Soil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]

Yellow trout lily

2023-05-12T18:06:37Z

Lucywill:

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Plantae
| Tracheophyta
| Liliopsida
| Liliales
| Liliaceae
|}
[[File:e americanum range.png|800px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]
== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Yellow trout lily

2023-05-12T18:05:15Z

Lucywill:

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Plantae
| Tracheophyta
| [[Angiosperms]]
| Liliales
| Liliaceae
|}
[[File:e americanum range.png|800px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]
== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Yellow trout lily

2023-05-12T18:02:08Z

Lucywill:

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]
[[File:e americanum range.png|800px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Plantae
| Tracheophyta
| [[Angiosperms]]
| Liliales
| Liliaceae
|}

== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Digitalis purpurea

2023-05-12T17:59:14Z

Lucywill:

[[File:foxglove3.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]
Digitalis purpurea, also known as purple foxglove or common foxglove, is a herbaceous perennial flower native to western, southern, and central Europe. Commonly used in gardening, Digitalis purpurea is well known for its leaves, flowers, and seed's poisonous qualities, and their use in modern cardiac medicine. [[#1.|[1]]] Digitalis purpurea is now commonly found across Europe as well as North America and other temperate areas.

==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Plantae
| Tracheophyta
| Magnoliopsida
| Lamiales
| Plantaginaceae
|}

==Overview==
[[File:foxglove1.jpg|360px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

Digitalis purpurea are perennial herbaceous flowers and posses course, lanceolate leaves with rounded teeth on the margins. The leaves are alternately positioned on the stem of the common foxglove, can grow up to a foot long, and are covered in gray-white hairs. In its first year of growth, Digitalis purpurea forms a tight rosette of leaves before forming the upright flower stem, standing 3-4 feet tall, in the second year of growth. Digitalis purpurea most commonly forms 20-80 flowers on one side of the stem however, through cultivation, flowers can be produces completely surrounding the stem. Digitalis purpurea blooms in early summer and is a common garden flower, being selected for its color ranging from purple to pink and white, as well as flower position and height. [[#2.|[2]]]

==Ecology==

Digitalis purpurea grows in full light to partial shade. The flower will grow in many types of soils, however, it thrives in light, moist soils high in [[Organic Matter|organic matter]]. A ring of nectar at the base of the flower tube is pollinated by a variety of bees as well as humming birds. Foxglove is protandrous, with the bottom most flowers being female and flowers 3-7 being male. Bees predominately visit female flowers first, fertilizing them with pollin from another plant, and can also promote out-crossing if pollinator remain on the plant long enough to remove pollen from a male flower, increasing the probability of pollen transfer.[[#3.|[3]]] Once pollinated, these flowers form rounded fruit capsules which split at maturity to release small brown seeds for future germination. [[#2.|[2]]] Soil Salinity has a negative affect on Digitalis purpurea overall growth and protein content with increasing concentrations of NaCl, however, root growth has been shown to increase with soil salinity.[[#9.|[9]]]

[[File:foxglove2.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/44/11/27/441127cce1406c41d504537e772acbdc.jpg.] Digitalis purpurea illustration.]]

==Reproduction==
Digitalis purpurea reproduce sexually through pollination via [[insects]] such as bees and humming birds. The variation in color of flower offspring is determined by the combination of dominant and non dominant pigment coding genes. Four possible phenotypes for digitalis purpurea including dark purple, light purple, white, and also the presence of spots. Purple foxglove only produces seeds which can remain viable in soil for up to five years, often only establishing after a disturbance loosening and allowing for the seedlings to penetrate the soil. [[#10.|[10]]]

==Medicinal Use==
[[File:digoxin.jpg|280px|right|thumb| [https://www.1800petmeds.com/dw/image/v2/BDKX_PRD/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-main/default/dwc846c005/images/large/10067_420.jpg?sw=1000&sh=1000&q=40] Digoxin medication.]]

All parts of the Digitalis purpurea plant are toxic for humans to consume, however, this species has been revolutionary in cardiac and anti-cancer medicine. Cardiotonic glycosides are compounds extracted from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea and are used in Digoxin, a common medication used to treat congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation.[[#6.|[6]]] Bio accumulation of cardiotonic glycosides can be affected by climate and [[soil]] conditions, current medicinal forms of this compound are produced through artificial cultivation to mitigate these factors.[[#4.|[4]]] Foxglove has been used to treat ailments of the heart for the past 200 years, however, Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside, was first isolated from the Digitalis purpurea plant in 1930 by Dr. Sydney Smith.[[#7.|[7]]][[#8.|[8]]] Although foxglove has been used in cardiac medicine for centuries, recent research shows the possibility for digitalis compounds to be used in oncology for their anti-tumorous [[properties]]. Heywoodii an extract from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea, has been shown to have cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines. Evaluation of methanolic extracts have shown an apoptotic effect, and may be used to treat certain forms of cancer in future oncological practice.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. "Digitalis purpurea - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

2. "Common foxglove, Digitalis purpurea". https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/common-foxglove-digitalis-purpurea/. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

3. Best, L. S., & Bierzychudek, P. (1982). Pollinator [[Foraging]] on Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea): A Test of a New Model. Evolution, 36(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407968

4. Pérez-Alonso, N., Wilken, D., Gerth, A. et al. Cardiotonic glycosides from biomass of Digitalis purpurea L. cultured in temporary immersion systems. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 99, 151–156 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9587-x

5. López-Lázaro, Miguel; de la Peña, Nieves Palma; Pastor, Nuria; Martín-Cordero, Carmen; Navarro, Eduardo; Cortés, Felipe; Ayuso, María Jesús; Toro, María Victoria. (2003). Anti-Tumour Activity of Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. heywoodii. Planta Medica, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-42789

6. Yukari Ikeda, Youichi Fujii, Ikuko Nakaya, and Mitsuru Yamazaki. (1995).
Journal of Natural Products58 (6), 897-901 DOI: 10.1021/np50120a012

7. "Digoxin - British Heart Foundation" https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/drug-cabinet/digoxin. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

8. "Digoxin - The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists". https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

9. Morales, C., Cusido, R. M., Palazon, J., Bonfill, M. Response of Digitalis purpurea plants to temporary salinity. Journal of Plant Nutrition, (1993). https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169309364532.

10. Flagstad, L. (2012). Purple Foxglove Digitalis purpurea L. Alaska Natural Heritage Program, (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: abstract. Non-native plants 2003.).

Digitalis purpurea

2023-05-12T17:58:45Z

Lucywill:

[[File:foxglove3.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]
Digitalis purpurea, also known as purple foxglove or common foxglove, is a herbaceous perennial flower native to western, southern, and central Europe. Commonly used in gardening, Digitalis purpurea is well known for its leaves, flowers, and seed's poisonous qualities, and their use in modern cardiac medicine. [[#1.|[1]]] Digitalis purpurea is now commonly found across Europe as well as North America and other temperate areas.

==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Plantae
| Tracheophyta
| Magnoliopsida
| Lamiales
| Plantaginaceae
|}

==Overview==
[[File:foxglove1.jpg|300px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

Digitalis purpurea are perennial herbaceous flowers and posses course, lanceolate leaves with rounded teeth on the margins. The leaves are alternately positioned on the stem of the common foxglove, can grow up to a foot long, and are covered in gray-white hairs. In its first year of growth, Digitalis purpurea forms a tight rosette of leaves before forming the upright flower stem, standing 3-4 feet tall, in the second year of growth. Digitalis purpurea most commonly forms 20-80 flowers on one side of the stem however, through cultivation, flowers can be produces completely surrounding the stem. Digitalis purpurea blooms in early summer and is a common garden flower, being selected for its color ranging from purple to pink and white, as well as flower position and height. [[#2.|[2]]]

==Ecology==

Digitalis purpurea grows in full light to partial shade. The flower will grow in many types of soils, however, it thrives in light, moist soils high in [[Organic Matter|organic matter]]. A ring of nectar at the base of the flower tube is pollinated by a variety of bees as well as humming birds. Foxglove is protandrous, with the bottom most flowers being female and flowers 3-7 being male. Bees predominately visit female flowers first, fertilizing them with pollin from another plant, and can also promote out-crossing if pollinator remain on the plant long enough to remove pollen from a male flower, increasing the probability of pollen transfer.[[#3.|[3]]] Once pollinated, these flowers form rounded fruit capsules which split at maturity to release small brown seeds for future germination. [[#2.|[2]]] Soil Salinity has a negative affect on Digitalis purpurea overall growth and protein content with increasing concentrations of NaCl, however, root growth has been shown to increase with soil salinity.[[#9.|[9]]]

[[File:foxglove2.jpg|350px|left|thumb| [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/44/11/27/441127cce1406c41d504537e772acbdc.jpg.] Digitalis purpurea illustration.]]

==Reproduction==
Digitalis purpurea reproduce sexually through pollination via [[insects]] such as bees and humming birds. The variation in color of flower offspring is determined by the combination of dominant and non dominant pigment coding genes. Four possible phenotypes for digitalis purpurea including dark purple, light purple, white, and also the presence of spots. Purple foxglove only produces seeds which can remain viable in soil for up to five years, often only establishing after a disturbance loosening and allowing for the seedlings to penetrate the soil. [[#10.|[10]]]

==Medicinal Use==
[[File:digoxin.jpg|280px|right|thumb| [https://www.1800petmeds.com/dw/image/v2/BDKX_PRD/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-main/default/dwc846c005/images/large/10067_420.jpg?sw=1000&sh=1000&q=40] Digoxin medication.]]

All parts of the Digitalis purpurea plant are toxic for humans to consume, however, this species has been revolutionary in cardiac and anti-cancer medicine. Cardiotonic glycosides are compounds extracted from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea and are used in Digoxin, a common medication used to treat congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation.[[#6.|[6]]] Bio accumulation of cardiotonic glycosides can be affected by climate and [[soil]] conditions, current medicinal forms of this compound are produced through artificial cultivation to mitigate these factors.[[#4.|[4]]] Foxglove has been used to treat ailments of the heart for the past 200 years, however, Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside, was first isolated from the Digitalis purpurea plant in 1930 by Dr. Sydney Smith.[[#7.|[7]]][[#8.|[8]]] Although foxglove has been used in cardiac medicine for centuries, recent research shows the possibility for digitalis compounds to be used in oncology for their anti-tumorous [[properties]]. Heywoodii an extract from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea, has been shown to have cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines. Evaluation of methanolic extracts have shown an apoptotic effect, and may be used to treat certain forms of cancer in future oncological practice.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. "Digitalis purpurea - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

2. "Common foxglove, Digitalis purpurea". https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/common-foxglove-digitalis-purpurea/. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

3. Best, L. S., & Bierzychudek, P. (1982). Pollinator [[Foraging]] on Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea): A Test of a New Model. Evolution, 36(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407968

4. Pérez-Alonso, N., Wilken, D., Gerth, A. et al. Cardiotonic glycosides from biomass of Digitalis purpurea L. cultured in temporary immersion systems. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 99, 151–156 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9587-x

5. López-Lázaro, Miguel; de la Peña, Nieves Palma; Pastor, Nuria; Martín-Cordero, Carmen; Navarro, Eduardo; Cortés, Felipe; Ayuso, María Jesús; Toro, María Victoria. (2003). Anti-Tumour Activity of Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. heywoodii. Planta Medica, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-42789

6. Yukari Ikeda, Youichi Fujii, Ikuko Nakaya, and Mitsuru Yamazaki. (1995).
Journal of Natural Products58 (6), 897-901 DOI: 10.1021/np50120a012

7. "Digoxin - British Heart Foundation" https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/drug-cabinet/digoxin. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

8. "Digoxin - The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists". https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

9. Morales, C., Cusido, R. M., Palazon, J., Bonfill, M. Response of Digitalis purpurea plants to temporary salinity. Journal of Plant Nutrition, (1993). https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169309364532.

10. Flagstad, L. (2012). Purple Foxglove Digitalis purpurea L. Alaska Natural Heritage Program, (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: abstract. Non-native plants 2003.).

Digitalis purpurea

2023-05-12T17:58:17Z

Lucywill:

[[File:foxglove3.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]
Digitalis purpurea, also known as purple foxglove or common foxglove, is a herbaceous perennial flower native to western, southern, and central Europe. Commonly used in gardening, Digitalis purpurea is well known for its leaves, flowers, and seed's poisonous qualities, and their use in modern cardiac medicine. [[#1.|[1]]] Digitalis purpurea is now commonly found across Europe as well as North America and other temperate areas.

==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Plantae
| Tracheophyta
| Magnoliopsida
| Lamiales
| Plantaginaceae
|}

==Overview==
[[File:foxglove1.jpg|300px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

Digitalis purpurea are perennial herbaceous flowers and posses course, lanceolate leaves with rounded teeth on the margins. The leaves are alternately positioned on the stem of the common foxglove, can grow up to a foot long, and are covered in gray-white hairs. In its first year of growth, Digitalis purpurea forms a tight rosette of leaves before forming the upright flower stem, standing 3-4 feet tall, in the second year of growth. Digitalis purpurea most commonly forms 20-80 flowers on one side of the stem however, through cultivation, flowers can be produces completely surrounding the stem. Digitalis purpurea blooms in early summer and is a common garden flower, being selected for its color ranging from purple to pink and white, as well as flower position and height. [[#2.|[2]]]

==Ecology==

Digitalis purpurea grows in full light to partial shade. The flower will grow in many types of soils, however, it thrives in light, moist soils high in [[Organic Matter|organic matter]]. A ring of nectar at the base of the flower tube is pollinated by a variety of bees as well as humming birds. Foxglove is protandrous, with the bottom most flowers being female and flowers 3-7 being male. Bees predominately visit female flowers first, fertilizing them with pollin from another plant, and can also promote out-crossing if pollinator remain on the plant long enough to remove pollen from a male flower, increasing the probability of pollen transfer.[[#3.|[3]]] Once pollinated, these flowers form rounded fruit capsules which split at maturity to release small brown seeds for future germination. [[#2.|[2]]] Soil Salinity has a negative affect on Digitalis purpurea overall growth and protein content with increasing concentrations of NaCl, however, root growth has been shown to increase with soil salinity.[[#9.|[9]]]

[[File:foxglove2.jpg|275px|left|thumb| [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/44/11/27/441127cce1406c41d504537e772acbdc.jpg.] Digitalis purpurea illustration.]]

==Reproduction==
Digitalis purpurea reproduce sexually through pollination via [[insects]] such as bees and humming birds. The variation in color of flower offspring is determined by the combination of dominant and non dominant pigment coding genes. Four possible phenotypes for digitalis purpurea including dark purple, light purple, white, and also the presence of spots. Purple foxglove only produces seeds which can remain viable in soil for up to five years, often only establishing after a disturbance loosening and allowing for the seedlings to penetrate the soil. [[#10.|[10]]]

==Medicinal Use==
[[File:digoxin.jpg|280px|right|thumb| [https://www.1800petmeds.com/dw/image/v2/BDKX_PRD/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-main/default/dwc846c005/images/large/10067_420.jpg?sw=1000&sh=1000&q=40] Digoxin medication.]]

All parts of the Digitalis purpurea plant are toxic for humans to consume, however, this species has been revolutionary in cardiac and anti-cancer medicine. Cardiotonic glycosides are compounds extracted from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea and are used in Digoxin, a common medication used to treat congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation.[[#6.|[6]]] Bio accumulation of cardiotonic glycosides can be affected by climate and [[soil]] conditions, current medicinal forms of this compound are produced through artificial cultivation to mitigate these factors.[[#4.|[4]]] Foxglove has been used to treat ailments of the heart for the past 200 years, however, Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside, was first isolated from the Digitalis purpurea plant in 1930 by Dr. Sydney Smith.[[#7.|[7]]][[#8.|[8]]] Although foxglove has been used in cardiac medicine for centuries, recent research shows the possibility for digitalis compounds to be used in oncology for their anti-tumorous [[properties]]. Heywoodii an extract from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea, has been shown to have cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines. Evaluation of methanolic extracts have shown an apoptotic effect, and may be used to treat certain forms of cancer in future oncological practice.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. "Digitalis purpurea - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

2. "Common foxglove, Digitalis purpurea". https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/common-foxglove-digitalis-purpurea/. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

3. Best, L. S., & Bierzychudek, P. (1982). Pollinator [[Foraging]] on Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea): A Test of a New Model. Evolution, 36(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407968

4. Pérez-Alonso, N., Wilken, D., Gerth, A. et al. Cardiotonic glycosides from biomass of Digitalis purpurea L. cultured in temporary immersion systems. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 99, 151–156 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9587-x

5. López-Lázaro, Miguel; de la Peña, Nieves Palma; Pastor, Nuria; Martín-Cordero, Carmen; Navarro, Eduardo; Cortés, Felipe; Ayuso, María Jesús; Toro, María Victoria. (2003). Anti-Tumour Activity of Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. heywoodii. Planta Medica, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-42789

6. Yukari Ikeda, Youichi Fujii, Ikuko Nakaya, and Mitsuru Yamazaki. (1995).
Journal of Natural Products58 (6), 897-901 DOI: 10.1021/np50120a012

7. "Digoxin - British Heart Foundation" https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/drug-cabinet/digoxin. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

8. "Digoxin - The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists". https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

9. Morales, C., Cusido, R. M., Palazon, J., Bonfill, M. Response of Digitalis purpurea plants to temporary salinity. Journal of Plant Nutrition, (1993). https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169309364532.

10. Flagstad, L. (2012). Purple Foxglove Digitalis purpurea L. Alaska Natural Heritage Program, (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: abstract. Non-native plants 2003.).

Digitalis purpurea

2023-05-12T17:57:18Z

Lucywill:

[[File:foxglove3.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]
Digitalis purpurea, also known as purple foxglove or common foxglove, is a herbaceous perennial flower native to western, southern, and central Europe. Commonly used in gardening, Digitalis purpurea is well known for its leaves, flowers, and seed's poisonous qualities, and their use in modern cardiac medicine. [[#1.|[1]]] Digitalis purpurea is now commonly found across Europe as well as North America and other temperate areas.

==Taxonomy==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|
|-
|
! scope="col" | Kingdom
! scope="col" | Phylum
! scope="col" | Class
! scope="col" | Order
! scope="col" | Family
|-
! scope="row" | Classification
| Plantae
| Tracheophyta
| Magnoliopsida
| Lamiales
| Plantaginaceae
|}

==Overview==
[[File:foxglove1.jpg|300px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

Digitalis purpurea are perennial herbaceous flowers and posses course, lanceolate leaves with rounded teeth on the margins. The leaves are alternately positioned on the stem of the common foxglove, can grow up to a foot long, and are covered in gray-white hairs. In its first year of growth, Digitalis purpurea forms a tight rosette of leaves before forming the upright flower stem, standing 3-4 feet tall, in the second year of growth. Digitalis purpurea most commonly forms 20-80 flowers on one side of the stem however, through cultivation, flowers can be produces completely surrounding the stem. Digitalis purpurea blooms in early summer and is a common garden flower, being selected for its color ranging from purple to pink and white, as well as flower position and height. [[#2.|[2]]]

==Ecology==

Digitalis purpurea grows in full light to partial shade. The flower will grow in many types of soils, however, it thrives in light, moist soils high in [[Organic Matter|organic matter]]. A ring of nectar at the base of the flower tube is pollinated by a variety of bees as well as humming birds. Foxglove is protandrous, with the bottom most flowers being female and flowers 3-7 being male. Bees predominately visit female flowers first, fertilizing them with pollin from another plant, and can also promote out-crossing if pollinator remain on the plant long enough to remove pollen from a male flower, increasing the probability of pollen transfer.[[#3.|[3]]] Once pollinated, these flowers form rounded fruit capsules which split at maturity to release small brown seeds for future germination. [[#2.|[2]]] Soil Salinity has a negative affect on Digitalis purpurea overall growth and protein content with increasing concentrations of NaCl, however, root growth has been shown to increase with soil salinity.[[#9.|[9]]]

[[File:foxglove2.jpg|275px|left|thumb| [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/44/11/27/441127cce1406c41d504537e772acbdc.jpg.] Digitalis purpurea illustration.]]

==Reproduction==
Digitalis purpurea reproduce sexually through pollination via [[insects]] such as bees and humming birds. The variation in color of flower offspring is determined by the combination of dominant and non dominant pigment coding genes. Four possible phenotypes for digitalis purpurea including dark purple, light purple, white, and also the presence of spots. Purple foxglove only produces seeds which can remain viable in soil for up to five years, often only establishing after a disturbance loosening and allowing for the seedlings to penetrate the soil. [[#10.|[10]]]

==Medicinal Use==
[[File:digoxin.jpg|250px|right|thumb| [https://www.1800petmeds.com/dw/image/v2/BDKX_PRD/on/demandware.static/-/Sites-main/default/dwc846c005/images/large/10067_420.jpg?sw=1000&sh=1000&q=40] Digoxin medication.]]

All parts of the Digitalis purpurea plant are toxic for humans to consume, however, this species has been revolutionary in cardiac and anti-cancer medicine. Cardiotonic glycosides are compounds extracted from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea and are used in Digoxin, a common medication used to treat congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation.[[#6.|[6]]] Bio accumulation of cardiotonic glycosides can be affected by climate and [[soil]] conditions, current medicinal forms of this compound are produced through artificial cultivation to mitigate these factors.[[#4.|[4]]] Foxglove has been used to treat ailments of the heart for the past 200 years, however, Digoxin, a cardiac glycoside, was first isolated from the Digitalis purpurea plant in 1930 by Dr. Sydney Smith.[[#7.|[7]]][[#8.|[8]]] Although foxglove has been used in cardiac medicine for centuries, recent research shows the possibility for digitalis compounds to be used in oncology for their anti-tumorous [[properties]]. Heywoodii an extract from the leaves of Digitalis purpurea, has been shown to have cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines. Evaluation of methanolic extracts have shown an apoptotic effect, and may be used to treat certain forms of cancer in future oncological practice.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. "Digitalis purpurea - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

2. "Common foxglove, Digitalis purpurea". https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/common-foxglove-digitalis-purpurea/. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

3. Best, L. S., & Bierzychudek, P. (1982). Pollinator [[Foraging]] on Foxglove (Digitalis purpurea): A Test of a New Model. Evolution, 36(1), 70–79. https://doi.org/10.2307/2407968

4. Pérez-Alonso, N., Wilken, D., Gerth, A. et al. Cardiotonic glycosides from biomass of Digitalis purpurea L. cultured in temporary immersion systems. Plant Cell Tiss Organ Cult 99, 151–156 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11240-009-9587-x

5. López-Lázaro, Miguel; de la Peña, Nieves Palma; Pastor, Nuria; Martín-Cordero, Carmen; Navarro, Eduardo; Cortés, Felipe; Ayuso, María Jesús; Toro, María Victoria. (2003). Anti-Tumour Activity of Digitalis purpurea L. subsp. heywoodii. Planta Medica, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2003-42789

6. Yukari Ikeda, Youichi Fujii, Ikuko Nakaya, and Mitsuru Yamazaki. (1995).
Journal of Natural Products58 (6), 897-901 DOI: 10.1021/np50120a012

7. "Digoxin - British Heart Foundation" https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/drug-cabinet/digoxin. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

8. "Digoxin - The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists". https://www.drugs.com/monograph/digoxin.html. Retrieved 2023-03-30.

9. Morales, C., Cusido, R. M., Palazon, J., Bonfill, M. Response of Digitalis purpurea plants to temporary salinity. Journal of Plant Nutrition, (1993). https://doi.org/10.1080/01904169309364532.

10. Flagstad, L. (2012). Purple Foxglove Digitalis purpurea L. Alaska Natural Heritage Program, (Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources: abstract. Non-native plants 2003.).

Yellow trout lily

2023-05-10T18:23:27Z

Lucywill:

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]
[[File:e americanum range.png|800px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Yellow trout lily

2023-05-10T18:23:11Z

Lucywill:

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]
[[File:e americanum range.png|700px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Yellow trout lily

2023-05-10T18:23:00Z

Lucywill:

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]
[[File:e americanum range.png|500px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Yellow trout lily

2023-05-10T18:22:17Z

Lucywill:

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]
[[File:e americanum range.png|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Yellow trout lily

2023-05-10T18:21:53Z

Lucywill:

[[File:troutlily-scaled.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lilies.]]
[[File:e americanum range.png|300px|thumb|right|Yellow trout lily range across the US and Canada.]]

== Overview ==

The yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum'') is a common [[Spring Ephemerals|spring ephemeral]] wildflower that is part of the [[Liliaceae]] family and is native to the northeastern United States and eastern Canada. It is a [[perennial]] that grows in colonies and blooms between March and May. Each plant produces one nodding bright yellow flower with backwards bending petals and has dark green leaves that are mottled with a purplish-brown coloration. The leaves are where the flower gets its name from: the mottled coloration is said to be similar to the markings on trout. Other names for the yellow trout lily include the American trout lily, eastern trout lily, yellow dogtooth violet, and adder's tongue. <ref name="Texas">University of Texas. (19 March 2019). ''Erythronium americanum''. https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=eram5 </ref><ref name="adk">Wild Adirondacks. Wildflowers of the Adirondacks: Trout Lily (''Erythronium americanum''). https://wildadirondacks.org/adirondack-wildflowers-trout-lily-erythronium-americanum.html</ref>

== Growth and Reproduction ==

The natural habitat of yellow trout lilies is deciduous woodland, and they grow best in moist, acidic [[soil]] with part sun or dappled sunlight. The plants tend to grow in clumps, forming dense clusters of leaves and flowers, and typically reach 3 to 6 inches in height.<ref name="Texas"/> The roots grow in the fall, and the flower sprouts, blooms, produces fruit, and dies before canopy trees fully leaf out in the spring.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="Lapointe">Lapointe, L., & Molard, J. (1997). Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, ''Erythronium americanum''. The New Phytologist, 135(3), 491-500.</ref> Two versions of the yellow trout lily exist: sterile plants that do not produce flowers and reproduce via runners, and the flowering plants that reproduce sexually via seeds.<ref name="Holland">Holland, P. G. (1980). Transplant experiments with trout lily at Mont St Hilaire, Quebec. Journal of Biogeography, 261-267.</ref><ref name="Tessier">Tessier, J. T. (2012). Methods of belowground movement in ''Erythronium americanum''. Northeastern Naturalist, 19(sp6), 77-88.</ref> Each flower contains 4-7 seeds that are typically released in June and July and dispersed by ants, about 40% of which will successfully germinate.<ref name="Tessier"/><ref name="Muller">Muller, R. N. (1978). The phenology, growth and ecosystem dynamics of ''Erythronium americanum'' in the northern hardwood forest. Ecological Monographs, 48(1), 1-20.</ref> Interestingly, although yellow is the most common color for pollen in flowering plants, the pollen and anther color of yellow trout lilies can be either red or yellow. This variation has allowed researchers to track pollen distribution from these plants. One 2018 study found that specific pollinators may have preferences for one pollen color over the other.<ref name="Austen">Austen, E. J., Lin, S. Y., & Forrest, J. R. (2018). On the ecological significance of pollen color: a case study in American trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''). [[Ecology]], 99(4), 926-937.</ref> Yellow trout lilies grow more slowly and have delayed bulb cell maturation at lower temperatures, approximately 15-5 degrees Celsius, and experience slower starch accumulation and a greater sink capacity compared to bulbs grown at temperatures greater than 18 degrees Celsius. Longer leaf spans and larger bulbs seen in yellow trout lilies grown at colder termperatures is a result of improved equilibrium between carbon fixation and capacity and carbohydrate sink strength.<ref name="source-sink">Anthony Gandin, Sylvain Gutjahr, Pierre Dizengremel, Line Lapointe, Source–sink imbalance increases with growth temperature in the spring geophyte Erythronium americanum, Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 62, Issue 10, June 2011, Pages 3467–3479, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/err020</ref>
[[File:anthercolors.jpg|500px|thumb|left|Two yellow trout lilies, one with red anthers (left) and one with yellow anthers (right).]]

== Ecological Significance ==
The yellow trout lily is an important pollen and food source for many types of [[insects]] such as bees, [[butterflies]], flies, and ants. Black bears reportedly eat the corms and white-tailed deer eat the seed capsules, although only to a limited extent. The plant's bulbs are a staple food source for Eastern chipmunks.<ref name="adk"/><ref name="frost">Tessier, J. T. (2022). Severe frost but not shade could limit the future growing season of ''Erythronium americanum''. Botany, 100(3), 275-282.</ref> It also plays a role in soil [[Nutrient Cycling|nutrient cycling]] and retention, and about 75% of the roots are infected by arbuscular [[mycorrhizae]], which is unusual for a spring ephemeral.<ref name="Lapointe"/><ref name="frost"/> Mycorrizae decrease root growth during the winter and cost the yellow trout lily carbohydrate reserves, however, during the spring, mycorrizal fungi can double the annual growth rate of the lily compared to growth without mycorrizae. <ref name="cost and benefits">Lapointe, L. and Molard, J. (1997), Costs and benefits of mycorrhizal infection in a spring ephemeral, Erythronium americanum. New Phytologist, 135: 491-500. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-8137.1997.00672.x</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-10T17:16:14Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|480px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Muscaria var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Flavivolvata var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Guessowii var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Inzengae var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agaric has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agaric" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agaric is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms. Amanita muscaria can form symbiotic relationships with trees such as pine, oak, spruce, fir, birch, and cedar, and aid in the [[decomposition]] of [[lignin]] and cellulose in conifer and deciduous forest floors.[[#8.|[8]]]
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Amanita muscaria fairy ring]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agaric. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

8. “Amanita Muscaria (L.) Lam., 1783.” GBIF, www.gbif.org/species/113534033. Accessed 6 May 2023.

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-10T17:15:12Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|480px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Muscaria var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Flavivolvata var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Guessowii var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Inzengae var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agaric has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agaric" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agaric is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms. Amanita muscaria can form symbiotic relationships with trees such as pine, oak, spruce, fir, birch, and cedar, and aid in the [[decomposition]] of [[lignin]] and cellulose in conifer and deciduous forest floors.[[#8.|[8]]]
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Amanita muscaria fairy ring]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html
2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.
3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/
4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.
5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agaric. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml
6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6
7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x
8. “Amanita Muscaria (L.) Lam., 1783.” GBIF, www.gbif.org/species/113534033. Accessed 6 May 2023.

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-10T15:35:39Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|480px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Muscaria var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Flavivolvata var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Guessowii var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Inzengae var.]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agaric has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agaric" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agaric is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]Amanita muscaria fairy ring]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agaric. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T19:10:01Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|480px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agaric has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agaric" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agaric is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agaric. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T19:08:25Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|480px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agaric has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agaric" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agaric is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agaric. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:45:31Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|480px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:45:11Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|480px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:45:00Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|490px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:44:48Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|470px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:44:38Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|450px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:44:22Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|440px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:43:35Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|441px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:40:40Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|441px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.

5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml

6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:40:00Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|441px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]] These subspecies, also known as variations, were discovered through a molecular phylogenetic study in 2006 by mycologist József Geml. All known variations were shown to be found in Eurasian and North American Amanita muscaria clades, bringing the debate that these variations are simply polymorphisms rather than distinct subspecies.[[#7.|[7]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|150px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

[[File:flyagarlic3.jpg|275px|left|thumb| [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/44/11/27/441127cce1406c41d504537e772acbdc.jpg.] Digitalis purpea illustration.]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.
5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml
6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6
7. J. Geml, G. A. Laursen, K. O'Neill, H. C. Nusbaum, D. L. Taylor. Beringian origins and cryptic speciation events in the fly
agaric (Amanita muscaria). Molecular [[Ecology]]. 2006. 15, 225–239. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02799.x

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:29:58Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|441px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|170px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|170px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|170px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|170px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]] The fruiting season of this mushroom varies dramatically across climates and latitude. Fly agarlic is commonly found in a formation known as "fairy rings". This circular formation of mushrooms is a result of the mycelium of the fungus living underground with the fruiting bodies growing around the edge in a circle. [[#1.|[1]]]These fairy rings are subject to much folklore and mythology which has contributed to the recognizability of these toadstool mushrooms.
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

[[File:flyagarlic3.jpg|275px|left|thumb| [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/44/11/27/441127cce1406c41d504537e772acbdc.jpg.] Digitalis purpea illustration.]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. Australian Government Inititiave . (n.d.). What is a fungus ?. Australian National Herbarium. https://www.anbg.gov.au/fungi/what-is-fungus.html

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.
5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml
6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

Amanita muscaria

2023-05-08T17:21:52Z

Lucywill:

[[File:flyagarlic1.jpg|400px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Amanita muscaria]]
[[Amanita muscaria]], also known as fly agaric, is a basidiomycete fungus native to temperate and boreal regions in the Norther Hemisphere. Amanita muscaria are cosmopolitan species and associates with a variety of deciduous and coniferous trees. Easily recognizable for their iconic toadstool appearance, Amanita muscaria are poisonous and contain psychoactive constituents.
[[File:flyagarlictree.jpg|441px|right|thumb| [http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2009/christia_eri2/Classification.htm]Amanita muscaria phylogenic tree]]

==Taxonomy==

'''Kingdom:''' Fungi
'''Phylum:''' Basidiomycota
'''Class:''' Agaricomycetes
'''Order:''' Agaricales
'''family:''' Amanitaceae
==Overview==
Amanita muscaria has many variations in regional subspecies which can be distinguished by their environment and physiology. [[#3.|[3]]]
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"
|+ Amanita muscaria subspecies
|-
! Image !! Scientific name !! Common name !! Description !!
|-
| [[File:orange1.jpg|170px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. muscaria || Euro-Asian fly agaric || The muscaria variation has a bright red cap and originated from northern Europe and Asia. Cap may also be orange or yellow due to slow development of the purple pigment.
|-
| [[File:red1.jpg|170px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. flavivolvata || American fly agaric || The flavivolvata variation is red with yellow to yellowish-white warts. It is found from southern Alaska down through Central America, all the way to Andean Colombia.
|-
| [[File:yellow1.jpg|170px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. guessowii || American fly agaric (yellow variant) || The guessowii variation has a yellow to orange cap, with the center often having an orange or red gradient.
|-
| [[File:orangeyellow12.jpg|170px|right|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop]]] || Amanita muscaria var. inzengae || Inzenga's fly agaric || The inzengae variation has a pale yellow to orange-yellow cap with yellowish warts and a tan stem.
|}

==Ecology==
Fly agarlic has been used historically as a pesticide by combining the mushroom with milk and spraying on plants. The practice of using amanita muscaria for pest management in Germanic and Slavic speaking parts of Europe lead to the fungus claiming the common name "fly agarlic" for its ability to kill flies.[[#2.|[2]]]
[[File:flyagarlic5.jpg|300px|left|thumb| [https://www.almanac.com/sites/default/files/styles/or/public/image_nodes/foxglove-shutterstock_656531998.jpg?itok=XBjjszop] Digitalis purpurea]]

[[File:flyagarlic3.jpg|275px|left|thumb| [https://i.pinimg.com/originals/44/11/27/441127cce1406c41d504537e772acbdc.jpg.] Digitalis purpea illustration.]]

==Psychoactive and cultural uses==
Amanita muscaria contains several active agents which can cause toxic and psychoactive reactions. Muscimol and ibotenic acid are two neurotoxins found in varying doses and ratios within the Amanita muscaria cap.[[#4.|[4]]][[#6.|[6]]] The hallucinogenic effects have been used in Asian and European shamanic rituals across many cultures and it's use in Sibera can be dated to over 16,000 years ago.[[#5.|[5]]]

[[#5.|[5]]]

==References==
1. xxx

2. Wasson, R. Gordon. Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1973.

3. North Carolina State University. (n.d.). Amanita muscaria. Amanita muscaria (Fly Agaric, Fly Amanita) | North Carolina Extension Gardener Plant Toolbox. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/amanita-muscaria/

4. Satora L, Pach D, Butryn B, Hydzik P, Balicka-Slusarczyk B. Fly agaric (Amanita muscaria) poisoning, case report and review. Toxicon. 2005 Jun 1;45(7):941-3. doi: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.01.005. Epub 2005 Apr 14. PMID: 15904689.
5. U.S. Forest Service, USDA. (n.d.). Fly Agarlic. Forest Service Shield. https://www.fs.usda.gov/wildflowers/ethnobotany/Mind_and_Spirit/flyagaric.shtml
6. Brvar, M., Možina, M. & Bunc, M. Prolonged psychosis after Amanita muscaria ingestion. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118, 294–297 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-006-0581-6

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