https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Kylemort 2026-04-14T06:11:51Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3061 2018-05-11T12:12:56Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. Although much of the importance tied to vernal pools is due to the overwhelming amount of [[biodiversity]] in the systems, including rare [[invertebrates]], [[crustaceans]], [[insects]], and plant species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[Tiger Salamander]], [[Fairy Shrimp]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: FrogEggs.jpg|300px|middle|thumb| Frog eggs found in a vernal pool. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A wide array of fauna utilize vernal pools for their entire life, which can last up to decades in many cases. The hydrologic cycle of vernal pools is one of the key aspects that make animal life in the pools so specific. This includes the time of inundation, size, depth change, and the drying stage. Factors like water temperature, chemistry, surrounding habitats, and biological interactions are also vital in the resilience of species in vernal pools. Many species that are found in vernal pools live their first few stages in the pool and then leave, others will stay there forever, even when the water dries up. Amphibians like [[frogs]] and [[salamanders]] typically will only stay in the vernal pools until they dry up. Organisms like the '''fairy shrimp''' will stay during the entire period of the vernal pool. Fairy shrimp eggs can be laid as cysts for decades before they are exposed to a water source, which is typically a vernal pool. Fairy shrimp will live typically for only a few months after they hatch because of natural reasons, including desiccation. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Declining Habitat==<br /> <br /> Directly correlated to the rule of humans on planet earth, vernal pools are in a serious decline. This is a great problem for many species that are entirely dependent on vernal pools for survival. Wetlands are some of the most valuable ecosystems because of their biodiversity and [[ecosystem services]], vernal pools should not be excluded from this classification under wetlands. &quot;Forests covered approximately 89% of Michigan circa 1800 but now cover only 45% of the state&quot; (Vernal Pool). This statistic can be used to extract information about vernal pools. Vernal pools are abundant in forests in the Northeast, and when the forests are destroyed for human use, so are the vernal pools. Vernal pools need to be maintained and protected to ensure survival of many fragile species. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Research is needed''': Vernal pools are not studied extensively, and as a result of this, humans are mindlessly destroying this important habitat. Research can help and may be the greatest proponent for these pools because they can prove their importance to the world. Researching every aspect of vernal pools is a necessity for it's conservation and restoration. Without the research, vernal pools will continue to face a serious decline, resulting in endangerment or extinction of fauna, plants, and services carried out by vernal pools.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: ArtificialPool.jpg|400px|left|thumb| A vernal pool that was created by humans in an attempt to restore a wetland ecosystem. [6] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory., https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/vernal_pool.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.<br /> <br /> [6] Hocking, Daniel J. “Creating Vernal Pools.” Daniel J. Hocking, 22 July 2014, danieljhocking.wordpress.com/2014/07/22/creating-vernal-pools/.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3060 2018-05-11T12:12:38Z

<p>Kylemort: /* Declining Habitat */</p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. Although much of the importance tied to vernal pools is due to the overwhelming amount of [[biodiversity]] in the systems, including rare [[invertebrates]], [[crustaceans]], [[insects]], and plant species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[Tiger Salamander]], [[Fairy Shrimp]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: FrogEggs.jpg|300px|middle|thumb| Frog eggs found in a vernal pool. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A wide array of fauna utilize vernal pools for their entire life, which can last up to decades in many cases. The hydrologic cycle of vernal pools is one of the key aspects that make animal life in the pools so specific. This includes the time of inundation, size, depth change, and the drying stage. Factors like water temperature, chemistry, surrounding habitats, and biological interactions are also vital in the resilience of species in vernal pools. Many species that are found in vernal pools live their first few stages in the pool and then leave, others will stay there forever, even when the water dries up. Amphibians like [[frogs]] and [[salamanders]] typically will only stay in the vernal pools until they dry up. Organisms like the '''fairy shrimp''' will stay during the entire period of the vernal pool. Fairy shrimp eggs can be laid as cysts for decades before they are exposed to a water source, which is typically a vernal pool. Fairy shrimp will live typically for only a few months after they hatch because of natural reasons, including desiccation. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Declining Habitat==<br /> <br /> Directly correlated to the rule of humans on planet earth, vernal pools are in a serious decline. This is a great problem for many species that are entirely dependent on vernal pools for survival. Wetlands are some of the most valuable ecosystems because of their biodiversity and [[ecosystem services]], vernal pools should not be excluded from this classification under wetlands. &quot;Forests covered approximately 89% of Michigan circa 1800 but now cover only 45% of the state&quot; (Vernal Pool). This statistic can be used to extract information about vernal pools. Vernal pools are abundant in forests in the Northeast, and when the forests are destroyed for human use, so are the vernal pools. Vernal pools need to be maintained and protected to ensure survival of many fragile species. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Research is needed''': Vernal pools are not studied extensively, and as a result of this, humans are mindlessly destroying this important habitat. Research can help and may be the greatest proponent for these pools because they can prove their importance to the world. Researching every aspect of vernal pools is a necessity for it's conservation and restoration. Without the research, vernal pools will continue to face a serious decline, resulting in endangerment or extinction of fauna, plants, and services carried out by vernal pools.<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: ArtificialPool.jpg|400px|left|thumb| A vernal pool that was created by humans in an attempt to restore a wetland ecosystem. [6] ]]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory., https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/vernal_pool.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.<br /> <br /> [6] Hocking, Daniel J. “Creating Vernal Pools.” Daniel J. Hocking, 22 July 2014, danieljhocking.wordpress.com/2014/07/22/creating-vernal-pools/.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:ArtificialPool.jpg&diff=3059 2018-05-11T12:11:12Z

<p>Kylemort: A vernal pool that was created by humans.</p> <hr /> <div>A vernal pool that was created by humans.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3058 2018-05-11T12:10:42Z

<p>Kylemort: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. Although much of the importance tied to vernal pools is due to the overwhelming amount of [[biodiversity]] in the systems, including rare [[invertebrates]], [[crustaceans]], [[insects]], and plant species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[Tiger Salamander]], [[Fairy Shrimp]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: FrogEggs.jpg|300px|middle|thumb| Frog eggs found in a vernal pool. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A wide array of fauna utilize vernal pools for their entire life, which can last up to decades in many cases. The hydrologic cycle of vernal pools is one of the key aspects that make animal life in the pools so specific. This includes the time of inundation, size, depth change, and the drying stage. Factors like water temperature, chemistry, surrounding habitats, and biological interactions are also vital in the resilience of species in vernal pools. Many species that are found in vernal pools live their first few stages in the pool and then leave, others will stay there forever, even when the water dries up. Amphibians like [[frogs]] and [[salamanders]] typically will only stay in the vernal pools until they dry up. Organisms like the '''fairy shrimp''' will stay during the entire period of the vernal pool. Fairy shrimp eggs can be laid as cysts for decades before they are exposed to a water source, which is typically a vernal pool. Fairy shrimp will live typically for only a few months after they hatch because of natural reasons, including desiccation. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Declining Habitat==<br /> <br /> Directly correlated to the rule of humans on planet earth, vernal pools are in a serious decline. This is a great problem for many species that are entirely dependent on vernal pools for survival. Wetlands are some of the most valuable ecosystems because of their biodiversity and [[ecosystem services]], vernal pools should not be excluded from this classification under wetlands. &quot;Forests covered approximately 89% of Michigan circa 1800 but now cover only 45% of the state&quot; (Vernal Pool). This statistic can be used to extract information about vernal pools. Vernal pools are abundant in forests in the Northeast, and when the forests are destroyed for human use, so are the vernal pools. Vernal pools need to be maintained and protected to ensure survival of many fragile species. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Research is needed''': Vernal pools are not studied extensively, and as a result of this, humans are mindlessly destroying this important habitat. Research can help and may be the greatest proponent for these pools because they can prove their importance to the world. Researching every aspect of vernal pools is a necessity for it's conservation and restoration. Without the research, vernal pools will continue to face a serious decline, resulting in endangerment or extinction of fauna, plants, and services carried out by vernal pools.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory., https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/vernal_pool.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.<br /> <br /> [6] Hocking, Daniel J. “Creating Vernal Pools.” Daniel J. Hocking, 22 July 2014, danieljhocking.wordpress.com/2014/07/22/creating-vernal-pools/.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3057 2018-05-11T12:08:03Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. Although much of the importance tied to vernal pools is due to the overwhelming amount of [[biodiversity]] in the systems, including rare [[invertebrates]], [[crustaceans]], [[insects]], and plant species.<br /> <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[Tiger Salamander]], [[Fairy Shrimp]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: FrogEggs.jpg|300px|middle|thumb| Frog eggs found in a vernal pool. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A wide array of fauna utilize vernal pools for their entire life, which can last up to decades in many cases. The hydrologic cycle of vernal pools is one of the key aspects that make animal life in the pools so specific. This includes the time of inundation, size, depth change, and the drying stage. Factors like water temperature, chemistry, surrounding habitats, and biological interactions are also vital in the resilience of species in vernal pools. Many species that are found in vernal pools live their first few stages in the pool and then leave, others will stay there forever, even when the water dries up. Amphibians like [[frogs]] and [[salamanders]] typically will only stay in the vernal pools until they dry up. Organisms like the '''fairy shrimp''' will stay during the entire period of the vernal pool. Fairy shrimp eggs can be laid as cysts for decades before they are exposed to a water source, which is typically a vernal pool. Fairy shrimp will live typically for only a few months after they hatch because of natural reasons, including desiccation. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Declining Habitat==<br /> <br /> Directly correlated to the rule of humans on planet earth, vernal pools are in a serious decline. This is a great problem for many species that are entirely dependent on vernal pools for survival. Wetlands are some of the most valuable ecosystems because of their biodiversity and [[ecosystem services]], vernal pools should not be excluded from this classification under wetlands. &quot;Forests covered approximately 89% of Michigan circa 1800 but now cover only 45% of the state&quot; (Vernal Pool). This statistic can be used to extract information about vernal pools. Vernal pools are abundant in forests in the Northeast, and when the forests are destroyed for human use, so are the vernal pools. Vernal pools need to be maintained and protected to ensure survival of many fragile species. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Research is needed''': Vernal pools are not studied extensively, and as a result of this, humans are mindlessly destroying this important habitat. Research can help and may be the greatest proponent for these pools because they can prove their importance to the world. Researching every aspect of vernal pools is a necessity for it's conservation and restoration. Without the research, vernal pools will continue to face a serious decline, resulting in endangerment or extinction of fauna, plants, and services carried out by vernal pools.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory., https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/vernal_pool.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3056 2018-05-11T11:55:14Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. <br /> <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[Tiger Salamander]], [[Fairy Shrimp]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: FrogEggs.jpg|300px|middle|thumb| Frog eggs found in a vernal pool. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A wide array of fauna utilize vernal pools for their entire life, which can last up to decades in many cases. The hydrologic cycle of vernal pools is one of the key aspects that make animal life in the pools so specific. This includes the time of inundation, size, depth change, and the drying stage. Factors like water temperature, chemistry, surrounding habitats, and biological interactions are also vital in the resilience of species in vernal pools. Many species that are found in vernal pools live their first few stages in the pool and then leave, others will stay there forever, even when the water dries up. Amphibians like [[frogs]] and [[salamanders]] typically will only stay in the vernal pools until they dry up. Organisms like the '''fairy shrimp''' will stay during the entire period of the vernal pool. Fairy shrimp eggs can be laid as cysts for decades before they are exposed to a water source, which is typically a vernal pool. Fairy shrimp will live typically for only a few months after they hatch because of natural reasons, including desiccation. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory., https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/vernal_pool.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3055 2018-05-11T11:54:46Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. <br /> <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[California Tiger Salamander]], [[Fairy Shrimp]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: FrogEggs.jpg|300px|middle|thumb| Frog eggs found in a vernal pool. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A wide array of fauna utilize vernal pools for their entire life, which can last up to decades in many cases. The hydrologic cycle of vernal pools is one of the key aspects that make animal life in the pools so specific. This includes the time of inundation, size, depth change, and the drying stage. Factors like water temperature, chemistry, surrounding habitats, and biological interactions are also vital in the resilience of species in vernal pools. Many species that are found in vernal pools live their first few stages in the pool and then leave, others will stay there forever, even when the water dries up. Amphibians like [[frogs]] and [[salamanders]] typically will only stay in the vernal pools until they dry up. Organisms like the '''fairy shrimp''' will stay during the entire period of the vernal pool. Fairy shrimp eggs can be laid as cysts for decades before they are exposed to a water source, which is typically a vernal pool. Fairy shrimp will live typically for only a few months after they hatch because of natural reasons, including desiccation. [4]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory., https://mnfi.anr.msu.edu/abstracts/ecology/vernal_pool.pdf<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3053 2018-05-11T11:47:07Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. <br /> <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[[California Tiger Salamander]]], [[[Fairy Shrimp]]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File: FrogEggs.jpg|300px|middle|thumb| Frog eggs found in a vernal pool. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A wide array of fauna utilize vernal pools for their entire life, which can last up to decades in many cases. The hydrologic cycle of vernal pools is one of the key aspects that make animal life in the pools so specific. This includes the time of inundation, size, depth change, and the drying stage. Many species that are found in vernal pools live their first few stages in the pool and then leave, others will stay there forever, even when the water dries up. Amphibians like [[[frogs]]] and [[[salamanders]]] typically will only stay in the vernal pools until they dry up. Organisms like the '''fairy shrimp''' will stay during the entire period of the vernal pool. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory.<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:FrogEggs.jpg&diff=3052 2018-05-11T11:45:30Z

<p>Kylemort: Frogg eggs found in a vernal pool.</p> <hr /> <div>Frogg eggs found in a vernal pool.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3051 2018-05-11T11:45:04Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. <br /> <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[[California Tiger Salamander]]], [[[Fairy Shrimp]]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> A wide array of fauna utilize vernal pools for their entire life, which can last up to decades in many cases. The hydrologic cycle of vernal pools is one of the key aspects that make animal life in the pools so specific. This includes the time of inundation, size, depth change, and the drying stage. Many species that are found in vernal pools live their first few stages in the pool and then leave, others will stay there forever, even when the water dries up. Amphibians like [[[frogs]]] and [[[salamanders]]] typically will only stay in the vernal pools until they dry up. Organisms like the '''fairy shrimp''' will stay during the entire period of the vernal pool. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory.<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3043 2018-05-11T11:37:14Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> Vernal pools are the best habitat for many insects, amphibians, and plants; Even though they are only around for sometimes weeks. The main advantage that vernal pools have over other bodies of water is that there are no other aquatic species in the water. There are no fish that will prey on the organisms creating a home in the pools. Additionally, many birds will use the vernal pool as a seasonal water source if it is large enough. <br /> <br /> Some rare (and endangered) plant species that thrive in vernal pools are, '''Shumards Oak''', '''Raven's-foot sedge''', '''squarrose sedge''', and '''false hop sedge'''. [4]<br /> <br /> Some rare animal species that depend on vernal pools are, [[[California Tiger Salamander]]], [[[Fairy Shrimp]]], and specifically female bees of the genus Andrena. [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] “Vernal Pools.” Vernal Pools Animals, www.naturalheritage.state.pa.us/VernalPool_Geology.aspx.<br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?<br /> guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.<br /> <br /> [4] “Vernal Pool.” Michigan Natural Features Inventory.<br /> <br /> [5] “California Vernal Pools.” VernalPools.Org - Plants &amp; Animals of Vernal Pools, www.vernalpools.org/species.htm.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3041 2018-05-11T11:19:09Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool was able to form due to the scouring of the earth by previous glaciers. [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] <br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg&diff=3040 2018-05-11T11:17:07Z

<p>Kylemort: Kylemort uploaded a new version of File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg</p> <hr /> <div>A vernal pool that is able to form due to glacial scouring in the ground.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3039 2018-05-11T11:15:32Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] <br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3038 2018-05-11T11:15:16Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File: glacialvernalpool.jpg ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] <br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3037 2018-05-11T11:14:45Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File|glacialvernalpool.jpg|left|450px|thumb| Glacial scouring promoted the formation of this vernal pool [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] <br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3036 2018-05-11T11:12:23Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File|GlacialVernalPool.jpg|left|450px|thumb| Glacial scouring promoted the formation of this vernal pool [3] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] <br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:GlacialVernalPool.jpg&diff=3035 2018-05-11T11:10:20Z

<p>Kylemort: A vernal pool that is able to form due to glacial scouring in the ground.</p> <hr /> <div>A vernal pool that is able to form due to glacial scouring in the ground.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3034 2018-05-11T11:09:35Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. These pools of water are vital ecosystems for organisms like frogs, fairy shrimp, and other insects and amphibians. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by '''glacial action''', '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', and even areas with '''human activity'''. '''Floodplains''' are common areas for vernal pools because when there is high water or even a flood, areas that have a water pocket will remain full of water for a short period of time. This is most common in the spring where there is high amounts of snow melt and rain, thus making vernal pools. Areas that have been effected by '''glacial action''' are very susceptible to vernal pools because of the way that the glaciers leave the ground. Glaciers create many depressions, scrapes, scours, and erosion in areas where they travel or melt away. The Northeastern region of the United States is the way it is mostly because of the glacial sheet that last retreated. These features that are left behind form glaciers are able to fill with precipitation and become a vernal pool. A '''sag pond''' is created when there is an underlying rock that is weathered relatively easily. When the rock under the soil weathers, a depression will form in the soil above to fill the void of non-existent rock. This then creates an area for the water to pool, and to stay because of the rock below the soil. Also, '''humans''' are responsible for creating vernal pools because of their importance to the ecosystem. Vernal pools are becoming more and more rare due to human activity, so humans are now creating small vernal pools that allow and promote amphibians and insects to have a habitat once again. Also, many human activities like mining and ditch digging have a side effect that is perfect for vernal pools to form.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Ecological Importance==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] <br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=3033 2018-05-11T10:54:27Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snow melt, and then dry up when summer starts to come around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other [[wetlands]], but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. The key characteristic that contributes to the importance of these pools is that they are separated from other water bodies. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique and temporary wetland ecosystems. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Formation of Vernal Pools==<br /> <br /> In order for vernal pools to form, many factors have to align. The Topography, water table (sometimes), and soil history all have to be just right before a vernal pool will typically form. Most vernal pools only occur in the Western Region and the Northeastern Region of the United States. They will form however in many parts of Canada, and many other Mediterranean or Subtropical regions on earth. [3]<br /> <br /> The topography of a region is very important in an area that has vernal features. The area typically will be a flat lying area that displays divots in the ground along the flat area.<br /> The type of rock in the area will also assist in the formation of vernal pools. If there is igneous rock or bedrock underneath the soil, the formation of vernal pools will be promoted greatly. Even if the rock is suspended on a hill or a mountain, it creates a situation where the infiltration of water into the soil is limited because the rock is essentially impermeable shortly under the ground. [3]<br /> <br /> Most believe that the water table in a region is the sole reason behind vernal pool formation, but this is not the case. Although the water table in an area can be extremely important in vernal pool formation. If the area has a higher water table, vernal pool formation will be promoted because water is more likely to pool up on the surface in the Spring months and create vernal pools; This is common in wetland areas and near stream beds. However, the water table does not have to be high in order for a vernal pool to form. Vernal pools can form due to the rock below and holding runoff in an area, creating a suspended water table or a lower infiltration rate in that area. [3]<br /> <br /> The soil in an area is often the fundamental reason that vernal pools are able to form in an area. Mainly because of what geological feature existed there once before. Areas that promote vernal pool formation are areas effected by glacial action, '''floodplains''', '''sag ponds''', '''pingos''', and even areas with human activity. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] <br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.<br /> <br /> [3] “Vernal Pool EarthCache.” GC2G67F Diamond Head Crater (Earthcache) in Hawaii, United States Created by Martin 5, www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC6ZRQV_vernal-pool-earthcache?guid=451fa0e4-d882-4d81-936c-9e56bfb317ff.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=2994 2018-05-11T03:15:52Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|right|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]<br /> <br /> A vernal pool is a seasonal pool of water that is typically characterized by being relatively small, shallow, and ephemeral. A vernal pool is filled in the spring by rain and snowmelt, and then dry up when summer comes around. These pools can last longer if the soil beneath them is made up of fine silt; Making the percolation rate slower. These pools can form not only near other wetlands, but in any low lying area with a soil structure that is capable of holding water for a short period of time. Vernal pools have been found on the tops of upland areas, woodlands, and urban areas. When considering the characteristics of vernal pools, it is evident that vernal pools are unique wetland ecosystems.<br /> <br /> ==How They Form==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] <br /> <br /> [2] Murtagh, Ed. “Vernal Pools.” Friends of Sligo Creek, Takoma Park Newsletter, Aug. 2004, www.fosc.org/VernalPool.htm.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=2986 2018-05-11T03:02:19Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==<br /> <br /> [[File:VernalPool1.jpg|450px|left|thumb| A vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park. [2] ]]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:VernalPool1.jpg&diff=2984 2018-05-11T03:01:07Z

<p>Kylemort: Vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park.</p> <hr /> <div>Vernal pool in Sligo Creek Park.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vernal_Pools&diff=2983 2018-05-11T02:58:09Z

<p>Kylemort: Created page with &quot;==Overview==&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>==Overview==</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2981 2018-05-11T02:55:41Z

<p>Kylemort: /* List of Possible Topics: */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Springtail]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]],[[Vernal Pools]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Glomeromycota]] [[Hydraulic Actions of Water]] [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], ''[[Emiliania huxleyi]]'', [[Annelids]]<br /> [[Moss]], [[Pseudoscorpions]], [[Drilosphere]], [[Myriapoda]], [[Microorganisms]]<br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2686 2018-05-09T13:21:24Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Springtail]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Glomeromycota]] [[Hydraulic Actions of Water]] [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], ''[[Emiliania huxleyi]]'', [[Annelids]]<br /> [[Moss]], [[Pseudoscorpions]], [[Drilosphere]], [[Myriapoda]], [[Microorganisms]]<br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2683 2018-05-09T13:20:18Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen ([[Nitrogen fixation]]) in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi ([[Ectomycorrizae]]) have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without. [4]<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Viruses==<br /> <br /> [[File:wheat_damage.jpg|300px|left|thumb| &quot;Yellow patches of winter wheat infected with Soilborne wheat mosaic virus&quot; (Wheat) [6] ]]<br /> <br /> Viruses are the smallest of all Microbes, and are single celled organisms. A virus is composed of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a shell of protein called the &quot;capsid&quot;. In some viruses, there is an envelope surrounding the capsid which is a spiky coat around the capsid that assists with the virus transferring to it's host. A virus is not considered a prokaryote or a eukaryote because it does not display the characteristics of a living organism. This is backed up by the fact that the virus can only survive when it is in it's host. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses multiply by budding and by a process called lysis. When budding, a new viral particle will be take over the host cell until the cell ends up dying. The cell dies because the virus uses the membrane of the host cell to create the envelope around the virus. In lysis, the host cell that is infected with the virus will burst open because of the new viral particles pressing outward, which results in death to the host cell. There are then many new viral particles ready to take over a new host cell to repeat the process. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses are found in almost all domains of soil, and they play an important role in those soils. There are viruses that are currently captured in the ice of Antarctica that have not been released in thousands of years. Primarily, viruses have a negative effect on soil processes because they can prohibit the uptake of nutrients to the plants indirectly. Viruses can destroy helpful bacteria and fungi, resulting in the loss of important nutrient fixation and cycling. Viruses do however play an important role in genetic diversity and nutrient storage in soils. Viruses can be trapped and house a lot of nutrients for a long time, keeping them out of that specific nutrient cycle. Also, there can be old and unknown genetics trapped in viruses that can maybe be helpful to human technology. [5]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.<br /> <br /> [5] “Viruses in Soils.” Viruses in Soils | Cell and Molecular Sciences | Research | The James Hutton Institute, www.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/cell-and-molecular-sciences/virus-research/viruses-soils.<br /> <br /> [6] “Washington State University.” Wheat &amp; Small Grains | Washington State University, smallgrains.wsu.edu/disease-resources/virus-diseases/soilborne-wheat-mosaic/.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2681 2018-05-09T13:19:22Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen ([[Nitrogen fixation]]) in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[Ectomycorrhizae]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without. [4]<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Viruses==<br /> <br /> [[File:wheat_damage.jpg|300px|left|thumb| &quot;Yellow patches of winter wheat infected with Soilborne wheat mosaic virus&quot; (Wheat) [6] ]]<br /> <br /> Viruses are the smallest of all Microbes, and are single celled organisms. A virus is composed of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a shell of protein called the &quot;capsid&quot;. In some viruses, there is an envelope surrounding the capsid which is a spiky coat around the capsid that assists with the virus transferring to it's host. A virus is not considered a prokaryote or a eukaryote because it does not display the characteristics of a living organism. This is backed up by the fact that the virus can only survive when it is in it's host. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses multiply by budding and by a process called lysis. When budding, a new viral particle will be take over the host cell until the cell ends up dying. The cell dies because the virus uses the membrane of the host cell to create the envelope around the virus. In lysis, the host cell that is infected with the virus will burst open because of the new viral particles pressing outward, which results in death to the host cell. There are then many new viral particles ready to take over a new host cell to repeat the process. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses are found in almost all domains of soil, and they play an important role in those soils. There are viruses that are currently captured in the ice of Antarctica that have not been released in thousands of years. Primarily, viruses have a negative effect on soil processes because they can prohibit the uptake of nutrients to the plants indirectly. Viruses can destroy helpful bacteria and fungi, resulting in the loss of important nutrient fixation and cycling. Viruses do however play an important role in genetic diversity and nutrient storage in soils. Viruses can be trapped and house a lot of nutrients for a long time, keeping them out of that specific nutrient cycle. Also, there can be old and unknown genetics trapped in viruses that can maybe be helpful to human technology. [5]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.<br /> <br /> [5] “Viruses in Soils.” Viruses in Soils | Cell and Molecular Sciences | Research | The James Hutton Institute, www.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/cell-and-molecular-sciences/virus-research/viruses-soils.<br /> <br /> [6] “Washington State University.” Wheat &amp; Small Grains | Washington State University, smallgrains.wsu.edu/disease-resources/virus-diseases/soilborne-wheat-mosaic/.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2679 2018-05-09T13:18:14Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen ([[Nitrogen fixation]]) in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[ECM]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without. [4]<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Viruses==<br /> <br /> [[File:wheat_damage.jpg|300px|left|thumb| &quot;Yellow patches of winter wheat infected with Soilborne wheat mosaic virus&quot; (Wheat) [6] ]]<br /> <br /> Viruses are the smallest of all Microbes, and are single celled organisms. A virus is composed of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a shell of protein called the &quot;capsid&quot;. In some viruses, there is an envelope surrounding the capsid which is a spiky coat around the capsid that assists with the virus transferring to it's host. A virus is not considered a prokaryote or a eukaryote because it does not display the characteristics of a living organism. This is backed up by the fact that the virus can only survive when it is in it's host. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses multiply by budding and by a process called lysis. When budding, a new viral particle will be take over the host cell until the cell ends up dying. The cell dies because the virus uses the membrane of the host cell to create the envelope around the virus. In lysis, the host cell that is infected with the virus will burst open because of the new viral particles pressing outward, which results in death to the host cell. There are then many new viral particles ready to take over a new host cell to repeat the process. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses are found in almost all domains of soil, and they play an important role in those soils. There are viruses that are currently captured in the ice of Antarctica that have not been released in thousands of years. Primarily, viruses have a negative effect on soil processes because they can prohibit the uptake of nutrients to the plants indirectly. Viruses can destroy helpful bacteria and fungi, resulting in the loss of important nutrient fixation and cycling. Viruses do however play an important role in genetic diversity and nutrient storage in soils. Viruses can be trapped and house a lot of nutrients for a long time, keeping them out of that specific nutrient cycle. Also, there can be old and unknown genetics trapped in viruses that can maybe be helpful to human technology. [5]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.<br /> <br /> [5] “Viruses in Soils.” Viruses in Soils | Cell and Molecular Sciences | Research | The James Hutton Institute, www.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/cell-and-molecular-sciences/virus-research/viruses-soils.<br /> <br /> [6] “Washington State University.” Wheat &amp; Small Grains | Washington State University, smallgrains.wsu.edu/disease-resources/virus-diseases/soilborne-wheat-mosaic/.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2677 2018-05-09T13:16:59Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[ECM]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without. [4]<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Viruses==<br /> <br /> [[File:wheat_damage.jpg|300px|left|thumb| &quot;Yellow patches of winter wheat infected with Soilborne wheat mosaic virus&quot; (Wheat) [6] ]]<br /> <br /> Viruses are the smallest of all Microbes, and are single celled organisms. A virus is composed of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a shell of protein called the &quot;capsid&quot;. In some viruses, there is an envelope surrounding the capsid which is a spiky coat around the capsid that assists with the virus transferring to it's host. A virus is not considered a prokaryote or a eukaryote because it does not display the characteristics of a living organism. This is backed up by the fact that the virus can only survive when it is in it's host. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses multiply by budding and by a process called lysis. When budding, a new viral particle will be take over the host cell until the cell ends up dying. The cell dies because the virus uses the membrane of the host cell to create the envelope around the virus. In lysis, the host cell that is infected with the virus will burst open because of the new viral particles pressing outward, which results in death to the host cell. There are then many new viral particles ready to take over a new host cell to repeat the process. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses are found in almost all domains of soil, and they play an important role in those soils. There are viruses that are currently captured in the ice of Antarctica that have not been released in thousands of years. Primarily, viruses have a negative effect on soil processes because they can prohibit the uptake of nutrients to the plants indirectly. Viruses can destroy helpful bacteria and fungi, resulting in the loss of important nutrient fixation and cycling. Viruses do however play an important role in genetic diversity and nutrient storage in soils. Viruses can be trapped and house a lot of nutrients for a long time, keeping them out of that specific nutrient cycle. Also, there can be old and unknown genetics trapped in viruses that can maybe be helpful to human technology. [5]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.<br /> <br /> [5] “Viruses in Soils.” Viruses in Soils | Cell and Molecular Sciences | Research | The James Hutton Institute, www.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/cell-and-molecular-sciences/virus-research/viruses-soils.<br /> <br /> [6] “Washington State University.” Wheat &amp; Small Grains | Washington State University, smallgrains.wsu.edu/disease-resources/virus-diseases/soilborne-wheat-mosaic/.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2676 2018-05-09T13:15:10Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[ECM]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without. [4]<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Viruses==<br /> <br /> [[File:wheat_damage.jpg|300px|left|thumb| &quot;Yellow patches of winter wheat infected with Soilborne wheat mosaic virus&quot; (Wheat) [6] ]]<br /> <br /> Viruses are the smallest of all Microbes, and are single celled organisms. A virus is composed of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a shell of protein called the &quot;capsid&quot;. In some viruses, there is an envelope surrounding the capsid which is a spiky coat around the capsid that assists with the virus transferring to it's host. A virus is not considered a prokaryote or a eukaryote because it does not display the characteristics of a living organism. This is backed up by the fact that the virus can only survive when it is in it's host. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses multiply by budding and by a process called lysis. When budding, a new viral particle will be take over the host cell until the cell ends up dying. The cell dies because the virus uses the membrane of the host cell to create the envelope around the virus. In lysis, the host cell that is infected with the virus will burst open because of the new viral particles pressing outward, which results in death to the host cell. There are then many new viral particles ready to take over a new host cell to repeat the process. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses are found in almost all domains of soil, and they play an important role in those soils. There are viruses that are currently captured in the ice of Antarctica that have not been released in thousands of years. Primarily, viruses have a negative effect on soil processes because they can prohibit the uptake of nutrients to the plants indirectly. Viruses can destroy helpful bacteria and fungi, resulting in the loss of important nutrient fixation and cycling. Viruses do however play an important role in genetic diversity and nutrient storage in soils. Viruses can be trapped and house a lot of nutrients for a long time, keeping them out of that specific nutrient cycle. Also, there can be old and unknown genetics trapped in viruses that can maybe be helpful to human technology. [5]<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.<br /> <br /> [5] “Viruses in Soils.” Viruses in Soils | Cell and Molecular Sciences | Research | The James Hutton Institute, www.hutton.ac.uk/research/groups/cell-and-molecular-sciences/virus-research/viruses-soils.<br /> <br /> [6]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2675 2018-05-09T13:14:16Z

<p>Kylemort: /* Viruses */</p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[ECM]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without. [4]<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Viruses==<br /> <br /> [File:wheat_damage.jpg|300px|left|thumb| &quot;Yellow patches of winter wheat infected with Soilborne wheat mosaic virus&quot; (Wheat) [5] ]]<br /> <br /> Viruses are the smallest of all Microbes, and are single celled organisms. A virus is composed of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a shell of protein called the &quot;capsid&quot;. In some viruses, there is an envelope surrounding the capsid which is a spiky coat around the capsid that assists with the virus transferring to it's host. A virus is not considered a prokaryote or a eukaryote because it does not display the characteristics of a living organism. This is backed up by the fact that the virus can only survive when it is in it's host. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses multiply by budding and by a process called lysis. When budding, a new viral particle will be take over the host cell until the cell ends up dying. The cell dies because the virus uses the membrane of the host cell to create the envelope around the virus. In lysis, the host cell that is infected with the virus will burst open because of the new viral particles pressing outward, which results in death to the host cell. There are then many new viral particles ready to take over a new host cell to repeat the process. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses are found in almost all domains of soil, and they play an important role in those soils. There are viruses that are currently captured in the ice of Antarctica that have not been released in thousands of years. Primarily, viruses have a negative effect on soil processes because they can prohibit the uptake of nutrients to the plants indirectly. Viruses can destroy helpful bacteria and fungi, resulting in the loss of important nutrient fixation and cycling. Viruses do however play an important role in genetic diversity and nutrient storage in soils. Viruses can be trapped and house a lot of nutrients for a long time, keeping them out of that specific nutrient cycle. Also, there can be old and unknown genetics trapped in viruses that can maybe be helpful to human technology.<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Wheat_damage.jpg&diff=2673 2018-05-09T13:12:14Z

<p>Kylemort: The yellow spots are a result of dying plants do to viral infection.</p> <hr /> <div>The yellow spots are a result of dying plants do to viral infection.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2671 2018-05-09T13:11:37Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[ECM]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without. [4]<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Viruses==<br /> <br /> [File<br /> <br /> Viruses are the smallest of all Microbes, and are single celled organisms. A virus is composed of genetic material in the form of DNA or RNA surrounded by a shell of protein called the &quot;capsid&quot;. In some viruses, there is an envelope surrounding the capsid which is a spiky coat around the capsid that assists with the virus transferring to it's host. A virus is not considered a prokaryote or a eukaryote because it does not display the characteristics of a living organism. This is backed up by the fact that the virus can only survive when it is in it's host. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses multiply by budding and by a process called lysis. When budding, a new viral particle will be take over the host cell until the cell ends up dying. The cell dies because the virus uses the membrane of the host cell to create the envelope around the virus. In lysis, the host cell that is infected with the virus will burst open because of the new viral particles pressing outward, which results in death to the host cell. There are then many new viral particles ready to take over a new host cell to repeat the process. [3]<br /> <br /> Viruses are found in almost all domains of soil, and they play an important role in those soils. There are viruses that are currently captured in the ice of Antarctica that have not been released in thousands of years. Primarily, viruses have a negative effect on soil processes because they can prohibit the uptake of nutrients to the plants indirectly. Viruses can destroy helpful bacteria and fungi, resulting in the loss of important nutrient fixation and cycling. Viruses do however play an important role in genetic diversity and nutrient storage in soils. Viruses can be trapped and house a lot of nutrients for a long time, keeping them out of that specific nutrient cycle. Also, there can be old and unknown genetics trapped in viruses that can maybe be helpful to human technology.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2643 2018-05-09T12:52:54Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| &quot;Eucalyptus maculata and Astraeus pteridis association synthesised under sterile conditions with relatively unbranched ECM and attached mycelial strands.&quot; (Mycorrhizal) [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[ECM]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without.<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Algae==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.<br /> <br /> [4] “MYCORRHIZAL ASSOCIATIONS: The Web Resource.” Mycorrhizal Associations: Ectomycorrhizas, mycorrhizas.info/ecm.html.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2641 2018-05-09T12:51:13Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:ECM.jpg|300px|right|thumb| [4] ]]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[ECM]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without.<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Algae==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:ECM.jpg&diff=2638 2018-05-09T12:49:41Z

<p>Kylemort: Ectomicchorizal fungi on a plant root.</p> <hr /> <div>Ectomicchorizal fungi on a plant root.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2637 2018-05-09T12:48:49Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved. [3]<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Binary fission in bacteria can happen so fast that in 8 hours, 16,777,216 bacteria can be formed from just one single celled bacteria. [3]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Fungi==<br /> <br /> Fungi is an organism that can be single celled or can be very complex and multi-cellular. The cells of a fungus have a nucleus and membrane wrapped organelles, there fore it is a [[Eukaryote]]. Fungi can live almost everywhere, similarly to bacteria, but they tend to grow on terrestrial areas, specifically on decaying plants. Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually, depending on the species and the environment around the fungus. This gives the fungus a great advantage over many other organisms because this organism is more hardy and able to reproduce than others. <br /> <br /> Fungi are so important to soil processes because it was one of the first organisms that first started to decompose [[lignin]] in plants. Before fungi were around, dead plant material was able to pack down below the ground and form what we consider our non-renewable fuel sources. Once fungi came around, the plants were decomposed before they could turn into the oils in the earth. Therefore fungi are also responsible for carbon cycling, along with the cycling of many other elements. [3]<br /> <br /> Fungi can be extremely beneficial to plants in the soil, or detrimental to the plants in the soil. Ectomycorrhizal fungi [[ECM]] have a vital association with plant systems including pine trees, and even certain crops in agriculture. These associations between higher fungi and the plants create a network of fungi hyphae on the root systems which help in the uptake of many important compounds for the plant. The fungi create a great surface area and act as a filter for the roots of plants to increase uptake of the nutrients, all while the fungi can take in some nutrients also. The fungi are also able to fix nutrients that the plant could not readily take up without.<br /> <br /> Fungi can also negatively effect plants including the very expensive and delicate crops of a farmer. Fungi are responsible for diseases like downy-mildew, root-rot, and apple scab. So even though fungi can be a great tool to fixate nutrients for plants, they can also starve plants from their nutrients, and infect the plant with diseases that can wipe out the entire crop. Fungi are known to be a costly enemy to the farming industry, but there are many precautions a farmer can take to prevent fungal disease.<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Algae==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.<br /> <br /> [3] “About Microbiology – Bacteria.” Microbiology Online, Microbiology Society, microbiologyonline.org/about-microbiology/introducing-microbes/bacteria.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2621 2018-05-09T12:19:05Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells. [2]<br /> <br /> Bacteria is important to almost every soil process on the planet, which means that bacteria can survive in very harsh conditions; Whether it be in high temperatures, low temperatures, anoxic places, and areas in differing pH. A reason why bacteria is important to soils because they were one of the first organisms to begin decomposition of residues in the soil. Another and even more important role that bacteria fill is fixing nutrients for plant and other [[soil fauna]] uptake. Bacteria are responsible for dissolving phosphorus so that it is readily available for plants, and phosphorus is one of the key ingredients to a thriving plant. Also, bacteria fix nitrogen in the soil so that it is readily available to plants nearby. Plants and most other organisms are not able to utilize nitrogen gas (N2), but bacteria can use the nitrogen gas and convert it to a form that is beneficial for plant uptake. This is why you will find most bacteria in the [[rhizosphere]] where all of the plant roots typically are. [1]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2] “Bacterial Binary Fission.” Khanacademy, www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/cellular-molecular-biology/mitosis/a/bacterial-binary-fission.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2616 2018-05-09T12:06:42Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2614 2018-05-09T12:06:24Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|200px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2612 2018-05-09T12:06:01Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|300px|right|thumb| [2] ]]<br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2611 2018-05-09T12:05:50Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> [[File:binary_fission.png|300px|right|thumb| [2]<br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Binary_fission.png&diff=2607 2018-05-09T12:04:49Z

<p>Kylemort: Steps of binary fission in Bacteria.</p> <hr /> <div>Steps of binary fission in Bacteria.</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2604 2018-05-09T12:03:44Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2603 2018-05-09T12:03:26Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth.<br /> <br /> Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2601 2018-05-09T12:02:57Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth. Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2600 2018-05-09T12:02:41Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]]. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Bacteria==<br /> <br /> A bacteria is a single celled microorganism or &quot;microbe&quot;, that does not have a nucleus or any membrane bound organelles, therefore it is a [[Prokayote]]. The bacteria has a single loop of DNA which acts as the nucleus of the organism. Often there can be another strand of DNA that gives the bacteria a distinguishing feature that typically helps with survival. An example of this is the ability for some bacteria to be resistant to certain antibiotics, or some bacteria being able to survive in conditions with a higher pH than typical bacteria.<br /> <br /> Bacteria reproduce by binary fission which means the single cell will split into two daughter (identical) cells, which then split into four, and so forth. Replication by binary fission is often a very fast process, but there are a few important steps involved.<br /> <br /> '''Step 1''': At the origin of previous replication, the strand of DNA begins to unravel and prepare for replication.<br /> <br /> '''Step 2''': The cell then elongates two prepare to slit and to contain both copies of the DNA.<br /> <br /> '''Step 3''': A septum forms down the center of the cell which is the start of the cell splitting. In this phase, the DNA migrate to each side of the cell.<br /> <br /> '''Step 4''': The septum continues down the entire cell and the cell splits into two identical cells.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> [1] Nationwide, SARE. “Soil Microorganisms.” SARE: Sustainable Agriculture Research and Education, www.sare.org/Learning-Center/Books/Building-Soils-for-Better-Crops-3rd-Edition/Text-Version/The-Living-Soil/Soil-Microorganisms.<br /> <br /> [2]</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2584 2018-05-09T11:45:25Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes and especially in [[soil processes]].</div>

Kylemort https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Microorganisms&diff=2581 2018-05-09T11:44:31Z

<p>Kylemort: </p> <hr /> <div>==Definition==<br /> <br /> [[File:microbes.png|400px|left|thumb| https://byjus.com/biology/microbiology/]]<br /> <br /> A microorganism is a form of life that can be single celled and can be formed in colonies of cells. These forms of life are almost all microscopic. The three main microorganisms are [[bacteria]], [[fungi]], and viruses. These microorganisms are extremely vital in everyday processes of nearly every living ecosystem.</div>

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