https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Kpvanhin 2026-04-15T04:12:48Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=2265 2018-05-09T02:08:52Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The climate, Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. This is described within the [[Jenny Equation]]. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy [6]. <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]<br /> <br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes [1].<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2]. <br /> <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2]. <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms [4]. <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] Fairman, Patrick. “Soil Formation Begins with Weathering of Bedrock.” SlidePlayer, 19 July 2017, slideplayer.com/slide/3843414/. <br /> <br /> [2] Krzic M., P. Sanborn, K. Watson, A.A. Bomke, C. Crowley, A. Doree, and S. Dyanatkar. 2008. Soil formation and soil processes. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, University of Northern British Columbia, and Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops. [ http://processes.soilweb.ca/ ]<br /> <br /> [3] “K-State Research and Extension.” Clay Soil: It Shrinks and Swells, 21 Nov. 2016, www.johnson.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/agent-articles/miscellaneous/shrink-swell-clay-soils.html. <br /> <br /> [4] “Natural Processes and Soil.” Leaving Certificate Geography, lcgeography.preswex.ie/natural-processes-and-soil.html. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Soil Formation and Classification | <br /> <br /> [5] NRCS Soils, NRCS, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054278. <br /> <br /> [6] “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy | NRCS Soils, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588. st<br /> <br /> [7] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 2 - Processes of Weathering.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1124303183&amp;topicorder=4&amp;maxto=7. <br /> <br /> [8] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4 - Soil Profile Development.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, 2018, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=5.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=2263 2018-05-09T02:06:39Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The climate, Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. This is described within the [[Jenny Equation]]. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy [6]. <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]n of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organ<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes [1].<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2]. <br /> <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2]. <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms [4]. <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] Fairman, Patrick. “Soil Formation Begins with Weathering of Bedrock.” SlidePlayer, 19 July 2017, slideplayer.com/slide/3843414/. <br /> <br /> [2] Krzic M., P. Sanborn, K. Watson, A.A. Bomke, C. Crowley, A. Doree, and S. Dyanatkar. 2008. Soil formation and soil processes. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, University of Northern British Columbia, and Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops. [ http://processes.soilweb.ca/ ]<br /> <br /> [3] “K-State Research and Extension.” Clay Soil: It Shrinks and Swells, 21 Nov. 2016, www.johnson.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/agent-articles/miscellaneous/shrink-swell-clay-soils.html. <br /> <br /> [4] “Natural Processes and Soil.” Leaving Certificate Geography, lcgeography.preswex.ie/natural-processes-and-soil.html. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Soil Formation and Classification | <br /> <br /> [5] NRCS Soils, NRCS, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054278. <br /> <br /> [6] “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy | NRCS Soils, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588. st<br /> <br /> [7] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 2 - Processes of Weathering.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1124303183&amp;topicorder=4&amp;maxto=7. <br /> <br /> [8] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4 - Soil Profile Development.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, 2018, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=5.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=2261 2018-05-09T02:00:22Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The climate, Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy [6]. <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]n of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organ<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes [1].<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2]. <br /> <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2]. <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structures]] of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms [4]. <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] Fairman, Patrick. “Soil Formation Begins with Weathering of Bedrock.” SlidePlayer, 19 July 2017, slideplayer.com/slide/3843414/. <br /> <br /> [2] Krzic M., P. Sanborn, K. Watson, A.A. Bomke, C. Crowley, A. Doree, and S. Dyanatkar. 2008. Soil formation and soil processes. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, University of Northern British Columbia, and Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops. [ http://processes.soilweb.ca/ ]<br /> <br /> [3] “K-State Research and Extension.” Clay Soil: It Shrinks and Swells, 21 Nov. 2016, www.johnson.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/agent-articles/miscellaneous/shrink-swell-clay-soils.html. <br /> <br /> [4] “Natural Processes and Soil.” Leaving Certificate Geography, lcgeography.preswex.ie/natural-processes-and-soil.html. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Soil Formation and Classification | <br /> <br /> [5] NRCS Soils, NRCS, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054278. <br /> <br /> [6] “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy | NRCS Soils, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588. st<br /> <br /> [7] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 2 - Processes of Weathering.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1124303183&amp;topicorder=4&amp;maxto=7. <br /> <br /> [8] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4 - Soil Profile Development.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, 2018, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=5.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=2260 2018-05-09T01:59:44Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The climate, Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy [6]. <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]n of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organ<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes [1].<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2]. <br /> <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2]. <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb [[Soil Structure(s)]] of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms [4]. <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] Fairman, Patrick. “Soil Formation Begins with Weathering of Bedrock.” SlidePlayer, 19 July 2017, slideplayer.com/slide/3843414/. <br /> <br /> [2] Krzic M., P. Sanborn, K. Watson, A.A. Bomke, C. Crowley, A. Doree, and S. Dyanatkar. 2008. Soil formation and soil processes. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, University of Northern British Columbia, and Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops. [ http://processes.soilweb.ca/ ]<br /> <br /> [3] “K-State Research and Extension.” Clay Soil: It Shrinks and Swells, 21 Nov. 2016, www.johnson.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/agent-articles/miscellaneous/shrink-swell-clay-soils.html. <br /> <br /> [4] “Natural Processes and Soil.” Leaving Certificate Geography, lcgeography.preswex.ie/natural-processes-and-soil.html. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Soil Formation and Classification | <br /> <br /> [5] NRCS Soils, NRCS, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054278. <br /> <br /> [6] “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy | NRCS Soils, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588. <br /> <br /> [7] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 2 - Processes of Weathering.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1124303183&amp;topicorder=4&amp;maxto=7. <br /> <br /> [8] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4 - Soil Profile Development.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, 2018, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=5.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Hydraulic_Actions_of_Water&diff=2259 2018-05-09T01:52:17Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div> '''Physical Properties of water'''<br /> Water is present almost everywhere in soil held by strong capillary forces. In soils, water is a large contributor to biochemical factors [3]. Water influences the movement of solids, liquids, and gasses [3]. Water also is one of the greatest factors controlling flora growth and development [3]. <br /> <br /> [[File:Water functions.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 1:''' The interactions of water with solids, liquids, and gases [3]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Water exists in three important phases:<br /> <br /> '''Solid:''' Water freezes from the top down with the greatest density occurring at 4 degrees C. This is extremely important for biotic activity to exist below the freeze line [1]. The freezing of water contributes to [[Soil Processes]] through physical weathering of the parent material [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Liquid:''' Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance [4]. Through a high specific heat, water decreases rapid temperature fluctuations [1]. Liquid water is responsible for the movement of nutrients, runoff and pollutants through environments shaping the chemistry and physical properties of areas due to its solvency property. Liquid water is very important for plant growth through capillary action [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Vapor:''' Water vapor is a direct interaction between soil and the atmosphere. Dry soils will maintain a relativity humidity of 98% [2]. Soil organisms living in this humid environment rely on a habitat saturated with water through absorbing and loosing water via their integuments [1]. <br /> <br /> ---<br /> <br /> '''Molecular Properties of Water'''<br /> Cohesion, molecular polarity, and hydrogen bonding all contribute to the movement of water in soil [2]<br /> <br /> '''Hydrogen Bonding:''' The bonds between the positive hydrogen molecules and the negative oxygen molecules within water particles [2]<br /> <br /> '''Cohesion:'''The attraction of water molecules between each other due to hydrogen bonding. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Adhesion:''' Also called “adsorption”, the attraction of water molecules to solid surfaces such as soil particles [2]. The surface area of particles determines the magnitude of adhesion [4]. Clay particles will have stronger adhesion forces compared to sand particles due to a larger surface area within the clay particles [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Forces:''' A combination of adhesion and surface tension [2]. Capillary rise is how tree roots retain groundwater, through a difference of pressures and the forces mentioned above. Surface tension refers to the attraction of water molecules to each other being greater than the attraction of the above air molecules to the water molecules [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water Types'''<br /> '''Gravitational Water:''' Found in macropores within the soil, this form of water movement occurs when water moves rapidly through well drained soils [4]. This type of groundwater is considered not available to plants since it is temporally in place often draining away quickly [4]. Water can move through the unsaturated and saturated zones of soil via infiltration or percolation [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Water:''' This is the water available to plants [4]. Water molecules are held in soil through cohesion and adhesion forces being stronger than gravitational forces [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Hygroscopic Water:''' Water that forms a very thin film around soil particles not available to plants [3]. Clay particles hold onto this water strongly due to a large surface area [2]. Hygroscopic water is created through adhesion forces [4]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water measurements'''<br /> <br /> '''Volumetric Water Content:''' Volume of water in a soil sample per unit of total soil volume [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Wetness'''<br /> <br /> '''Max Retentive Capacity:''' All pores are filled with water also referred to as saturation [2]. This occurs right after a rain event or snowmelt<br /> <br /> '''Field Capacity:''' Maximum soil water content after gravity forces drain soil water [2]. This occurs around 1-3 days after a rain event and is used by plants [2]. <br /> <br /> '''Wilting Point:''' When the soil water content is at or below the level that plant roots can reach to absorb [2]. <br /> <br /> [[File:Download.png]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 2:''' The Soil wetness parameters [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References: <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> [2] “Lecture 2 : Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior.” NPTEL, IIT Bombay, nptel.ac.in/courses/104103020/35.<br /> <br /> [3] Duckworth, Owen W. “Soil Water: From Molecular Structure to Behavior.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-water-from-molecular-structure-to-behavior-122155909.<br /> <br /> [4] “Topic 9: Types of Soil Water.” Factors Affecting Plant Growth, broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic9.htm.<br /> <br /> [5] “Soil Science|Digital Textbook Library.” 2.1.1. Negative Impacts of Development, www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch07s02.html.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Hydraulic_Actions_of_Water&diff=2106 2018-05-08T01:48:47Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div> '''Physical Properties of water'''<br /> Water is present almost everywhere in soil held by strong capillary forces. In soils, water is a large contributor to biochemical factors [3]. Water influences the movement of solids, liquids, and gasses [3]. Water also is one of the greatest factors controlling flora growth and development [3]. <br /> <br /> [[File:Water functions.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 1:''' The interactions of water with solids, liquids, and gases [3]<br /> Water exists in three important phases:<br /> <br /> '''Solid:''' Water freezes from the top down with the greatest density occurring at 4 degrees C. This is extremely important for biotic activity to exist below the freeze line [1]. The freezing of water contributes to [[Soil Processes]] through physical weathering of the parent material [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Liquid:''' Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance [4]. Through a high specific heat, water decreases rapid temperature fluctuations [1]. Liquid water is responsible for the movement of nutrients, runoff and pollutants through environments shaping the chemistry and physical properties of areas due to its solvency property. Liquid water is very important for plant growth through capillary action [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Vapor:''' Water vapor is a direct interaction between soil and the atmosphere. Dry soils will maintain a relativity humidity of 98% [2]. Soil organisms living in this humid environment rely on a habitat saturated with water through absorbing and loosing water via their integuments [1]. <br /> <br /> ---<br /> <br /> '''Molecular Properties of Water'''<br /> Cohesion, molecular polarity, and hydrogen bonding all contribute to the movement of water in soil [2]<br /> <br /> '''Hydrogen Bonding:''' The bonds between the positive hydrogen molecules and the negative oxygen molecules within water particles [2]<br /> <br /> '''Cohesion:'''The attraction of water molecules between each other due to hydrogen bonding. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Adhesion:''' Also called “adsorption”, the attraction of water molecules to solid surfaces such as soil particles [2]. The surface area of particles determines the magnitude of adhesion [4]. Clay particles will have stronger adhesion forces compared to sand particles due to a larger surface area within the clay particles [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Forces:''' A combination of adhesion and surface tension [2]. Capillary rise is how tree roots retain groundwater, through a difference of pressures and the forces mentioned above. Surface tension refers to the attraction of water molecules to each other being greater than the attraction of the above air molecules to the water molecules [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water Types'''<br /> '''Gravitational Water:''' Found in macropores within the soil, this form of water movement occurs when water moves rapidly through well drained soils [4]. This type of groundwater is considered not available to plants since it is temporally in place often draining away quickly [4]. Water can move through the unsaturated and saturated zones of soil via infiltration or percolation [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Water:''' This is the water available to plants [4]. Water molecules are held in soil through cohesion and adhesion forces being stronger than gravitational forces [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Hygroscopic Water:''' Water that forms a very thin film around soil particles not available to plants [3]. Clay particles hold onto this water strongly due to a large surface area [2]. Hygroscopic water is created through adhesion forces [4]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water measurements'''<br /> <br /> '''Volumetric Water Content:''' Volume of water in a soil sample per unit of total soil volume [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Wetness'''<br /> <br /> '''Max Retentive Capacity:''' All pores are filled with water also referred to as saturation [2]. This occurs right after a rain event or snowmelt<br /> <br /> '''Field Capacity:''' Maximum soil water content after gravity forces drain soil water [2]. This occurs around 1-3 days after a rain event and is used by plants [2]. <br /> <br /> '''Wilting Point:''' When the soil water content is at or below the level that plant roots can reach to absorb [2]. <br /> <br /> [[File:Download.png]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 2:''' The Soil wetness parameters [5]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References: <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> [2] “Lecture 2 : Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior.” NPTEL, IIT Bombay, nptel.ac.in/courses/104103020/35.<br /> <br /> [3] Duckworth, Owen W. “Soil Water: From Molecular Structure to Behavior.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-water-from-molecular-structure-to-behavior-122155909.<br /> <br /> [4] “Topic 9: Types of Soil Water.” Factors Affecting Plant Growth, broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic9.htm.<br /> <br /> [5] “Soil Science|Digital Textbook Library.” 2.1.1. Negative Impacts of Development, www.tankonyvtar.hu/en/tartalom/tamop425/0032_talajtan/ch07s02.html.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Hydraulic_Actions_of_Water&diff=2105 2018-05-08T01:45:24Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div> '''Physical Properties of water'''<br /> Water is present almost everywhere in soil held by strong capillary forces. In soils, water is a large contributor to biochemical factors [3]. Water influences the movement of solids, liquids, and gasses [3]. Water also is one of the greatest factors controlling flora growth and development [3]. <br /> <br /> [[File:Water functions.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 1:''' The interactions of water with solids, liquids, and gases [3]<br /> Water exists in three important phases:<br /> <br /> '''Solid:''' Water freezes from the top down with the greatest density occurring at 4 degrees C. This is extremely important for biotic activity to exist below the freeze line [1]. The freezing of water contributes to [[Soil Processes]] through physical weathering of the parent material [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Liquid:''' Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance [4]. Through a high specific heat, water decreases rapid temperature fluctuations [1]. Liquid water is responsible for the movement of nutrients, runoff and pollutants through environments shaping the chemistry and physical properties of areas due to its solvency property. Liquid water is very important for plant growth through capillary action [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Vapor:''' Water vapor is a direct interaction between soil and the atmosphere. Dry soils will maintain a relativity humidity of 98% [2]. Soil organisms living in this humid environment rely on a habitat saturated with water through absorbing and loosing water via their integuments [1]. <br /> <br /> ---<br /> <br /> '''Molecular Properties of Water'''<br /> Cohesion, molecular polarity, and hydrogen bonding all contribute to the movement of water in soil [2]<br /> <br /> '''Hydrogen Bonding:''' The bonds between the positive hydrogen molecules and the negative oxygen molecules within water particles [2]<br /> <br /> '''Cohesion:'''The attraction of water molecules between each other due to hydrogen bonding. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Adhesion:''' Also called “adsorption”, the attraction of water molecules to solid surfaces such as soil particles [2]. The surface area of particles determines the magnitude of adhesion [4]. Clay particles will have stronger adhesion forces compared to sand particles due to a larger surface area within the clay particles [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Forces:''' A combination of adhesion and surface tension [2]. Capillary rise is how tree roots retain groundwater, through a difference of pressures and the forces mentioned above. Surface tension refers to the attraction of water molecules to each other being greater than the attraction of the above air molecules to the water molecules [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water Types'''<br /> '''Gravitational Water:''' Found in macropores within the soil, this form of water movement occurs when water moves rapidly through well drained soils [4]. This type of groundwater is considered not available to plants since it is temporally in place often draining away quickly [4]. Water can move through the unsaturated and saturated zones of soil via infiltration or percolation [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Water:''' This is the water available to plants [4]. Water molecules are held in soil through cohesion and adhesion forces being stronger than gravitational forces [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Hygroscopic Water:''' Water that forms a very thin film around soil particles not available to plants [3]. Clay particles hold onto this water strongly due to a large surface area [2]. Hygroscopic water is created through adhesion forces [4]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water measurements'''<br /> <br /> '''Volumetric Water Content:''' Volume of water in a soil sample per unit of total soil volume [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Wetness'''<br /> <br /> '''Max Retentive Capacity:''' All pores are filled with water also referred to as saturation [2]. This occurs right after a rain event or snowmelt<br /> <br /> '''Field Capacity:''' Maximum soil water content after gravity forces drain soil water [2]. This occurs around 1-3 days after a rain event and is used by plants [2]. <br /> <br /> '''Wilting Point:''' When the soil water content is at or below the level that plant roots can reach to absorb [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References: <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> [2] “Lecture 2 : Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior.” NPTEL, IIT Bombay, nptel.ac.in/courses/104103020/35.<br /> <br /> [3] Duckworth, Owen W. “Soil Water: From Molecular Structure to Behavior.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-water-from-molecular-structure-to-behavior-122155909.<br /> <br /> [4] “Topic 9: Types of Soil Water.” Factors Affecting Plant Growth, broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic9.htm.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Hydraulic_Actions_of_Water&diff=2104 2018-05-08T01:44:36Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div> '''Physical Properties of water'''<br /> Water is present almost everywhere in soil held by strong capillary forces. In soils, water is a large contributor to biochemical factors [3]. Water influences the movement of solids, liquids, and gasses [3]. Water also is one of the greatest factors controlling flora growth and development [3]. <br /> <br /> [[File:Water functions.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Water exists in three important phases:<br /> <br /> '''Solid:''' Water freezes from the top down with the greatest density occurring at 4 degrees C. This is extremely important for biotic activity to exist below the freeze line [1]. The freezing of water contributes to [[Soil Processes]] through physical weathering of the parent material [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Liquid:''' Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance [4]. Through a high specific heat, water decreases rapid temperature fluctuations [1]. Liquid water is responsible for the movement of nutrients, runoff and pollutants through environments shaping the chemistry and physical properties of areas due to its solvency property. Liquid water is very important for plant growth through capillary action [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Vapor:''' Water vapor is a direct interaction between soil and the atmosphere. Dry soils will maintain a relativity humidity of 98% [2]. Soil organisms living in this humid environment rely on a habitat saturated with water through absorbing and loosing water via their integuments [1]. <br /> <br /> ---<br /> <br /> '''Molecular Properties of Water'''<br /> Cohesion, molecular polarity, and hydrogen bonding all contribute to the movement of water in soil [2]<br /> <br /> '''Hydrogen Bonding:''' The bonds between the positive hydrogen molecules and the negative oxygen molecules within water particles [2]<br /> <br /> '''Cohesion:'''The attraction of water molecules between each other due to hydrogen bonding. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Adhesion:''' Also called “adsorption”, the attraction of water molecules to solid surfaces such as soil particles [2]. The surface area of particles determines the magnitude of adhesion [4]. Clay particles will have stronger adhesion forces compared to sand particles due to a larger surface area within the clay particles [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Forces:''' A combination of adhesion and surface tension [2]. Capillary rise is how tree roots retain groundwater, through a difference of pressures and the forces mentioned above. Surface tension refers to the attraction of water molecules to each other being greater than the attraction of the above air molecules to the water molecules [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water Types'''<br /> '''Gravitational Water:''' Found in macropores within the soil, this form of water movement occurs when water moves rapidly through well drained soils [4]. This type of groundwater is considered not available to plants since it is temporally in place often draining away quickly [4]. Water can move through the unsaturated and saturated zones of soil via infiltration or percolation [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Water:''' This is the water available to plants [4]. Water molecules are held in soil through cohesion and adhesion forces being stronger than gravitational forces [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Hygroscopic Water:''' Water that forms a very thin film around soil particles not available to plants [3]. Clay particles hold onto this water strongly due to a large surface area [2]. Hygroscopic water is created through adhesion forces [4]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water measurements'''<br /> <br /> '''Volumetric Water Content:''' Volume of water in a soil sample per unit of total soil volume [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Wetness'''<br /> <br /> '''Max Retentive Capacity:''' All pores are filled with water also referred to as saturation [2]. This occurs right after a rain event or snowmelt<br /> <br /> '''Field Capacity:''' Maximum soil water content after gravity forces drain soil water [2]. This occurs around 1-3 days after a rain event and is used by plants [2]. <br /> <br /> '''Wilting Point:''' When the soil water content is at or below the level that plant roots can reach to absorb [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References: <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> [2] “Lecture 2 : Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior.” NPTEL, IIT Bombay, nptel.ac.in/courses/104103020/35.<br /> <br /> [3] Duckworth, Owen W. “Soil Water: From Molecular Structure to Behavior.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-water-from-molecular-structure-to-behavior-122155909.<br /> <br /> [4] “Topic 9: Types of Soil Water.” Factors Affecting Plant Growth, broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic9.htm.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Water_functions.jpg&diff=2103 2018-05-08T01:43:59Z

<p>Kpvanhin: Kpvanhin uploaded a new version of File:Water functions.jpg</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Download.png&diff=2102 2018-05-08T01:42:43Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Water_functions.jpg&diff=2101 2018-05-08T01:41:23Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Hydraulic_Actions_of_Water&diff=2100 2018-05-08T01:36:05Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div> '''Physical Properties of water'''<br /> Water is present almost everywhere in soil held by strong capillary forces. In soils, water is a large contributor to biochemical factors [3]. Water influences the movement of solids, liquids, and gasses [3]. Water also is one of the greatest factors controlling flora growth and development [3]. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Water exists in three important phases:<br /> <br /> '''Solid:''' Water freezes from the top down with the greatest density occurring at 4 degrees C. This is extremely important for biotic activity to exist below the freeze line [1]. The freezing of water contributes to [[Soil Processes]] through physical weathering of the parent material [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Liquid:''' Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance [4]. Through a high specific heat, water decreases rapid temperature fluctuations [1]. Liquid water is responsible for the movement of nutrients, runoff and pollutants through environments shaping the chemistry and physical properties of areas due to its solvency property. Liquid water is very important for plant growth through capillary action [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Vapor:''' Water vapor is a direct interaction between soil and the atmosphere. Dry soils will maintain a relativity humidity of 98% [2]. Soil organisms living in this humid environment rely on a habitat saturated with water through absorbing and loosing water via their integuments [1]. <br /> <br /> ---<br /> <br /> '''Molecular Properties of Water'''<br /> Cohesion, molecular polarity, and hydrogen bonding all contribute to the movement of water in soil [2]<br /> <br /> '''Hydrogen Bonding:''' The bonds between the positive hydrogen molecules and the negative oxygen molecules within water particles [2]<br /> <br /> '''Cohesion:'''The attraction of water molecules between each other due to hydrogen bonding. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Adhesion:''' Also called “adsorption”, the attraction of water molecules to solid surfaces such as soil particles [2]. The surface area of particles determines the magnitude of adhesion [4]. Clay particles will have stronger adhesion forces compared to sand particles due to a larger surface area within the clay particles [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Forces:''' A combination of adhesion and surface tension [2]. Capillary rise is how tree roots retain groundwater, through a difference of pressures and the forces mentioned above. Surface tension refers to the attraction of water molecules to each other being greater than the attraction of the above air molecules to the water molecules [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water Types'''<br /> '''Gravitational Water:''' Found in macropores within the soil, this form of water movement occurs when water moves rapidly through well drained soils [4]. This type of groundwater is considered not available to plants since it is temporally in place often draining away quickly [4]. Water can move through the unsaturated and saturated zones of soil via infiltration or percolation [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Water:''' This is the water available to plants [4]. Water molecules are held in soil through cohesion and adhesion forces being stronger than gravitational forces [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Hygroscopic Water:''' Water that forms a very thin film around soil particles not available to plants [3]. Clay particles hold onto this water strongly due to a large surface area [2]. Hygroscopic water is created through adhesion forces [4]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water measurements'''<br /> <br /> '''Volumetric Water Content:''' Volume of water in a soil sample per unit of total soil volume [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Wetness'''<br /> <br /> '''Max Retentive Capacity:''' All pores are filled with water also referred to as saturation [2]. This occurs right after a rain event or snowmelt<br /> <br /> '''Field Capacity:''' Maximum soil water content after gravity forces drain soil water [2]. This occurs around 1-3 days after a rain event and is used by plants [2]. <br /> <br /> '''Wilting Point:''' When the soil water content is at or below the level that plant roots can reach to absorb [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References: <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> [2] “Lecture 2 : Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior.” NPTEL, IIT Bombay, nptel.ac.in/courses/104103020/35.<br /> <br /> [3] Duckworth, Owen W. “Soil Water: From Molecular Structure to Behavior.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-water-from-molecular-structure-to-behavior-122155909.<br /> <br /> [4] “Topic 9: Types of Soil Water.” Factors Affecting Plant Growth, broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic9.htm.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Hydraulic_Actions_of_Water&diff=2099 2018-05-08T01:34:28Z

<p>Kpvanhin: Created page with &quot; &#039;&#039;&#039;Physical Properties of water&#039;&#039;&#039; Water is present almost everywhere in soil held by strong capillary forces. In soils, wate...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div> '''Physical Properties of water'''<br /> Water is present almost everywhere in soil held by strong capillary forces. In soils, water is a large contributor to biochemical factors [3]. Water influences the movement of solids, liquids, and gasses [3]. Water also is one of the greatest factors controlling flora growth and development [3]. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> Water exists in three important phases:<br /> '''Solid:''' Water freezes from the top down with the greatest density occurring at 4 degrees C. This is extremely important for biotic activity to exist below the freeze line [1]. The freezing of water contributes to [[Soil Processes]] through physical weathering of the parent material [1].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Liquid:''' Water has a high specific heat. Specific heat is the amount of energy required to change the temperature of a substance [4]. Through a high specific heat, water decreases rapid temperature fluctuations [1]. Liquid water is responsible for the movement of nutrients, runoff and pollutants through environments shaping the chemistry and physical properties of areas due to its solvency property. Liquid water is very important for plant growth through capillary action [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Vapor:''' Water vapor is a direct interaction between soil and the atmosphere. Dry soils will maintain a relativity humidity of 98% [2]. Soil organisms living in this humid environment rely on a habitat saturated with water through absorbing and loosing water via their integuments [1]. <br /> <br /> ---<br /> <br /> '''Molecular Properties of Water'''<br /> Cohesion, molecular polarity, and hydrogen bonding all contribute to the movement of water in soil [2]<br /> <br /> '''Hydrogen Bonding:''' The bonds between the positive hydrogen molecules and the negative oxygen molecules within water particles [2]<br /> <br /> '''Cohesion:'''The attraction of water molecules between each other due to hydrogen bonding. <br /> <br /> '''Adhesion:''' Also called “adsorption”, the attraction of water molecules to solid surfaces such as soil particles [2]. The surface area of particles determines the magnitude of adhesion [4]. Clay particles will have stronger adhesion forces compared to sand particles due to a larger surface area within the clay particles [4]. <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Forces:''' A combination of adhesion and surface tension [2]. Capillary rise is how tree roots retain groundwater, through a difference of pressures and the forces mentioned above. Surface tension refers to the attraction of water molecules to each other being greater than the attraction of the above air molecules to the water molecules [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water Types'''<br /> '''Gravitational Water:''' Found in macropores within the soil, this form of water movement occurs when water moves rapidly through well drained soils [4]. This type of groundwater is considered not available to plants since it is temporally in place often draining away quickly [4]. Water can move through the unsaturated and saturated zones of soil via infiltration or percolation [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Capillary Water:''' This is the water available to plants [4]. Water molecules are held in soil through cohesion and adhesion forces being stronger than gravitational forces [4]. <br /> '''Hygroscopic Water: Water that forms a very thin film around soil particles not available to plants [3]. Clay particles hold onto this water strongly due to a large surface area [2]. Hygroscopic water is created through adhesion forces [4]. <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Water measurements'''<br /> <br /> '''Volumetric Water Content:''' Volume of water in a soil sample per unit of total soil volume [3].<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Wetness'''<br /> <br /> '''Max Retentive Capacity:''' All pores are filled with water also referred to as saturation [2]. This occurs right after a rain event or snowmelt<br /> <br /> '''Field Capacity:''' Maximum soil water content after gravity forces drain soil water [2]. This occurs around 1-3 days after a rain event and is used by plants [2]. <br /> <br /> '''Wilting Point:''' When the soil water content is at or below the level that plant roots can reach to absorb [2]. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References: <br /> [1] Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> [2] “Lecture 2 : Soil Water: Characteristics and Behavior.” NPTEL, IIT Bombay, nptel.ac.in/courses/104103020/35.<br /> <br /> [3] Duckworth, Owen W. “Soil Water: From Molecular Structure to Behavior.” Nature News, Nature Publishing Group, www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/soil-water-from-molecular-structure-to-behavior-122155909.<br /> <br /> [4] “Topic 9: Types of Soil Water.” Factors Affecting Plant Growth, broome.soil.ncsu.edu/ssc012/Lecture/topic9.htm.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Main_Page&diff=2093 2018-05-08T01:22:53Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> =&lt;strong&gt;[[Soil Ecology]] WIKI from the University at Buffalo&lt;/strong&gt;=<br /> [[File:Rhizo.jpg|230px|thumb|left|Soil ecology encompasses interactions between plants, soils, and the organisms that live within them.]] [[Soil]] is a vast reservoir for a wide [[diversity]] of [[organisms]]. [[Plant roots]] explore this [[diversity]] daily. Various other [[animals]] consume [[smaller creatures]] either intentionally or unintentionally by [[foraging]] on [[plant roots]], [[insects]], and [[microorganisms]].<br /> Soil ecology is the study of how these [[soil organisms]] interact with other organisms and their environment - their influence on and response to numerous [[soil processes]] and [[properties]] form the basis for delivering [[essential ecosystem services]]. Some of the key processes in soil are [[nutrient cycling]], soil [[aggregate formation]], and [[biodiversity interactions]]. Sometimes, individual species can strongly influence overall soil ecology, such as [[Black Willow]]<br /> The [[diversity]] and abundance of [[soil life]] exceeds that of any other ecosystem. [[Plant establishment]], competitiveness, and growth is governed largely by the [[ecology belowground]], with many interactions attributed to the interconnectivity of [[Plant Roots]] due to [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]] and [[Ectomycorrhizal Fungi]]. Therefore, a deep understanding of these systems are an essential component of plant sciences and [[terrestrial ecology]].<br /> <br /> Many of the concepts of soil ecology were developed by Hans Jenny and his creation of the [[Jenny Equation]]. These concepts envelop the ideas of the abiotic interactions of [[Organisms]] and plants.<br /> <br /> =List of Possible Topics:=<br /> <br /> [[Ecosystem Services]], [[Vegetable Mould]], [[Founders of Soil Concepts]], [[Pedogenesis]], [[Jenny Equation]], [[Water Behavior in Soils]], [[Soil Horizons]], [[Soil Textures]], [[Monocots]], [[Dicots]], [[Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi]], [[Collembola]], [[Soil Sampling Methods]], [[Zygomycota]], [[Glomeromycota]], [[Ascomycota]], [[Basidiomycota]], [[Humus]], [[Clay]], [[Silt]], [[Loam]], [[Soil Structures]], [[Flavonoids]], [[Diazotrophs]], [[Black Willow]], [[Cryprogamic Soil Crust]], [[Ciliates]], [[Nutrient Cycling]], [[Isopods]], [[Nematodes]], [[Actinorhiza]], [[Erythraeidae]], [[Amynthas_agrestis]], [[Lichen]], [[Tardigrades]], [[Ectomycorrizae]], [[Hydraulic Actions of Water]] [[Periodical Cicadas]], [[Mites]], [[Rotifers]], [[Small creaters]], ''[[Emiliania huxleyi]]''<br /> <br /> &lt;strong&gt;If you dudes/dudettes have any questions, email me at krzidell and I'll do everything I can.&lt;/strong&gt;</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Structures&diff=2067 2018-05-07T20:42:06Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>==Soil Structure== <br /> Soil structure refers to an arrangement or groups of particles. These arrangements can be composed of any size particles ranging from nonstructural such as loose, coarse grains, to aggregates such as chunks of sod. [5] Soil structures also encompass the pore space between soil particles. Soil structure is achieved when soil particles experience cohesion forces that are greater than adhesion. Cohesion forces allow soil particles to clump, bind, and aggregate ([[aggregate formation]]). Stabilization is achieved through bonding agents such as plant, microbial polysaccharides, and gums. [5] Roots and Fungal Hyphae such as mycorrhizal fungi can act as bonding agents. Some soils have a lack of structure; this occurs when no particles stay in place with an introduction of a disturbance such as a shovel blade. [7] Soil structure influences ecosystem properties such as water retention, soil water movement, erosion, nutrient recycling, root penetration, and crop yield. [2]<br /> <br /> Soil structure can be observed as a soil mass when, under stress, it breaks along planes. These planes form the boundary of structural units called a “ped”, which have different spatial soil particle arrangements. [7] Clods are formed through artificial human-caused disturbances such as a mechanical disturbance (tilling a field). Such disturbances allow denser particles to be configured to the surface in the layer. [7] One soil may have various peds based on shape in the subsurface and surface horizons. [5] Peds are shaped by temperature, moisture, chemical, and biological conditions. Each of these conditions may vary depending on the level in the soil horizon. [5] The Pedon is the area of soil structure being categorized. It can be as small as 1 square meter or as large as 10 square meters. [5] <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Soil Structure Formation==<br /> <br /> Soil structure is shaped by the input of organic compounds into the soil, plants, fungi, microbes, soil compaction, freezing-thawing, wetting, and drying events. [5] Aggregates are the physical and biological compounds in which soil particles coheir to. Aggregation can be increased through root activity. Roots release Polygalacturonic Acid which acts to stabilize aggregates through a higher bond strength and a slower wetting rate. [2] The more fibrous a root is, the more macro-aggregation that will occur within the rhizosphere. [2] One of the most important biotic influences on aggregates is AMF or Arbuscular Mycorrhiza through the release of Glomalin, a glycoprotein which acts to stabilize aggregates. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil agg.jpg]]<br /> '''Figure 1''' Soil Microaggregates. Note the influence of root fibers, hyphae, and microbial debris. ''Image From Tisdall &amp; Oades, 1982'' [10] <br /> <br /> ==Classification==<br /> <br /> Soil structures can be classified by their size, structure, shape, and grade<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil structure.gif]]<br /> '''Figure 2:''' The various soil structure types. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil_structures_picture.png ]]<br /> '''Figure 3:''' Soil structure types looking at soil samples [9]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Soil Grade==<br /> Grade referrers to the distinctness of soils. Three classes are chosen based on ease of separation into specific units and the particles ability to stick together. <br /> <br /> '''Strong:''' Soil units separating cleanly into whole units with disturbance. <br /> <br /> '''Moderate:''' Soil units are noticed as well-formed pre-disturbance. Post-disturbance, soil will separate into a mixture of primarily whole units, broken units and some material not in a unit<br /> <br /> '''Weak:''' Soil units, when disturbed, are mostly not in units while some stay in units. Most soil particles will show no planes of weakness. If the soil surface arrangement differs from the particles within, this is still a soil structure compared to a uniform consistency showing no planes of weakness which is most likely a structureless soil sample. [7]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil classification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 4:''' A soil structure classification table incorporating Shape/arrangement, structure class, and grade. [8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> 1: &quot;BlackHillsGarden.com.&quot; SOIL STRUCTURE. » BlackHillsGarden.com - Gardening Experience in the Black Hills, 2018. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 2: Bronick, C.J., and R. La. &quot;Soil Structure and Management: A Review.&quot; Shibboleth Authentication Request. The Ohio State University, Jan. 2005. Web. 07 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 3:Buckman, H. O., &amp; Brady, N. C. (1960). The nature and properties of soils: A college text of edaphology. New York: Macmillan.<br /> <br /> 4: Cakmak, A. S. Soil-structure Interaction. Vol. 43;43.;. New York;Southampton;Amsterdam;Boston;: Elsevier, 1987. Web. 6 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 5: Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> 6: Gao W, Hodgkinson L, Jin K, Watts CW, Ashton RW, Shen J, Ren T, Dodd IC, Binley A, Phillips AL, Hedden P, Hawkesford MJ, Whalley WR (2016a) Deep <br /> <br /> roots and soil structure. Plant Cell Environ 39:1662–1668<br /> <br /> 7:&quot;Natural Resources Conservation Service.&quot; SSM - Ch. 3. Examination and Description of Soil Profiles | NRCS Soils. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 8:&quot;Soil Structure: Classification, Genesis and Evaluation.&quot; Soil Management. N.p., 20 July 2016. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 9:&quot;Soil Structure | Nature of Soil | Soil Definition | Components of Soil.&quot; ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENGINEERING. N.p., 25 Dec. 2017. Web. 8 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 10:TISDALL, J. M., and J. M. OADES. &quot;Organic Matter and Water‐stable Aggregates in Soils.&quot; Journal of Soil Science. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 28 July <br /> 2006. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Structures&diff=2066 2018-05-07T20:41:44Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>==Soil Structure== <br /> Soil structure refers to an arrangement or groups of particles. These arrangements can be composed of any size particles ranging from nonstructural such as loose, coarse grains, to aggregates such as chunks of sod. [5] Soil structures also encompass the pore space between soil particles. Soil structure is achieved when soil particles experience cohesion forces that are greater than adhesion. Cohesion forces allow soil particles to clump, bind, and aggregate [[aggregate formation]]. Stabilization is achieved through bonding agents such as plant, microbial polysaccharides, and gums. [5] Roots and Fungal Hyphae such as mycorrhizal fungi can act as bonding agents. Some soils have a lack of structure; this occurs when no particles stay in place with an introduction of a disturbance such as a shovel blade. [7] Soil structure influences ecosystem properties such as water retention, soil water movement, erosion, nutrient recycling, root penetration, and crop yield. [2]<br /> <br /> Soil structure can be observed as a soil mass when, under stress, it breaks along planes. These planes form the boundary of structural units called a “ped”, which have different spatial soil particle arrangements. [7] Clods are formed through artificial human-caused disturbances such as a mechanical disturbance (tilling a field). Such disturbances allow denser particles to be configured to the surface in the layer. [7] One soil may have various peds based on shape in the subsurface and surface horizons. [5] Peds are shaped by temperature, moisture, chemical, and biological conditions. Each of these conditions may vary depending on the level in the soil horizon. [5] The Pedon is the area of soil structure being categorized. It can be as small as 1 square meter or as large as 10 square meters. [5] <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Soil Structure Formation==<br /> <br /> Soil structure is shaped by the input of organic compounds into the soil, plants, fungi, microbes, soil compaction, freezing-thawing, wetting, and drying events. [5] Aggregates are the physical and biological compounds in which soil particles coheir to. Aggregation can be increased through root activity. Roots release Polygalacturonic Acid which acts to stabilize aggregates through a higher bond strength and a slower wetting rate. [2] The more fibrous a root is, the more macro-aggregation that will occur within the rhizosphere. [2] One of the most important biotic influences on aggregates is AMF or Arbuscular Mycorrhiza through the release of Glomalin, a glycoprotein which acts to stabilize aggregates. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil agg.jpg]]<br /> '''Figure 1''' Soil Microaggregates. Note the influence of root fibers, hyphae, and microbial debris. ''Image From Tisdall &amp; Oades, 1982'' [10] <br /> <br /> ==Classification==<br /> <br /> Soil structures can be classified by their size, structure, shape, and grade<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil structure.gif]]<br /> '''Figure 2:''' The various soil structure types. [2]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil_structures_picture.png ]]<br /> '''Figure 3:''' Soil structure types looking at soil samples [9]<br /> <br /> <br /> ==Soil Grade==<br /> Grade referrers to the distinctness of soils. Three classes are chosen based on ease of separation into specific units and the particles ability to stick together. <br /> <br /> '''Strong:''' Soil units separating cleanly into whole units with disturbance. <br /> <br /> '''Moderate:''' Soil units are noticed as well-formed pre-disturbance. Post-disturbance, soil will separate into a mixture of primarily whole units, broken units and some material not in a unit<br /> <br /> '''Weak:''' Soil units, when disturbed, are mostly not in units while some stay in units. Most soil particles will show no planes of weakness. If the soil surface arrangement differs from the particles within, this is still a soil structure compared to a uniform consistency showing no planes of weakness which is most likely a structureless soil sample. [7]<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil classification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 4:''' A soil structure classification table incorporating Shape/arrangement, structure class, and grade. [8]<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> ==References==<br /> <br /> 1: &quot;BlackHillsGarden.com.&quot; SOIL STRUCTURE. » BlackHillsGarden.com - Gardening Experience in the Black Hills, 2018. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 2: Bronick, C.J., and R. La. &quot;Soil Structure and Management: A Review.&quot; Shibboleth Authentication Request. The Ohio State University, Jan. 2005. Web. 07 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 3:Buckman, H. O., &amp; Brady, N. C. (1960). The nature and properties of soils: A college text of edaphology. New York: Macmillan.<br /> <br /> 4: Cakmak, A. S. Soil-structure Interaction. Vol. 43;43.;. New York;Southampton;Amsterdam;Boston;: Elsevier, 1987. Web. 6 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 5: Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> 6: Gao W, Hodgkinson L, Jin K, Watts CW, Ashton RW, Shen J, Ren T, Dodd IC, Binley A, Phillips AL, Hedden P, Hawkesford MJ, Whalley WR (2016a) Deep <br /> <br /> roots and soil structure. Plant Cell Environ 39:1662–1668<br /> <br /> 7:&quot;Natural Resources Conservation Service.&quot; SSM - Ch. 3. Examination and Description of Soil Profiles | NRCS Soils. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 8:&quot;Soil Structure: Classification, Genesis and Evaluation.&quot; Soil Management. N.p., 20 July 2016. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 9:&quot;Soil Structure | Nature of Soil | Soil Definition | Components of Soil.&quot; ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENGINEERING. N.p., 25 Dec. 2017. Web. 8 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 10:TISDALL, J. M., and J. M. OADES. &quot;Organic Matter and Water‐stable Aggregates in Soils.&quot; Journal of Soil Science. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 28 July <br /> 2006. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=2065 2018-05-07T20:39:17Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The climate, Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy [6]. <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]n of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organ<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes [1].<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2]. <br /> <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2]. <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb structure of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms [4]. <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] Fairman, Patrick. “Soil Formation Begins with Weathering of Bedrock.” SlidePlayer, 19 July 2017, slideplayer.com/slide/3843414/. <br /> <br /> [2] Krzic M., P. Sanborn, K. Watson, A.A. Bomke, C. Crowley, A. Doree, and S. Dyanatkar. 2008. Soil formation and soil processes. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, University of Northern British Columbia, and Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops. [ http://processes.soilweb.ca/ ]<br /> <br /> [3] “K-State Research and Extension.” Clay Soil: It Shrinks and Swells, 21 Nov. 2016, www.johnson.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/agent-articles/miscellaneous/shrink-swell-clay-soils.html. <br /> <br /> [4] “Natural Processes and Soil.” Leaving Certificate Geography, lcgeography.preswex.ie/natural-processes-and-soil.html. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Soil Formation and Classification | <br /> <br /> [5] NRCS Soils, NRCS, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054278. <br /> <br /> [6] “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy | NRCS Soils, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588. <br /> <br /> [7] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 2 - Processes of Weathering.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1124303183&amp;topicorder=4&amp;maxto=7. <br /> <br /> [8] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4 - Soil Profile Development.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, 2018, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=5.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=2064 2018-05-07T20:38:35Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The climate, Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy [6]. <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]n of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organ<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes [1].<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2]. <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2]. <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb structure of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms [4]. <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] Fairman, Patrick. “Soil Formation Begins with Weathering of Bedrock.” SlidePlayer, 19 July 2017, slideplayer.com/slide/3843414/. <br /> <br /> [2] Krzic M., P. Sanborn, K. Watson, A.A. Bomke, C. Crowley, A. Doree, and S. Dyanatkar. 2008. Soil formation and soil processes. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, University of Northern British Columbia, and Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops. [ http://processes.soilweb.ca/ ]<br /> <br /> [3] “K-State Research and Extension.” Clay Soil: It Shrinks and Swells, 21 Nov. 2016, www.johnson.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/agent-articles/miscellaneous/shrink-swell-clay-soils.html. <br /> <br /> [4] “Natural Processes and Soil.” Leaving Certificate Geography, lcgeography.preswex.ie/natural-processes-and-soil.html. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Soil Formation and Classification | <br /> <br /> [5] NRCS Soils, NRCS, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054278. <br /> <br /> [6] “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy | NRCS Soils, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588. <br /> <br /> [7] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 2 - Processes of Weathering.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1124303183&amp;topicorder=4&amp;maxto=7. <br /> <br /> [8] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4 - Soil Profile Development.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, 2018, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=5.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=2063 2018-05-07T20:36:11Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The formatioisms), Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy (Natural Resources Conservation Service). <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]n of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organ<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes [1].<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2]. <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2]. <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb structure of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms [4]. <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] Fairman, Patrick. “Soil Formation Begins with Weathering of Bedrock.” SlidePlayer, 19 July 2017, slideplayer.com/slide/3843414/. <br /> <br /> [2] Krzic M., P. Sanborn, K. Watson, A.A. Bomke, C. Crowley, A. Doree, and S. Dyanatkar. 2008. Soil formation and soil processes. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, University of Northern British Columbia, and Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops. [ http://processes.soilweb.ca/ ]<br /> <br /> [3] “K-State Research and Extension.” Clay Soil: It Shrinks and Swells, 21 Nov. 2016, www.johnson.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/agent-articles/miscellaneous/shrink-swell-clay-soils.html. <br /> <br /> [4] “Natural Processes and Soil.” Leaving Certificate Geography, lcgeography.preswex.ie/natural-processes-and-soil.html. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Soil Formation and Classification | <br /> <br /> [5] NRCS Soils, NRCS, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054278. <br /> <br /> [6] “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy | NRCS Soils, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588. <br /> <br /> [7] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 2 - Processes of Weathering.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1124303183&amp;topicorder=4&amp;maxto=7. <br /> <br /> [8] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4 - Soil Profile Development.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, 2018, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=5.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=1369 2018-04-18T14:50:39Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna [2]. One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The formatioisms), Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy (Natural Resources Conservation Service). <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]n of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organ<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: [6]<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes [1].<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater [2]. <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest [2]. <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials [3].<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb structure of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms [4]. <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) [2].<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> References<br /> [1] Fairman, Patrick. “Soil Formation Begins with Weathering of Bedrock.” SlidePlayer, 19 July 2017, slideplayer.com/slide/3843414/. <br /> [2] Krzic M., P. Sanborn, K. Watson, A.A. Bomke, C. Crowley, A. Doree, and S. Dyanatkar. 2008. Soil formation and soil processes. The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, University of Northern British Columbia, and Thompson Rivers University, Kamloops. [ http://processes.soilweb.ca/ ]<br /> [3] “K-State Research and Extension.” Clay Soil: It Shrinks and Swells, 21 Nov. 2016, www.johnson.k-state.edu/lawn-garden/agent-articles/miscellaneous/shrink-swell-clay-soils.html. <br /> [4] “Natural Processes and Soil.” Leaving Certificate Geography, lcgeography.preswex.ie/natural-processes-and-soil.html. “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” Soil Formation and Classification | <br /> [5] NRCS Soils, NRCS, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_054278. <br /> [6] “Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy | NRCS Soils, www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/soils/edu/?cid=nrcs142p2_053588. <br /> [7] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 2 - Processes of Weathering.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1124303183&amp;topicorder=4&amp;maxto=7. <br /> [8] “Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4 - Soil Profile Development.” Plant and Soil Sciences ELibrary, 2018, passel.unl.edu/pages/informationmodule.php?idinformationmodule=1130447025&amp;topicorder=3&amp;maxto=5.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=1332 2018-04-17T00:06:08Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna (Krzic M.). One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The formation of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organisms), Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy (Natural Resources Conservation Service). <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: (Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy )<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes (Fairman, Patrick)<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater (Krzic M.). <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest (Krzic M.) <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials (K-State Research and Extension.)<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.<br /> <br /> ''Humification:'' This is the process in which dead organic material or soil additions (leaves, detritus, woody matter) are converted to humus by decomposers such as bacteria and fungi. Humus is a dark black gel like substance. Dark soils (brown/black) are usually high in humus concentration. Humus affects the crumb structure of soil particles which affects the amount of pore space. Hunus also affects the amount of water held in soil within the pore spaces. Humification tends to keep a neutral soil pH that is suitable for most microorganisms (Natural Processes and Soil). <br /> <br /> ''Weathering:'' This is the breakdown of rocks or minerals into smaller pieces through chemical or physical processes. Physical weathering includes mechanisms such as freezing and thawing, wind erosion, and water erosion. These processes influence the soil's pH, water content, texture, and structure. Physical weathering creates smaller particles which provide mineral content to a soil. Chemical weathering through oxidation, carbonation, and hydrolysis either create or destroy minerals thus altering the soils mineral composition. Oxidation yields different soil colors such as a orange/ red soil from the oxidation of iron within the soil. Carbonation is a reaction with carbonic acid which breaks down or dissolves rocks and minerals. hydrolysis is a reaction with water helping minerals and rocks become less resistant to weathering (Soil Genesis and Development). <br /> <br /> '''4: Losses:''' This final group includes the loss of material from either leaching processes via groundwater or surface erosion (wind, water, anthropogenic actions) (Krzic M.).</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=1330 2018-04-16T23:23:07Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna (Krzic M.). One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The formation of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organisms), Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy (Natural Resources Conservation Service). <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]<br /> Image 1: 12 soil groups: (Natural Resources Conservation Service.” The Twelve Orders of Soil Taxonomy )<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> [[File:Four+basic+processes+of+soil+formation .jpg]]<br /> Image 2: Four groups of soil processes (Fairman, Patrick)<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater (Krzic M.). <br /> '''2: Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest (Krzic M.) <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials (K-State Research and Extension.)<br /> <br /> '''3: Transformations:''' Transferring soil constituents from one form to another. Ex: Mineral weathering and organic matter breakdown.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Four%2Bbasic%2Bprocesses%2Bof%2Bsoil%2Bformation_.jpg&diff=1329 2018-04-16T23:08:04Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=1328 2018-04-16T23:02:29Z

<p>Kpvanhin: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna (Krzic M.). One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The formation of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organisms), Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons of soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy (Natural Resources Conservation Service). <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Processes''' can be characterized into four groups:<br /> <br /> '''1: Additions:''' Adding material to the soil helps build soil horizons. Materials can be made up of detritus (organic material), atmospheric dust, or soluble salts from groundwater (Krzic M.). <br /> '''2:Translocations:''' Transportation of materials (organic or inorganic) between soil horizon layers either up or down. Primararly water driven however on a small scale, fauna have great influence. <br /> <br /> ''pedoturbation''is the term for mixing of soils. <br /> <br /> Fauna translocators examples: Earthworms, Ants, moles, rodents. <br /> <br /> Flora translocators occur when blowdown trees uproot. The root ball exposes new soil horizons to the surface and provide opportunity for seeds to germinate. Eventually this blown down tree will create pit and mound features in a forest (Krzic M.) <br /> <br /> Algillic pedoturbation occurs with the mixing of clays through churning processes called sink-swell cycles. These cycles are dominated by moisture and when dry, clays will crack allowing for lower horizons to be exposed to new materials (K-State Research and Extension.)<br /> <br /> '''Transformations:'''</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_processes&diff=1327 2018-04-16T22:24:14Z

<p>Kpvanhin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil Processes&#039;&#039;&#039; Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna (Krzic M.). One ke...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Processes'''<br /> <br /> Soil processes are specific changes to a soil influencing the relationship between soil and its ecosystem, landscape, flora, and fauna (Krzic M.). One key component to soil processes is the formation of soil. The formation of soil can be condensed into four major components as outlined in the [[Jenny Equation]]: Climate (temperature, moisture), biological factors (organisms), Topography (relief/slope), parent material (origin of soil particles), and Time. Based off the formation processes and the different horizons or soil layers, a soil sample may be classified into 12 soil orders according to a Soil taxonomy (Natural Resources Conservation Service). <br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Nrcs.jpg]]</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Nrcs.jpg&diff=1326 2018-04-16T22:22:23Z

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Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Soil_Structures&diff=670 2018-03-09T01:40:23Z

<p>Kpvanhin: Created page with &quot;&#039;&#039;&#039;Soil Structure&#039;&#039;&#039; Soil structure refers to the arrangement or groups of particles. These arrangements can be composed of any size particles ranging from nonstructural...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Soil Structure''' <br /> Soil structure refers to the arrangement or groups of particles. These arrangements can be composed of any size particles ranging from nonstructural such as loose coarse grains to aggregates such as chunks of sod (5). Soil structures also encompasses the pore spaces between soil particles. Soil structure is achieved when soil particles are experiencing cohesion forces which are greater than adhesion. Cohesion forces allow soil particles to clump, bind, and aggregate. Stabilization is achieved through bonding agents such as plant, microbial polysaccharides, and gums (5). Roots and Fungal Hyphae such as mycorrhizal fungi can act as bonding agents. Some soils have a lack of structure. This occurs when no particles stay in place with an introduction of a disturbance such as a shovel blade (7). Soil structure influences ecosystem properties such as water retention, soil water movement, erosion, nutrient recycling, root penetration, and crop yield (2).<br /> <br /> Soil structure can be observed as a soil mass when, under stress, breaks along planes. These planes form the boundary of structural units called a “ped” which have different soil particle arrangements spatially (7). Clods are formed through artificial human caused disturbances such as a mechanical disturbance (tilling a field). Such disturbances allow denser particles to be configured to the surface in the layer (7). One soil may have various peds based on shape in the subsurface and surface horizons (5). Peds are shaped by temperature, moisture, chemical, and biological conditions. Each of these conditions may vary depending on the level in the soil horizon (5). The Pedon is the area of soil structure being categorized. It can be as small as 1 square meter or as large as 10 square meters (5). <br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Structure Formation'''<br /> <br /> Soil structure is shaped by the input of organic compounds into the soil, plants, fungi, microbes, soil compaction, freezing-thawing, wetting, and drying events (5). Aggregates are the physical and biological compounds in which soil particles coheir to. Aggregation can be increased through root activity. Roots release Polygalacturonic Acid which acts to stabilize aggregates through a higher bond strength and a slower wetting rate (2). The more fibrous a root is, the more macroaggregation will occur within the rhizosphere (2). One of the most important biotic influences on aggregates is AMF or Arbuscular Mycorrhiza through the release of Glomalin, a glycoprotein which acts to stabilize aggregates (2).<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil agg.jpg]]<br /> '''Figure 1''' Soil Microaggregates. Note the influence of root fibers, hyphae, and microbial debris. ''Image From Tisdall &amp; Oades, 1982'' (10) <br /> <br /> '''Classification'''<br /> <br /> Soil structures can be classified by their size, structure, shape, and grade<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil structure.gif]]<br /> '''Figure 2:''' The various soil structure types. (2)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil_structures_picture.png ]]<br /> '''Figure 3:''' Soil structure types looking at soil samples (9)<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Soil Grade:'''<br /> Grade referrers to the distinctness of soils. Three classes are chosen based on ese of separation into specific units and the particles ability to stick together. <br /> <br /> '''Strong:''' Soil units separating cleanly into whole units with disturbance. <br /> <br /> '''Moderate:''' Soil units are noticed as well formed pre disturbance. Post disturbance, soil will separate into a mixture of primarily whole units, broken units and some material not in a unit<br /> <br /> '''Weak:''' Soil units, when disturbed, are mostly not in units while some stay in units. Most soil particles will show no planes of weakness. If the soil surface arrangement differs from the particles within, this is still a soil structure compared to a uniform consistency showing no planes of weakness which is most likely a structure less soil sample. (7)<br /> <br /> <br /> [[File:Soil classification.jpg]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure 4:''' A soil structure classification table incorporating Shape/arrangement, structure class, and grade. (8)<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ----<br /> '''References'''<br /> <br /> 1: &quot;BlackHillsGarden.com.&quot; SOIL STRUCTURE. » BlackHillsGarden.com - Gardening Experience in the Black Hills, 2018. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 2: Bronick, C.J., and R. La. &quot;Soil Structure and Management: A Review.&quot; Shibboleth Authentication Request. The Ohio State University, Jan. 2005. Web. 07 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 3:Buckman, H. O., &amp; Brady, N. C. (1960). The nature and properties of soils: A college text of edaphology. New York: Macmillan.<br /> <br /> 4: Cakmak, A. S. Soil-structure Interaction. Vol. 43;43.;. New York;Southampton;Amsterdam;Boston;: Elsevier, 1987. Web. 6 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 5: Coleman, D. C., D., A. C. J., &amp; Hendrix, P. F. (2004). Fundamentals of soil ecology. Retrieved from https://ebookcentral.proquest.com<br /> <br /> 6: Gao W, Hodgkinson L, Jin K, Watts CW, Ashton RW, Shen J, Ren T, Dodd IC, Binley A, Phillips AL, Hedden P, Hawkesford MJ, Whalley WR (2016a) Deep <br /> <br /> roots and soil structure. Plant Cell Environ 39:1662–1668<br /> <br /> 7:&quot;Natural Resources Conservation Service.&quot; SSM - Ch. 3. Examination and Description of Soil Profiles | NRCS Soils. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 8:&quot;Soil Structure: Classification, Genesis and Evaluation.&quot; Soil Management. N.p., 20 July 2016. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 9:&quot;Soil Structure | Nature of Soil | Soil Definition | Components of Soil.&quot; ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ENGINEERING. N.p., 25 Dec. 2017. Web. 8 Mar. 2018.<br /> <br /> 10:TISDALL, J. M., and J. M. OADES. &quot;Organic Matter and Water‐stable Aggregates in Soils.&quot; Journal of Soil Science. Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 28 July <br /> 2006. Web. 08 Mar. 2018.</div>

Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Soil_classification.jpg&diff=657 2018-03-09T01:04:36Z

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Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Soil_structures_picture.png&diff=649 2018-03-09T00:50:43Z

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Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Soil_structure.gif&diff=646 2018-03-09T00:42:52Z

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Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Soil_agg.jpg&diff=641 2018-03-09T00:27:26Z

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Kpvanhin https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Soil_aggragrate_formations.jpg&diff=638 2018-03-09T00:13:51Z

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Kpvanhin