficiently [4].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Bodo, S., &amp; Lehnen, R. (July 2007). &quot;Lignin&quot;. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] Jing-Ke W., Xu, L., Stout, J., Chappel, C. (June 2008). &quot;Independent origins of syringyl lignin in vascular plants&quot;. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. doi:10.1073/pnas.0801696105<br /> <br /> [3] Boerjan, W., Ralph, J., Baucher, M. (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [4] Gadd, G., Sariaslani, S. (March 2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [5] Sarkanen, K. V., &amp; Ludwig, C. H. (eds) (March 1972). &quot;Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions&quot;. Journal of Polymer Science New York: Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/pol.1972.110100315</div>

Mastrong https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Lignin&diff=9679 2023-03-10T19:09:23Z

<p>Mastrong: /* Description */</p> <hr /> <div>== Description ==<br /> '''Lignin''' is a complex polymer found in the cell walls of many plant species. Lignin is especially important in the formation of cell walls in rigid and woody plant species. Lignin is incredibly rigid, allowing tree species to grow tall, while also allowing for movement of the branches in the presence of stressors such as wind and animal inhabitance. Lignin also aids in the transportation of water throughout the organism [1]. It is present in all vascular plants and is absent in all bryophytes, or non-vascular plants [2].<br /> <br /> == Structure ==<br /> Lignin is formed by the crossing of lignols. There are three main types of lignols, conyferal alcohol, sinapyl alcohol, and paracoumaryl alcohol. These lignols are found in all plant species containing lignin, however their abundance will change according to the rigidity and type of the wood they are found in [2]. Hardwoods have a higher abundance of conyferal alcohol and sinapyl alcohol, softwoods are more rich in conyferal alcohol, and grasses have a higher abundance of sianpyl units. The higher the concentration of lignin of any kind will result in a more rigid material.<br /> <br /> [[File:Lignin.jpg|125px|thumb|left|structure of the 3 main lignols]]<br /> <br /> [[File:oaktree.jpeg|125px|thumb|right|Oak Tree, very common Hardwood (contains more lignin)]]<br /> <br /> [[File:pinetree.jpeg|150px|thumb|center|Pine Tree, very common Softwood (less. lignin)]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Ecological Importance ==<br /> Lignin plays a crucial role in the carbon cycle. Lignin absorbs atmospheric carbon and holds it within the plant tissue. It also is one of the slowest [[decomposing]] materials of a dead tree, becoming a very high fraction of the production of [[humus]] and top [[soil]]. Only a small amount of [[organisms]] are able to decompose lignin. Fungi are known to be the greatest decomposers of lignin since they have the ability produce an extracellular peroxidase that can kick start the [[decomposition]] of the material [3].<br /> <br /> Lignin fills in the extracellular space between cellulose and hemicellulose and pectin creating a dense, rigid structure to support the plant. In edition to providing rigidity and support, lignin also aids in the transport of water through the plant. while a plants leaf tissue can easily absorb water, lignin is hydrophobic. Its presence in the tissue of the leaves acts as a barrier, slowing down the absorption of water allowing the plant to transport it more efficiently [4].<br /> <br /> == References==<br /> [1] Saake, Bodo; Lehnen, Ralph (2007). Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15_305.pub3<br /> <br /> [2] W. Boerjan; J. Ralph; M. Baucher (June 2003). &quot;Lignin biosynthesis&quot;. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 54 (1): 519–549. doi:10.1146/annurev.arplant.54.031902.134938<br /> <br /> [3] Gadd, Geoffrey M; Sariaslani, Sima. (2013). Advances in applied microbiology. Vol. 82. Oxford: Academic. pp. 1–28. ISBN 9780124076792. OCLC 841913543<br /> <br /> [4] K.V. Sarkanen &amp; C.H. Ludwig (eds) (1971). Lignins: Occurrence, Formation, Structure, and Reactions. New York: Wiley Intersci</div>

Mastrong