https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=KrzidellSoil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-14T13:44:55ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=840Main Page2018-03-10T05:31:23Z<p>Krzidell: /* List of Possible Topics: */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Soometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. these concepts envelope the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]] , [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=757Main Page2018-03-09T17:33:45Z<p>Krzidell: /* Soil Ecology WIKI from the University at Buffalo */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Soometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. these concepts envelope the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]] , [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=756Main Page2018-03-09T17:33:25Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Soometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. these concepts envelope the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]] , [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=747Jenny Equation2018-03-09T17:06:44Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Origins ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny in the early 1940’s. It was first inter-nationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The jenny equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil, whether it will be fertile or not, what kind of minerals it contains, as well as the organisms living with in the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur in the soil around plant roots and the other organisms. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899, he attended multiple universities through his life and received a great education. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, cl is climate, o is organisms in the soil, r is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical properties of soil based on several independent factors. These factors known as the pedogenic processes which in this equation are; climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time and any other factors that may apply.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
<br />
The climate has a big effect on the soils, rainfall has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces. Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature the quicker the reactions will happen with in the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. The higher the moisture levels the higher the rate of chemical reactions will occur. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. This includes the decomposers to decompose dead organisms much faster when the temperature and moisture levels are high. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals are a big part of this. Plants roots help to break up the soil creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals, released by the plants, also attract bacteria and fungi. This allows them to help speed up the roots ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and break down dead organisms more easily. The animals that have died and are in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available for the plants to uptake. This can only happen after the animals are decomposed, which also makes the soil more fertile. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
<br />
The next factor that is in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill or a valley or a flat plain. The topography of the land has a big effect on the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of the increased runoff. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher as the water will puddle up and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also effects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, the soil can hold more water, and more organisms can live within it. The parent material will also determine what kind of minerals make up the soil. For example, if some rock rich in phosphorous, breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil, will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. In a soil is darker colored it is from a volcanic eruption these are metamorphic rocks, and lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation, the amount of time directly effects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, this allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also effects the amount of growth a plant will have. And interact with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factor that he could not think of, or has yet to be discovered. However, nothing since has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was wrote in 1941. As no new factors have been discovered that influence the way soils react with its environment.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=746Jenny Equation2018-03-09T17:04:53Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div>Jenny Equation<br />
<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny in the early 1940’s. It was first inter-nationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The jenny equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil, whether it will be fertile or not, what kind of minerals it contains, as well as the organisms living with in the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur in the soil around plant roots and the other organisms. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899, he attended multiple universities through his life and received a great education. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, cl is climate, o is organisms in the soil, r is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical properties of soil based on several independent factors. These factors known as the pedogenic processes which in this equation are; climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time and any other factors that may apply.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg|thumb]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
<br />
The climate has a big effect on the soils, rainfall has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces. Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature the quicker the reactions will happen with in the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. The higher the moisture levels the higher the rate of chemical reactions will occur. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. This includes the decomposers to decompose dead organisms much faster when the temperature and moisture levels are high. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals are a big part of this. Plants roots help to break up the soil creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals, released by the plants, also attract bacteria and fungi. This allows them to help speed up the roots ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and break down dead organisms more easily. The animals that have died and are in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available for the plants to uptake. This can only happen after the animals are decomposed, which also makes the soil more fertile. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
<br />
The next factor that is in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill or a valley or a flat plain. The topography of the land has a big effect on the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of the increased runoff. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher as the water will puddle up and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also effects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, the soil can hold more water, and more organisms can live within it. The parent material will also determine what kind of minerals make up the soil. For example, if some rock rich in phosphorous, breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil, will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. In a soil is darker colored it is from a volcanic eruption these are metamorphic rocks, and lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation, the amount of time directly effects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, this allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also effects the amount of growth a plant will have. And interact with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factor that he could not think of, or has yet to be discovered. However, nothing since has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was wrote in 1941. As no new factors have been discovered that influence the way soils react with its environment.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Jenny_Equation&diff=745Jenny Equation2018-03-09T17:04:11Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div>Jenny Equation<br />
<br />
<br />
== Origins ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation was created by Hans Jenny in the early 1940’s. It was first inter-nationally recognized when Hans Jenny published his book “Factors of Soil Formation” in 1941. The jenny equation is a formula used to help determine the properties of the soil, whether it will be fertile or not, what kind of minerals it contains, as well as the organisms living with in the soil and the chemical reactions that will occur in the soil around plant roots and the other organisms. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Hans Jenny ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny was born in Switzerland in 1899, he attended multiple universities through his life and received a great education. His college career started with the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (Zurich) where he received a bachelor in agriculture in 1922. He later received degrees in chemistry and ion exchange reactions by 1927, also from Zurich. His intensive education helped him formulate the Jenny Equation, which is S = f(cl, o, r, p, t, …). In this equation the “S” represents soil formation, cl is climate, o is organisms in the soil, r is relief such as the topography, “p” is the parent material, “t” is the time that takes place. He left the “…” in case something new was discovered or needed to be added later. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Uses of Jenny Equation ==<br />
<br />
The Jenny Equation helps determine the physical properties of soil based on several independent factors. These factors known as the pedogenic processes which in this equation are; climate, organisms, topography, parent material, time and any other factors that may apply.<br />
[[File:Soil factors 1.jpeg]]<br />
<br />
== Climate ==<br />
<br />
The climate has a big effect on the soils, rainfall has the impact of weathering and erosion. This helps to break down the larger rocks and other soil particles into smaller pieces. Two of the most influential factors of climate are temperature and moisture. Temperature has a direct effect on the rate that chemical reactions can occur in the soil. The higher the temperature the quicker the reactions will happen with in the soil. Moisture also affects the rates of chemical reactions that can happen in the soil. The higher the moisture levels the higher the rate of chemical reactions will occur. This will allow plants to grow faster, as well as allowing the bacteria and fungus to be more active. This includes the decomposers to decompose dead organisms much faster when the temperature and moisture levels are high. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Organisms ==<br />
<br />
The organisms in the soil also influence the soils processes and functions. The vegetation and animals are a big part of this. Plants roots help to break up the soil creating more surface area for water to seep into. This allows chemical reactions to occur here as plants excrete chemicals that help these chemical reactions to take place. These chemicals, released by the plants, also attract bacteria and fungi. This allows them to help speed up the roots ability to uptake nutrients as well as fend off harmful chemicals and organisms. Bacteria and fungi also can multiply and break down dead organisms more easily. The animals that have died and are in the soil allow for more nutrients to be available for the plants to uptake. This can only happen after the animals are decomposed, which also makes the soil more fertile. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Topography ==<br />
<br />
The next factor that is in the equation is topography. Topography is the slope of the land, whether there is a hill or a valley or a flat plain. The topography of the land has a big effect on the moisture content of the soil. For example, a hill will have a lower moisture content because of the increased runoff. A valley will have a very high moisture content because the amount of water that can go into the soil is higher as the water will puddle up and have more time to infiltrate. A plain will have a medium amount of moisture in the soil. The slope also effects the type of vegetation that can grow as there will be more moisture in some areas than others. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Parent Material ==<br />
<br />
The parent material of the soil is determined from what type of rock it is derived from. Igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rock break down and create different types of soil, whether it is sandy, silt or clay dominated soil. The breaking down of the soil increases the surface area which allows more reactions to happen, the soil can hold more water, and more organisms can live within it. The parent material will also determine what kind of minerals make up the soil. For example, if some rock rich in phosphorous, breaks down due to weathering, the soil that it creates will have a higher content of phosphorus. The minerals in the soil, will affect the types of organisms and plants that can thrive in the soil. In a soil is darker colored it is from a volcanic eruption these are metamorphic rocks, and lighter soils are formed from igneous rocks. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Time ==<br />
<br />
Time is the next variable in the equation, the amount of time directly effects the weathering rates. As the time increases the more weathering can occur, this allows the parent material to break down further and create different minerals and smaller soil particles. Time also effects the amount of growth a plant will have. And interact with the soil, through roots and the chemicals released by them, as well as the uptake of nutrients. <br />
<br />
<br />
== Additional Factors ==<br />
<br />
Hans Jenny also left room in the equation for any other factor that he could not think of, or has yet to be discovered. However, nothing since has been added to Hans Jenny’s equation since it was wrote in 1941. As no new factors have been discovered that influence the way soils react with its environment.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb7c6007sj;NAAN=13030&doc.view=frames&chunk.id=div00028&toc.depth=1&toc.id=&brand=calisphere<br />
http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/10u.html<br />
http://www.innspub.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/JBES-Vol3No12-p125-134.pdf</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=744Main Page2018-03-09T16:59:47Z<p>Krzidell: /* Soil Ecology WIKI from the University at Buffalo */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Soometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]] , [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=743Main Page2018-03-09T16:59:22Z<p>Krzidell: /* Soil Ecology WIKI from the University at Buffalo */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Soometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity due to {{Arbusculat Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]] , [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vegetable_Mould&diff=728Vegetable Mould2018-03-09T16:17:36Z<p>Krzidell: /* Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Definition==<br />
<br />
[[File:vegetable.jpg|thumb|right|Image from Darwin's book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits|]]<br />
Vegetable mould is the layer of dark colored, uniformly fine soil particles that cover the surface of land in moderately humid climates. This layer of mould, known as a form of soil [[humus]], can reach a depth of 40 cm or more in the soil profile. Earthworm secretions (or castings) primarily compose vegetable mould, and the layer is a few inches thick. Vegetable mould is located in the O Horizon of the [[Soil Horizons]].<br />
<br />
==Worm Contribution==<br />
<br />
Earthworms sift the finer soils from the coarser, mix the soil with mineral particles, and saturate it with intestinal secretion. Earthworm burrowing, casting, grazing, and dispersal change the soil's physico-chemical and biological status and could cause drastic shifts in the density, diversity, structure and activity within the drilosphere. [1] While feeding, earthworms promote microbial activity that accelerate the rates of breakdown and stabilization of humic portions of organic matter. <br />
<br />
[[File:wormss.jpg|frame|left|Drawing of earthworm castings|]]<br />
<br />
==Observations and Experiments== <br />
<br />
Charles Darwin first noted the importance of earthworm species in the creation of vegetable mould in his book, “The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits”. [2] Darwin cited results from a number of his experiments which showed, annually, 0.5 cm of soil is brought to the surface in worm casts. Most earthworms live at a soil depth of 25-30 cm, and therefore, this surface soil is worked over most thoroughly. [3] Darwin has observed through experiemnts a value of 18.12 tons of earth per acre is brought to the surface in dry casts. The constant production of vegetable mould by earthworms can be observed by the estimated rate at which objects on the surface are buried and by weighing the earth brought up in a given time. Vegetable mould and worms are able to preserve ancient objects under the ground.<br />
<br />
[[File:Veggie.jpeg|frame|120x60px|]]<br />
<br />
==Mould Benefits==<br />
<br />
Vegetable mould creates fertile soil. Earthworms prepare the ground for the growth of fibrous-rooted plants and many types of seedlings; they help to expose and sift the vegetable mould. With vegetable mould, soil is in a state fitted to retain moisture and absorb soluble substances. [4] Nitrification is possible with vegetable mould in soil, as well. The constant movement by worms in soil allows for materials to be buried beneath accumulated castings of worms, and then brought to a decayed state. [5] All humic substances are able to chelate soil nutrients and act as a storehouse of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur and Zinc. Humic substances can also improve nutrient uptake, especially phosphorous, sulfur and nitrogen. [6]<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
<br />
[1]<br />
Edwards, Clive A., ed. Earthworm ecology. CRC press, 2004.<br />
<br />
[2]<br />
Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits. J. Murray, London, 1892.<br />
<br />
[3]<br />
Hayes, M. B. "Darwin’s ‘vegetable mould’ and some modern concepts of humus structure and soil aggregation." Earthworm Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht, 1983. 19-33.<br />
<br />
[4] <br />
Martin, J. P., and K. Haider. "Microbial activity in relation to soil humus formation." Soil Science 111.1 (1971): 54-63.<br />
<br />
[5]<br />
Wild, Alan. Soils and the Environment: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA;Cambridge;, 1993.<br />
<br />
[6]<br />
Mayhew, Lawrence. "Humic substances in biological agriculture." Rev ACRES 34.1-2 (2004): 80-88.</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vegetable_Mould&diff=727Vegetable Mould2018-03-09T16:17:17Z<p>Krzidell: /* Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Definition==<br />
<br />
[[File:vegetable.jpg|thumb|right|Image from Darwin's book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits|]]<br />
Vegetable mould is the layer of dark colored, uniformly fine soil particles that cover the surface of land in moderately humid climates. This layer of mould, known as a form of soil [[humus]], can reach a depth of 40 cm or more in the soil profile. Earthworm secretions (or castings) primarily compose vegetable mould, and the layer is a few inches thick. Vegetable mould is located in the O Horizon of the [[Soil Horizons]].<br />
[[Soil Ecology/Soil Horizons|soil horizons]]<br />
<br />
==Worm Contribution==<br />
<br />
Earthworms sift the finer soils from the coarser, mix the soil with mineral particles, and saturate it with intestinal secretion. Earthworm burrowing, casting, grazing, and dispersal change the soil's physico-chemical and biological status and could cause drastic shifts in the density, diversity, structure and activity within the drilosphere. [1] While feeding, earthworms promote microbial activity that accelerate the rates of breakdown and stabilization of humic portions of organic matter. <br />
<br />
[[File:wormss.jpg|frame|left|Drawing of earthworm castings|]]<br />
<br />
==Observations and Experiments== <br />
<br />
Charles Darwin first noted the importance of earthworm species in the creation of vegetable mould in his book, “The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits”. [2] Darwin cited results from a number of his experiments which showed, annually, 0.5 cm of soil is brought to the surface in worm casts. Most earthworms live at a soil depth of 25-30 cm, and therefore, this surface soil is worked over most thoroughly. [3] Darwin has observed through experiemnts a value of 18.12 tons of earth per acre is brought to the surface in dry casts. The constant production of vegetable mould by earthworms can be observed by the estimated rate at which objects on the surface are buried and by weighing the earth brought up in a given time. Vegetable mould and worms are able to preserve ancient objects under the ground.<br />
<br />
[[File:Veggie.jpeg|frame|120x60px|]]<br />
<br />
==Mould Benefits==<br />
<br />
Vegetable mould creates fertile soil. Earthworms prepare the ground for the growth of fibrous-rooted plants and many types of seedlings; they help to expose and sift the vegetable mould. With vegetable mould, soil is in a state fitted to retain moisture and absorb soluble substances. [4] Nitrification is possible with vegetable mould in soil, as well. The constant movement by worms in soil allows for materials to be buried beneath accumulated castings of worms, and then brought to a decayed state. [5] All humic substances are able to chelate soil nutrients and act as a storehouse of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur and Zinc. Humic substances can also improve nutrient uptake, especially phosphorous, sulfur and nitrogen. [6]<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
<br />
[1]<br />
Edwards, Clive A., ed. Earthworm ecology. CRC press, 2004.<br />
<br />
[2]<br />
Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits. J. Murray, London, 1892.<br />
<br />
[3]<br />
Hayes, M. B. "Darwin’s ‘vegetable mould’ and some modern concepts of humus structure and soil aggregation." Earthworm Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht, 1983. 19-33.<br />
<br />
[4] <br />
Martin, J. P., and K. Haider. "Microbial activity in relation to soil humus formation." Soil Science 111.1 (1971): 54-63.<br />
<br />
[5]<br />
Wild, Alan. Soils and the Environment: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA;Cambridge;, 1993.<br />
<br />
[6]<br />
Mayhew, Lawrence. "Humic substances in biological agriculture." Rev ACRES 34.1-2 (2004): 80-88.</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Vegetable_Mould&diff=726Vegetable Mould2018-03-09T16:10:03Z<p>Krzidell: /* Definition */</p>
<hr />
<div>==Definition==<br />
<br />
[[File:vegetable.jpg|thumb|right|Image from Darwin's book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits|]]<br />
Vegetable mould is the layer of dark colored, uniformly fine soil particles that cover the surface of land in moderately humid climates. This layer of mould, known as a form of soil [[humus]], can reach a depth of 40 cm or more in the soil profile. Earthworm secretions (or castings) primarily compose vegetable mould, and the layer is a few inches thick. Vegetable mould is located in the O Horizon of the [[Soil Horizons]].<br />
<br />
==Worm Contribution==<br />
<br />
Earthworms sift the finer soils from the coarser, mix the soil with mineral particles, and saturate it with intestinal secretion. Earthworm burrowing, casting, grazing, and dispersal change the soil's physico-chemical and biological status and could cause drastic shifts in the density, diversity, structure and activity within the drilosphere. [1] While feeding, earthworms promote microbial activity that accelerate the rates of breakdown and stabilization of humic portions of organic matter. <br />
<br />
[[File:wormss.jpg|frame|left|Drawing of earthworm castings|]]<br />
<br />
==Observations and Experiments== <br />
<br />
Charles Darwin first noted the importance of earthworm species in the creation of vegetable mould in his book, “The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits”. [2] Darwin cited results from a number of his experiments which showed, annually, 0.5 cm of soil is brought to the surface in worm casts. Most earthworms live at a soil depth of 25-30 cm, and therefore, this surface soil is worked over most thoroughly. [3] Darwin has observed through experiemnts a value of 18.12 tons of earth per acre is brought to the surface in dry casts. The constant production of vegetable mould by earthworms can be observed by the estimated rate at which objects on the surface are buried and by weighing the earth brought up in a given time. Vegetable mould and worms are able to preserve ancient objects under the ground.<br />
<br />
[[File:Veggie.jpeg|frame|120x60px|]]<br />
<br />
==Mould Benefits==<br />
<br />
Vegetable mould creates fertile soil. Earthworms prepare the ground for the growth of fibrous-rooted plants and many types of seedlings; they help to expose and sift the vegetable mould. With vegetable mould, soil is in a state fitted to retain moisture and absorb soluble substances. [4] Nitrification is possible with vegetable mould in soil, as well. The constant movement by worms in soil allows for materials to be buried beneath accumulated castings of worms, and then brought to a decayed state. [5] All humic substances are able to chelate soil nutrients and act as a storehouse of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Sulphur and Zinc. Humic substances can also improve nutrient uptake, especially phosphorous, sulfur and nitrogen. [6]<br />
<br />
==References== <br />
<br />
[1]<br />
Edwards, Clive A., ed. Earthworm ecology. CRC press, 2004.<br />
<br />
[2]<br />
Darwin, Charles, 1809-1882. The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Action of Worms, with Observations on their Habits. J. Murray, London, 1892.<br />
<br />
[3]<br />
Hayes, M. B. "Darwin’s ‘vegetable mould’ and some modern concepts of humus structure and soil aggregation." Earthworm Ecology. Springer, Dordrecht, 1983. 19-33.<br />
<br />
[4] <br />
Martin, J. P., and K. Haider. "Microbial activity in relation to soil humus formation." Soil Science 111.1 (1971): 54-63.<br />
<br />
[5]<br />
Wild, Alan. Soils and the Environment: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY, USA;Cambridge;, 1993.<br />
<br />
[6]<br />
Mayhew, Lawrence. "Humic substances in biological agriculture." Rev ACRES 34.1-2 (2004): 80-88.</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=725Main Page2018-03-09T15:23:47Z<p>Krzidell: /* List of Possible Topics: */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Soometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]] , [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Diversity&diff=724Diversity2018-03-09T15:20:56Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
Diversity is defined as the state of being diverse, having a variety. Diversity is apparent in many aspects of soil. Two examples of soil diversity are the different soil orders and the soil biodiversity. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== Soil Orders in the United States ==<br />
<br />
[[File:4-Figure1-1.png]]<br />
<br />
<br />
The United States exhibits a vast array of soil orders, as shown in the image above. The soil orders included in this map are: Alfisols, Andisols, Aridsols, Entisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Ultisols, and Vertisols. <br />
<br />
Alfisols have a base saturation over 35 percent and have subsoil horizons enriched with clay. This type of soil is typically found under forest and savanna vegetation. Alfisoils are generally fertile, with production levels similar to that of Mollisols and Ultisols. They are typically abundant in nutrient cations of Ca, Mg, K, and Na. They make up about 10 percent of the world's ice free land areas. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Andisols form in or near areas of recent volcanism and are made from volcanic parent materials unique chemical properties. They have limited geographic distribution, but have potentially high productivity due to their tendency to accumulate organic material, and are easily cultivated. They lack development of [[soil horizons]] and are not typically extensively weathered. They make up about 1 percent of the worlds ice-free land areas. <br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Aridsols are soils in arid climates that have visible chemical/weathering alteration. They often have accumulation of CaCo3(lime) and NaCl(salt), but normally have low amounts of organic matter content. Aridsols normally are water deficient, and do not allow for the growth of crops without irrigation. Without irrigation and fertilization, the productivity of Aridsols are generally low. They make up 12 percent of the world's ice free land areas.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Entisols lack development of [[Soil Horizons]]. This type of soil can be formed from a wide variety of parent material, making its properties and productivity varied. These soils are often found in dry or cool environments, commonly being found with Aridsols. Very productive Entisols can be found on floodplains, while low productivity in this soil can be found on steep slopes or sandy areas. They make up 16 percent of the world's ice free land areas.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Histosols are soils that are mainly composed of organic materials. The organic matter accumulates because the soil is usually very saturated, which creates anerobic conditions that cause the accumulation of organic matter to be faster than decompostion. These soils are typically found in wetland environments and make up 1 percent of the world's ice free land areas.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Inceptisols are freely draining soils soils that exhibit beginning stages of soil horizon development. This type of soil is typically found in mountain areas and have a varied productivity. They make up 10 percent of the world's ice free land areas.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Mollisols typically develop in grasslands and have a thick organic-rich A horizon. This type of soil is extremely productive due to its saturation of the cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+. All of those cations are essential plant nutrients. This type of soil makes up 7 percent of the worlds ice free land areas.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Oxisols are typically found in the tropics and are highly chemically altered. These soils are naturally low in fertility and high in acidity. They are leeched and require fertilizers and an input of nutrients in order to be productive for agriculture. This type of soils makes up 8 percent of the world's ice free land area.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Spodosols are coarse-textured soils with high leeching potential. They are typically located in northern latitude forests, forming from sandy parent material. The Fe and Al compounds in this soil have a strong geochemical separation. This soil is naturally low in fertility and high in acidity, like Oxisols. This soil requires nutrient input and fertilizers in order to be productive for agriculture. This type of soil makes up 4 percent of the world's ice free land area.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Ultisols occur in warm, humid climates and have clay-enriched B horizons. They form from weathered parent material in older regions. Ultisols are low in natural fertility and high in acidity, so they require nutrient input and fertilizer to be productive for agriculture. They make up 8 percent of the world's ice free land area.<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
Vertisols exhibit a shrink-swell behavior with changing water content due to their high concentration of silicate clay. When the soil shrinks it forms deep cracks, which allow material to fall into it. This material will then be incorporated into the soil when the soil swells again. These typically form in warm climates in limestone, basalt, or topographic depressions. Vertisols make up 2 percent of the world's ice free land area.<br />
<br />
== Soil Biodiversity ==<br />
<br />
Soil biodiversity refers to the diversity of living [[organisms]] in the soil. The most biologically diverse part of the earth is the soil. The soil has a vast biological web of interactions between microorganisms, plants, and macroorganisms. Bacteria, fungi, worms, spiders, springtails, ants, and countless other organisms make up the diversity of the soil. These organisms are important to the flow of nutrients through the soil, which helps productivity. They help plants that grow on top of the soil by providing services like: retaining nutrients, preventing nutrient leeching, decomposing dead matter, returning nutrients to their mineral form, and improving water filtration by forming soil aggregates. The soil may not seem like it is alive because many of the organisms are very small, but that does not mean it is not diverse in life. A handful of soil can contain a billion different organisms.<br />
<br />
== Citations ==<br />
<br />
1 - Amundson, R., Guo, Y. & Gong, P. Ecosystems (2003) 6: 470. <br />
<br />
<br />
2 - Bailey, Robert G. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service, 1995<br />
<br />
<br />
3 - Guo, Yinyan, et al. “Pedodiversity in the United States of America.” Geoderma, vol. 117, no. 1-2, 2003, pp. 99–115.<br />
<br />
<br />
4 - Brussaard, Lijbert. “Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Soil.” Ambio, vol. 26, no. 8, 1997, pp. 563–570.<br />
<br />
<br />
5 - Wardle, D. A. (2006), The influence of biotic interactions on soil biodiversity. Ecology Letters, 9: 870–886.<br />
<br />
<br />
6 - Diana H. Wall, John C. Moore; Interactions Underground: Soil biodiversity, mutualism, and ecosystem processes, BioScience, Volume 49, Issue 2, 1 February 1999, Pages 109–117</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=673Main Page2018-03-09T01:53:48Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]] , [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], <br />
<br />
<br />
<strong>If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Cryprogamic_Soil_Crust&diff=672Cryprogamic Soil Crust2018-03-09T01:51:54Z<p>Krzidell: /* lichen's */</p>
<hr />
<div><br />
== What is it? ==<br />
Cryptogamic soil is a very thin layer of life consisting of a variety composition of living organisms including lichens, bryophytes, algae, fungi, and mosses.<br />
Algae are the most common and abundant of them, how ever we more closely associate lichens and moss's due to the fact that we can see them much more clearly with the naked eye. <br />
These organism can play a huge part in stabilizing the top layer of soil (Horizon O). This is hugely beneficial in making sure that erosive forces like wind and water don't crumble away this important layer and leave the bedrock barren. Cryptogamic crust also can help maintain moisture levels and distribute it deeper into the soil layers along with other important processes such as nitrogen fixation. <br />
Depending on where the soil crust is located and which scholar you ask, soil crust can either help or not help vascular plants from establishing and flourishing.<br />
<br />
The fact that its only a thin layer on the surface, does mean its fragile and easily acceptable to being killed. This can be done by some cow in a pasture simply stepping on it or by a silly human child running of the designated path. <br />
<br />
[[File:UT_arch_01.jpg]]<br />
<br />
== Habitat ==<br />
<br />
These types of communities tend to inhabit areas that are arid and semi arid, such as the south western united states. One example of are<br />
<br />
<br />
== Lichens ==<br />
Lichens are a composite organism, the consist of many different types on individuals working together for a common goal, survival. Lichen arise from cyanobacteria and/or algae which are all ready living among a fungus in a symbiotic lifestyle. Thus creating a new organism that looks and behaves very different then its "parent" organisms.<br />
They can vary in habitat they live in, parent organisms and the colors upon which they can display have a huge range. <br />
<br />
Lichens are one of the firs living things to start colonizing on barren rock after an event that stripped it of its soil. It starts the process of forming new soil. It does this by releasing acids that break down the rock as it grows over time. This releases rock material and when the lichen dies it is turned into a small layer of soil for the next stage of restoration to occur in.<br />
<br />
'''Growth Styles of Lichens'''<br />
Crustose<br />
Foliose<br />
Fruticose<br />
Squamulose<br />
<br />
== Algae ==<br />
<br />
== Impact ==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
== References ==<br />
<br />
Anderson, David C., et al. “Factors Influencing Development of Cryptogamic Soil Crusts in Utah Deserts.” Journal of Range Management, vol. 35, no. 2, 1982, p. 180., doi:10.2307/3898386. <br />
<br />
Lesica, et al. “The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /.” Details - The Effects of Cryptogamic Soil Crust on the Population Dynamics of Arabis Fecunda (Brassicaceae) /, Helena, Mt. :Montana Natural Heritage Program,[1991], 1 Jan. 1991, www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/35812.</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=363Black Willow2018-03-07T21:33:17Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Salix nigra''<br />
<br />
<br />
Salix nigra does the best in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks and drainage ditches…. Basically anywhere there is adequate lighting, water, and the area is low or just below water level. It is a fast growing and short living tree that has a vast range throughout North America. <br />
<br />
It is the most used and only real commercially used species of willow because of its strength, and shock resistance and also the fact that it doesn’t splinter with ease. It’s mostly used for boxes and crates as well as wood turning and table tops, wooden carvings etc. it’s very good at soil stabilization so many projects that need erosion control seem to favor this species of tree. It was also the very useful for treating minor aches and pains because of it having salicin which is the basic ingredient of aspirin but now the salicyclic acid is synthesized instead of being taken from the trees themselves. <br />
<br />
Black willow is a dioecious. Male and female are indistinguishable with the only exceptions being during flowering times and during the seed developmental process. The beginning of the flowering season begins in February in the south range and goes through the end of June in the north. The flowers do contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by insects.<br />
<br />
Pollen can also be carried by the wind. Sees are small light brown and capsule looking in nature, and begin to break open and release seedlings that have little hairs covering them. Another way of reproduction is through cutting post size stocks and placed in adequate moisture with very little effort, plant survival will be near 100 %. <br />
<br />
In addition to all of the uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which willow has the ability to take heavy metals out of the [[soil]]. It is starting to be used in remediation and the [[endophytes]] that are living within the trees tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the trees growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stressors by things such as [[nitrogen fixation]] and the production of phytohormones. Mercury and selenium can also be converted by plants into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere.<br />
<br />
“Heavy metals cannot be metabolized, therefore the only possible strategy to apply is their extraction from contaminated soil and transfer to the smaller volume of harvestable plants for their disposal biomass can also be used in producing energy and, if economically profitable, metals can be eventually recovered”<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
References<br />
<br />
1. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br />
<br />
2. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br />
<br />
3. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br />
<br />
4. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br />
<br />
5. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br />
<br />
6. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br />
7. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. Ecology 54(l):118-126.<br />
8. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br />
9. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br />
<br />
10. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br />
11. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=362Black Willow2018-03-07T21:25:37Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div>''Salix nigra''<br />
<br />
<br />
Salix nigra does the best in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks and drainage ditches…. Basically anywhere there is adequate lighting, water, and the area is low or just below water level. It is a fast growing and short living tree that has a vast range throughout North America. <br />
<br />
It is the most used and only real commercially used species of willow because of its strength, and shock resistance and also the fact that it doesn’t splinter with ease. It’s mostly used for boxes and crates as well as wood turning and table tops, wooden carvings etc. it’s very good at soil stabilization so many projects that need erosion control seem to favor this species of tree. It was also the very useful for treating minor aches and pains because of it having salicin which is the basic ingredient of aspirin but now the salicyclic acid is synthesized instead of being taken from the trees themselves. <br />
<br />
Black willow is a dioecious. Male and female are indistinguishable with the only exceptions being during flowering times and during the seed developmental process. The beginning of the flowering season begins in February in the south range and goes through the end of June in the north. The flowers do contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by insects.<br />
<br />
Pollen can also be carried by the wind. Sees are small light brown and capsule looking in nature, and begin to break open and release seedlings that have little hairs covering them. Another way of reproduction is through cutting post size stocks and placed in adequate moisture with very little effort, plant survival will be near 100 %. <br />
<br />
In addition to all of the uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which willow has the ability to take heavy metals out of the soil. It is starting to be used in remediation and the endophytes that are living within the trees tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the trees groth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress by things such as nitrogen fixation and the production of phytohormones. . Mercury and selenium can also be converted by plants into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere.<br />
<br />
“Heavy metals cannot be metabolized, therefore the only possible strategy to apply is their extraction from contaminated soil and transfer to the smaller volume of harvestable plants for their disposal biomass can also be used in producing energy and, if economically profitable, metals can be eventually recovered”<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
References<br />
<br />
1. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br />
<br />
2. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br />
<br />
3. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br />
<br />
4. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br />
<br />
5. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br />
<br />
6. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br />
7. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. Ecology 54(l):118-126.<br />
8. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br />
9. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br />
<br />
10. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br />
11. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=361Black Willow2018-03-07T21:24:12Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div>Black willow (Salix nigra)<br />
<br />
<br />
Salix nigra does the best in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks and drainage ditches…. Basically anywhere there is adequate lighting, water, and the area is low or just below water level. It is a fast growing and short living tree that has a vast range throughout North America. <br />
<br />
It is the most used and only real commercially used species of willow because of its strength, and shock resistance and also the fact that it doesn’t splinter with ease. It’s mostly used for boxes and crates as well as wood turning and table tops, wooden carvings etc. it’s very good at soil stabilization so many projects that need erosion control seem to favor this species of tree. It was also the very useful for treating minor aches and pains because of it having salicin which is the basic ingredient of aspirin but now the salicyclic acid is synthesized instead of being taken from the trees themselves. <br />
<br />
Black willow is a dioecious. Male and female are indistinguishable with the only exceptions being during flowering times and during the seed developmental process. The beginning of the flowering season begins in February in the south range and goes through the end of June in the north. The flowers do contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by insects.<br />
<br />
Pollen can also be carried by the wind. Sees are small light brown and capsule looking in nature, and begin to break open and release seedlings that have little hairs covering them. Another way of reproduction is through cutting post size stocks and placed in adequate moisture with very little effort, plant survival will be near 100 %. <br />
<br />
In addition to all of the uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which willow has the ability to take heavy metals out of the soil. It is starting to be used in remediation and the endophytes that are living within the trees tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the trees groth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress by things such as nitrogen fixation and the production of phytohormones. . Mercury and selenium can also be converted by plants into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere.<br />
<br />
“Heavy metals cannot be metabolized, therefore the only possible strategy to apply is their extraction from contaminated soil and transfer to the smaller volume of harvestable plants for their disposal biomass can also be used in producing energy and, if economically profitable, metals can be eventually recovered”<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
References<br />
<br />
1. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br />
<br />
2. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br />
<br />
3. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br />
<br />
4. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br />
<br />
5. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br />
<br />
6. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br />
7. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. Ecology 54(l):118-126.<br />
8. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br />
9. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br />
<br />
10. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br />
11. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Black_Willow&diff=360Black Willow2018-03-07T21:23:13Z<p>Krzidell: Created page with "Black willow (Salix nigra) Salix nigra does the best in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks and drainage ditches…. Basically anywhere there is ad..."</p>
<hr />
<div>Black willow (Salix nigra)<br />
<br />
<br />
Salix nigra does the best in areas of high moisture content such as swamps, river banks and drainage ditches…. Basically anywhere there is adequate lighting, water, and the area is low or just below water level. It is a fast growing and short living tree that has a vast range throughout North America. <br />
<br />
It is the most used and only real commercially used species of willow because of its strength, and shock resistance and also the fact that it doesn’t splinter with ease. It’s mostly used for boxes and crates as well as wood turning and table tops, wooden carvings etc. it’s very good at soil stabilization so many projects that need erosion control seem to favor this species of tree. It was also the very useful for treating minor aches and pains because of it having salicin which is the basic ingredient of aspirin but now the salicyclic acid is synthesized instead of being taken from the trees themselves. <br />
Black willow is a dioecious. Male and female are indistinguishable with the only exceptions being during flowering times and during the seed developmental process. The beginning of the flowering season begins in February in the south range and goes through the end of June in the north. The flowers do contain nectar meaning that the majority of the pollination process is done by insects.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Pollen can also be carried by the wind. Sees are small light brown and capsule looking in nature, and begin to break open and release seedlings that have little hairs covering them. Another way of reproduction is through cutting post size stocks and placed in adequate moisture with very little effort, plant survival will be near 100 %. <br />
In addition to all of the uses for this species, we are now studying the ways in which willow has the ability to take heavy metals out of the soil. It is starting to be used in remediation and the endophytes that are living within the trees tissues are showing to have the capacity to enhance the trees groth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stress by things such as nitrogen fixation and the production of phytohormones. . Mercury and selenium can also be converted by plants into a volatile form to release and dilute into the atmosphere.<br />
<br />
“Heavy metals cannot be metabolized, therefore the only possible strategy to apply is their extraction from contaminated soil and transfer to the smaller volume of harvestable plants for their disposal biomass can also be used in producing energy and, if economically profitable, metals can be eventually recovered”<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
References<br />
1. Eyre, F. H., ed. 1980. Forest cover types of the United States and Canada. Society of American Foresters, Washington, DC. 148 p.<br />
<br />
2. Johnson, R. L., and J. S. McKnight. 1969. Benefits from thinning black willow. USDA Forest Service, Research Note SO-89. Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 6 p.<br />
<br />
3. Little, Elbert L., Jr. 1979. Checklist of United States trees (native and naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 541. Washington, DC. 375 p.<br />
<br />
4. McKnight, J. S. 1965. Black willow (Salix nigra Marsh.). In Silvics of forest trees of the United States. p. 650-652. H. A. Fowells, comp. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook 271. Washington, DC.<br />
<br />
5. McLeod, K. W., and J. K. McPherson. 1972. Factors limiting the distribution of Salix nigra. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 100(2):102-110.<br />
<br />
6. Randall, W. K. 1971. Willow clones differ in susceptibility to cottonwood leaf beetle. In Proceedings, Eleventh Southern Forest Tree Improvement Conference. Southern Forest Tree Improvement Committee Sponsored Publication 33. p. 108-111. Eastern Tree Seed Laboratory, Macon, GA.<br />
7. Sakai, A., and C. J. Wiser. 1973. Freezing resistance of trees in North America with reference to tree regions. Ecology 54(l):118-126.<br />
8. Taylor, F. W. 1975. Wood property differences between two stands of sycamore and black willow. Wood and Fiber 7(3):187-191.<br />
9. Vines, Robert A. 1960. Trees, shrubs and woody vines of the Southwest. University of Texas Press Austin 1104 p.<br />
<br />
10. Article homeguides.sfgate.com/willow-tree-fungus<br />
11. http://www.sisef.it/iforest/contents/?id=ifor0555-004</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=359Main Page2018-03-07T21:19:42Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
=<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>=<br />
[[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]] , [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]]<br />
<br />
<strong>If you still don't have access to this page, email me at krzidell and I'll hook you up. If you already emailed me, you're ready to rock & roll.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=60Main Page2018-02-21T18:37:49Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
==<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>==<br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]]<br />
<br />
<strong>If you still don't have access to this page, email me at krzidell and I'll hook you up. If you already emailed me, you're ready to rock & roll.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=59Main Page2018-02-21T18:37:30Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
===<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong>===<br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
=List of Possible Topics:=<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]]<br />
<br />
<strong>If you still don't have access to this page, email me at krzidell and I'll hook you up. If you already emailed me, you're ready to rock & roll.</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=39Main Page2018-02-14T20:45:01Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong><br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
List of Possible Topics:<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]],<br />
<br />
<strong>If you still don't have access to this page, email me at krzidell and I'll hook you up. If you already emailed me, you're ready to rock & roll.</strong><br />
<br />
Dan has [[Flavonoids]]</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=34Main Page2018-02-14T15:46:07Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong><br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
List of Possible Topics:<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]],<br />
<br />
<strong>If you still don't have access to this page, email me at krzidell and I'll hook you up</strong><br />
<br />
Dan has [[Flavonoids]]</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=31Main Page2018-02-12T21:50:32Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong><br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
List of Possible Topics:<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]],<br />
<br />
<strong>If you still can't get into this page, don't worry, we are working on it</strong></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Soil_Ecology.jpg&diff=30File:Soil Ecology.jpg2018-02-12T17:03:00Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=29Main Page2018-02-09T02:28:30Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong><br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
List of Possible Topics:<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]],</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=28Main Page2018-02-09T02:17:46Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong><br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
Lists of Possible Topics:<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]],</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=27Main Page2018-02-09T02:06:03Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong><br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
Lists of Possible Topics:<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]]</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=26Main Page2018-02-09T02:04:54Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong><br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
Lists of Possible Topics:<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Rhizodeposition]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]]</div>Krzidellhttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=25Main Page2018-02-09T01:58:14Z<p>Krzidell: </p>
<hr />
<div><br />
<strong>[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo</strong><br />
<br />
[[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br />
Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]].<br />
The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], so understanding this system is an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br />
<br />
<br />
Lists of Possible Topics:<br />
<br />
[[Ecosystem Services]],<br />
[[Vegetable Mould]],<br />
[[Founders of Soil Concepts]],<br />
[[Pedogenesis]],<br />
[[Jenny Equation]],<br />
[[Water Behavior in Soils]],<br />
[[Soil Horizons]],<br />
[[Textures]],<br />
[[Monocots]],<br />
[[Dicots]],<br />
[[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]],<br />
[[Rhizodeposition]],<br />
[[Soil Sampling Methods]]</div>Krzidell