Soil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-05-02T00:13:55Z

Juliakal: /* Behavior */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref name= "pic">" Public domain. 2019. via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus ''Calosoma'' and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref name= "wiki"> 2023. Wikimedia Foundation. Calosoma calidum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars <ref name= "wiki" />.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref name= "bugguide"> 2004. Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. 2009. Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range. Fig 2 <ref name= "Map">Kalinsky. 2025. Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref name= "bugguide" />. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref name= "wiki" /> <ref name= "wildlife" />.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the [[soil]] until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in the same [[soil]] cells they emergered from <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. 1987. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">" Public domain. 2019. via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.
<ref name= "wiki"> 2023. Wikimedia Foundation. Calosoma calidum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>.
<ref name= "bugguide"> 2004. Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>.
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. 2009. Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.
<ref name= "Map">Kalinsky. 2025. Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. 1987. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-05-02T00:01:02Z

Juliakal: /* Overview */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref name= "pic">" Public domain. 2019. via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus ''Calosoma'' and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref name= "wiki"> 2023. Wikimedia Foundation. Calosoma calidum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars <ref name= "wiki" />.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref name= "bugguide"> 2004. Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. 2009. Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range. Fig 2 <ref name= "Map">Kalinsky. 2025. Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref name= "bugguide" />. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref name= "wiki" /> <ref name= "wildlife" />.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the [[soil]] until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those [[soil]] cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. 1987. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">" Public domain. 2019. via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.
<ref name= "wiki"> 2023. Wikimedia Foundation. Calosoma calidum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>.
<ref name= "bugguide"> 2004. Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>.
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. 2009. Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.
<ref name= "Map">Kalinsky. 2025. Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. 1987. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

Dolichovespula

2025-04-30T19:01:29Z

Juliakal: /* Overview */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:hornet.jpeg|right|300px| Fig 1. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' [7]|
thumb]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |[http://soil.geology.buffalo.edu/index.php/Insects Arthropoda]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Hymenoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Vespidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Dolichovespula''

|}

=='''Overview'''==

[[File:map.png|right|150px| Fig 2. Distribution of ''Dolichovespula maculate'' across North America. [2]
|thumb]]

''Dolichovespla'' is a genus of social wasps, in the family Vespidae. It's common names include the yellow jacket, bald-faced hornet, white-faced hornet, bald hornet, black jacket, and bull wasp. They can be found in most of the lower 48 states and throughout Canada and Alaska. Habitats vary between species, but they can be found mostly in forested areas or in vegetation in urban areas. Nests are generally located in trees and bushes, but can occasionally be found under rock overhangs and on the sides of buildings. There are 24 recognized species of ''Dolichovespla''[10][11][12]:

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|valign=top|
- ''Dolichovespula adulterina''

- ''Dolichovespula albida''

- ''Dolichovespula alpicola''

- ''Dolichovespula arenaria''

- ''Dolichovespula arctica''

- ''Dolichovespula asiatica''

- ''Dolichovespula baileyi''

- ''Dolichovespula carolina''

- ''Dolichovespula flora''

- ''Dolichovespula kuami''

- ''Dolichovespula lama''

- ''Dolichovespula loekenae''

|valign=top|
- ''Dolichovespula maculata''

- ''Dolichovespula media''

- ''Dolichovespula norvegicoides''

- ''Dolichovespula norwegica''

- ''Dolichovespula omissa''

- ''Dolichovespula pacifica''

- ''Dolichovespula pacifica xanthicincta''

- ''Dolichovespula panda''

- ''Dolichovespula saxonica''

- ''Dolichovespula sinensis''

- ''Dolichovespula stigma''

- ''Dolichovespula sylvestris''

|}

==''' Dolichovespula maculata '''==

''Dolichovespula maculata'', or bald-faced hornets, get their name from the white markings on the face, legs, thorax, and abdomen. Aside from these markings, the body is dark black. They have brown wings and brown eyes. They are the largest species in the ''Dolichovespula'' genus. Workers can grow to be up to 12-14 mm long, while the queen is 18-20 mm long.[13]

== Behavior and Colonization ==
[[File:nest.jpeg|left|200px|Fig 3. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' nest with woman for scale. [8]|thumb]] These hornets are omnivorous and will feed on a wide variety of live prey and plant materials. Live meals will be returned to the nest where they are chewed up and fed to young hornets. [3] Workers will feed on nectar, tree sap and fruit pulp, their favorite being the flesh of apples. [6] They are generally considered useful by humans due to their predation of pests such as flies, spiders, caterpillars, etc. In the spring, fertilized queens that have overwintered in sheltered areas such as in hollow trees, rock piles, under logs, and in buildings, will become active and begin to build a nest. [1] Once a nest is formed, the queen will lay an initial brood of eggs which hatch and take over the role of growing the nest and feeding future generations. Colonies will average a count of 400 individuals but can range from 100 – 700. In the fall , October and early November, newly created and fertilized queens will find a spot to overwinter and the rest of the colony will die off.

==Defense Mechanisms==

''Dolichovespula maculata'', or bald-faced hornets, defend their nests aggressively against all threats. Specifically, they can shoot venom from the stinger directly into the eyes of the threat. This venom causes temporary blindness or watering of the eyes. The sting itself can be painful, itchy or burning as well as causing swelling at the site of the sting. [4] While these hornets can be helpful in pest control for humans, some humans are allergic to the venom, and with nests in close proximity to human development, it can be accidental that humans are perceived as a threat. When this happens, different methods of control are applied that mainly involve treating the nest. [4]

==Importance In Soil==

[[File:queen.jpg|right|200px| Fig 4. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' nest being made by a queen hornet. [9]|thumb]] The nest that the hornets build is made from cellulose from rotting and weathered wood and starch from the hornet’s saliva to form a water resistant papery substance. This action of scouring for degraded wood makes them part of the [[soil]] [[decomposition]] cycle. They also play a role in moving energy up the food chain through feeding and providing energy for other life when all of the colony, besides the fertilized queen, die off in the fall. These nests also provide a nutrition for parasites that require the nest as a food source. Female Bee Moths ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphomia_sociella ''Aphomia sociella'']) have been known to lay eggs in hornet nests. The hatched larvae will then proceed to feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the wasps, sometimes destroying large sections as they tunnel throughout the nest looking for food. [5]

==References==
[1] Jacobs, Steve. “Baldfaced Hornet (Department of Entomology).” Department of Entomology (Penn State University), 2015, ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/baldfaced-hornet.
https://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/baldfaced-hornet

[2] “Dolichovespula Maculata, Distribution.” Dolichovespula Maculata, Distribution Image, www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SD4398&res=640.
https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SD4398&res=640

[3] Heinrich, B. J. J. o. C. P. B. 1984. Strategies of thermoregulation and [[foraging]] in two vespid wasps, Dolichovespula maculata andVespula vulgaris. 154:175-180.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00684142

[4] Oswalt, Donald A, and Patricia A Zungoli. “Baldfaced Hornets.” Home & Garden Information Center | Clemson University, South Carolina, hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/baldfaced-hornets/.
https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/baldfaced-hornets/

[5] Gambino, P. J. J. o. t. N. Y. E. S. 1995. Dolichovespula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), hosts of Aphomia sociella (L.)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).165-169.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010152?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

[6] “Dolichovespula Maculata.” Bio 210 Vespula Maculata, bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/s2012/bollinge_seth/nutrition.htm.
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/s2012/bollinge_seth/nutrition.htm

[7] “Georgia Department of [[Agriculture]].” Baldfaced Hornets - Ga Dept of Agriculture, agr.georgia.gov/baldfaced-hornets.aspx.
http://agr.georgia.gov/baldfaced-hornets.aspx

[8] Holland, Mary. “Bald-Faced Hornet Nests No Longer Inhabited (If You Live Where There Has Been a Hard Frost).” Naturally Curious with Mary Holland, 3 Nov. 2015, naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2015/11/03/bald-faced-hornet-nests-no-longer-inhabited-if-you-live-where-there-has-been-a-hard-frost/.
https://naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2015/11/03/bald-faced-hornet-nests-no-longer-inhabited-if-you-live-where-there-has-been-a-hard-frost/

[9] “Bald-Faced Hornet, Queen - Dolichovespula Maculata - a Photo on Flickriver.” Flickriver, www.flickriver.com/photos/maximillian_millipede/3558361392/.
https://www.flickriver.com/photos/maximillian_millipede/3558361392/

[10] ADW: Dolichovespula: CLASSIFICATION. (n.d.). . https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dolichovespula/classification/.

[11] Dolichovespula. (n.d.). . http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/vespidae/dolichovespula/index.html.

[12] Kimsey, L., and J. Carpenter. 2012. The Vespinae of North America (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 28:37–65.

[13] Hauze, D. (n.d.). Dolichovespula maculata. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dolichovespula_maculata/.

Dolichovespula

2025-04-30T19:00:52Z

Juliakal: /* Classification */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:hornet.jpeg|right|300px| Fig 1. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' [7]|
thumb]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |[http://soil.geology.buffalo.edu/index.php/Insects Arthropoda]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Hymenoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Vespidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Dolichovespula''

|}

=='''Overview'''==

[[File:map.png|right|150px| Fig 2. Distribution of ''Dolichovespula maculate'' across North America. [2]
|thumb]]

''Dolichovespla'' are a genus of social wasps, in the family ''Vespidae''. Its common names include the yellow jacket, bald-faced hornet, white-faced hornet, bald hornet, black jacket, and bull wasp. They can be found in most of the lower 48 states and throughout Canada and Alaska. Habitats vary between species, but they can be found mostly in forested areas or in vegetation in urban areas. Nests are generally located in trees and bushes, but can occasionally be found under rock overhangs and on the sides of buildings. There are 24 recognized species of ''Dolichovespla''[10][11][12]:

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|valign=top|
- ''Dolichovespula adulterina''

- ''Dolichovespula albida''

- ''Dolichovespula alpicola''

- ''Dolichovespula arenaria''

- ''Dolichovespula arctica''

- ''Dolichovespula asiatica''

- ''Dolichovespula baileyi''

- ''Dolichovespula carolina''

- ''Dolichovespula flora''

- ''Dolichovespula kuami''

- ''Dolichovespula lama''

- ''Dolichovespula loekenae''

|valign=top|
- ''Dolichovespula maculata''

- ''Dolichovespula media''

- ''Dolichovespula norvegicoides''

- ''Dolichovespula norwegica''

- ''Dolichovespula omissa''

- ''Dolichovespula pacifica''

- ''Dolichovespula pacifica xanthicincta''

- ''Dolichovespula panda''

- ''Dolichovespula saxonica''

- ''Dolichovespula sinensis''

- ''Dolichovespula stigma''

- ''Dolichovespula sylvestris''

|}

==''' Dolichovespula maculata '''==

''Dolichovespula maculata'', or bald-faced hornets, get their name from the white markings on the face, legs, thorax, and abdomen. Aside from these markings, the body is dark black. They have brown wings and brown eyes. They are the largest species in the ''Dolichovespula'' genus. Workers can grow to be up to 12-14 mm long, while the queen is 18-20 mm long.[13]

== Behavior and Colonization ==
[[File:nest.jpeg|left|200px|Fig 3. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' nest with woman for scale. [8]|thumb]] These hornets are omnivorous and will feed on a wide variety of live prey and plant materials. Live meals will be returned to the nest where they are chewed up and fed to young hornets. [3] Workers will feed on nectar, tree sap and fruit pulp, their favorite being the flesh of apples. [6] They are generally considered useful by humans due to their predation of pests such as flies, spiders, caterpillars, etc. In the spring, fertilized queens that have overwintered in sheltered areas such as in hollow trees, rock piles, under logs, and in buildings, will become active and begin to build a nest. [1] Once a nest is formed, the queen will lay an initial brood of eggs which hatch and take over the role of growing the nest and feeding future generations. Colonies will average a count of 400 individuals but can range from 100 – 700. In the fall , October and early November, newly created and fertilized queens will find a spot to overwinter and the rest of the colony will die off.

==Defense Mechanisms==

''Dolichovespula maculata'', or bald-faced hornets, defend their nests aggressively against all threats. Specifically, they can shoot venom from the stinger directly into the eyes of the threat. This venom causes temporary blindness or watering of the eyes. The sting itself can be painful, itchy or burning as well as causing swelling at the site of the sting. [4] While these hornets can be helpful in pest control for humans, some humans are allergic to the venom, and with nests in close proximity to human development, it can be accidental that humans are perceived as a threat. When this happens, different methods of control are applied that mainly involve treating the nest. [4]

==Importance In Soil==

[[File:queen.jpg|right|200px| Fig 4. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' nest being made by a queen hornet. [9]|thumb]] The nest that the hornets build is made from cellulose from rotting and weathered wood and starch from the hornet’s saliva to form a water resistant papery substance. This action of scouring for degraded wood makes them part of the [[soil]] [[decomposition]] cycle. They also play a role in moving energy up the food chain through feeding and providing energy for other life when all of the colony, besides the fertilized queen, die off in the fall. These nests also provide a nutrition for parasites that require the nest as a food source. Female Bee Moths ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphomia_sociella ''Aphomia sociella'']) have been known to lay eggs in hornet nests. The hatched larvae will then proceed to feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the wasps, sometimes destroying large sections as they tunnel throughout the nest looking for food. [5]

==References==
[1] Jacobs, Steve. “Baldfaced Hornet (Department of Entomology).” Department of Entomology (Penn State University), 2015, ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/baldfaced-hornet.
https://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/baldfaced-hornet

[2] “Dolichovespula Maculata, Distribution.” Dolichovespula Maculata, Distribution Image, www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SD4398&res=640.
https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SD4398&res=640

[3] Heinrich, B. J. J. o. C. P. B. 1984. Strategies of thermoregulation and [[foraging]] in two vespid wasps, Dolichovespula maculata andVespula vulgaris. 154:175-180.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00684142

[4] Oswalt, Donald A, and Patricia A Zungoli. “Baldfaced Hornets.” Home & Garden Information Center | Clemson University, South Carolina, hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/baldfaced-hornets/.
https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/baldfaced-hornets/

[5] Gambino, P. J. J. o. t. N. Y. E. S. 1995. Dolichovespula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), hosts of Aphomia sociella (L.)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).165-169.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010152?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

[6] “Dolichovespula Maculata.” Bio 210 Vespula Maculata, bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/s2012/bollinge_seth/nutrition.htm.
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/s2012/bollinge_seth/nutrition.htm

[7] “Georgia Department of [[Agriculture]].” Baldfaced Hornets - Ga Dept of Agriculture, agr.georgia.gov/baldfaced-hornets.aspx.
http://agr.georgia.gov/baldfaced-hornets.aspx

[8] Holland, Mary. “Bald-Faced Hornet Nests No Longer Inhabited (If You Live Where There Has Been a Hard Frost).” Naturally Curious with Mary Holland, 3 Nov. 2015, naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2015/11/03/bald-faced-hornet-nests-no-longer-inhabited-if-you-live-where-there-has-been-a-hard-frost/.
https://naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2015/11/03/bald-faced-hornet-nests-no-longer-inhabited-if-you-live-where-there-has-been-a-hard-frost/

[9] “Bald-Faced Hornet, Queen - Dolichovespula Maculata - a Photo on Flickriver.” Flickriver, www.flickriver.com/photos/maximillian_millipede/3558361392/.
https://www.flickriver.com/photos/maximillian_millipede/3558361392/

[10] ADW: Dolichovespula: CLASSIFICATION. (n.d.). . https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dolichovespula/classification/.

[11] Dolichovespula. (n.d.). . http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/vespidae/dolichovespula/index.html.

[12] Kimsey, L., and J. Carpenter. 2012. The Vespinae of North America (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 28:37–65.

[13] Hauze, D. (n.d.). Dolichovespula maculata. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dolichovespula_maculata/.

Silverfish

2025-04-18T21:13:43Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Silverfish.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Silverfish, Fig 1.<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Zygentoma
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lepismatidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Lepisma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''saccharinum''
|}

=='''Description'''==
[[File:Silverfish_closeup.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Silverfish closeup, Fig 2.<ref name= ""silverfish_closeuppic">2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silverfish_(Lepisma_saccharina).jpg" AJC ajcann.wordpress.com from UK, href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons. </ref>.]]
Silverfish have a body length from 10 to 12 millimeters, but have been recorded to reach 25 millimeters, and are silver, gray, brown, or black in color. Two long antennae and 11 segments with fish-like scales cover their carrot-shaped bodies. Three filaments make up the "tail" of the body and they have six legs <ref name= "Silverfish_Diversityweb">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal [[Diversity]] Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
Silverfish, or ''Lepisma saccharinum'', are found worldwide but they are commonly found in North America, Europe, Japan, and China. Their origin is still unknown because their distribution is so vast but they are likely from a tropical region originally <ref name= "Silverfish_web"/>.

''Lepisma saccharinum'' prefer moist dark habitats, often living under rocks and in the leaf litter. Silverfish have adapted to living in manmade structures such as basements, kitchens, attics, and bathrooms. Typically residing in cracks, walls, shingles or between floorboards <ref name= "Silverfish_web"/>.

=='''Diet and Behavior'''==
''Lepisma saccharinum'' are omnivores and tend to eat food scraps, glue on book bindings and wallpaper, starch in clothing, dead insects including other silverfish, plants, cellulose, and if there is no food, they have been recorded to go 307 days without any food <ref name= "Silverfish_web"/>.

Silverfish are often predated by [[chilopoda|centipedes]], [[earwigs]], and spiders. If they get attacked, they can remove their scales in an attempt to escape a web or predator <ref name= "Silverfish_web"/>. They are fast, but cannot jump <ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>. They evolved to be nocturnal to avoid predators and humans, they are extremely skittish. While silverfish are considered solitary, if there is a big enough food source, they will congregate. Silverfish are also [[decomposers]], breaking down dead leaves and wood <ref name= "bug guide"/>.

With other [[insects]], silverfish have symbiotic relationships. They can be found in [[termites|termite]] and ant nests, demonstrating "nest commensalism" <ref name= "Silverfish_web"/>.

=='''References'''==
<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.
<ref name= ""silverfish_closeuppic">2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silverfish_(Lepisma_saccharina).jpg" AJC ajcann.wordpress.com from UK, href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons. </ref>.
<ref name= "Silverfish_web">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.
<ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>.

Silverfish

2025-04-18T21:10:43Z

Juliakal: /* References */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Silverfish.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Silverfish, Fig 1.<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Zygentoma
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lepismatidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Lepisma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''saccharinum''
|}

=='''Description'''==
[[File:Silverfish_closeup.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Silverfish closeup, Fig 2.<ref name= ""silverfish_closeuppic">2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silverfish_(Lepisma_saccharina).jpg" AJC ajcann.wordpress.com from UK, href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons. </ref>.]]
Silverfish have a body length from 10 to 12 millimeters, but have been recorded to reach 25 millimeters, and are silver, gray, brown, or black in color. Two long antennae and 11 segments with fish-like scales cover their carrot-shaped bodies. Three filaments make up the "tail" of the body and they have six legs <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal [[Diversity]] Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
Silverfish, or ''Lepisma saccharinum'', are found worldwide but they are commonly found in North America, Europe, Japan, and China. Their origin is still unknown because their distribution is so vast but they are likely from a tropical region originally <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

''Lepisma saccharinum'' prefer moist dark habitats, often living under rocks and in the leaf litter. Silverfish have adapted to living in manmade structures such as basements, kitchens, attics, and bathrooms. Typically residing in cracks, walls, shingles or between floorboards <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

=='''Diet and Behavior'''==
''Lepisma saccharinum'' are omnivores and tend to eat food scraps, glue on book bindings and wallpaper, starch in clothing, dead insects including other silverfish, plants, cellulose, and if there is no food, they have been recorded to go 307 days without any food <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

Silverfish are often predated by [[chilopoda|centipedes]], [[earwigs]], and spiders. If they get attacked, they can remove their scales in an attempt to escape a web or predator <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>. They are fast, but cannot jump <ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>. They evolved to be nocturnal to avoid predators and humans, they are extremely skittish. While silverfish are considered solitary, if there is a big enough food source, they will congregate. Silverfish are also [[decomposers]], breaking down dead leaves and wood <ref name= "bug guide"/>.

With other [[insects]], silverfish have symbiotic relationships. They can be found in [[termites|termite]] and ant nests, demonstrating "nest commensalism" <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

=='''References'''==
<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.
<ref name= ""silverfish_closeuppic">2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silverfish_(Lepisma_saccharina).jpg" AJC ajcann.wordpress.com from UK, href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons. </ref>.
<ref name= "Silverfish_web">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.
<ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>.

Silverfish

2025-04-18T21:09:52Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Silverfish.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Silverfish, Fig 1.<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Zygentoma
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lepismatidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Lepisma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''saccharinum''
|}

=='''Description'''==
[[File:Silverfish_closeup.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Silverfish closeup, Fig 2.<ref name= ""silverfish_closeuppic">2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silverfish_(Lepisma_saccharina).jpg" AJC ajcann.wordpress.com from UK, href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons. </ref>.]]
Silverfish have a body length from 10 to 12 millimeters, but have been recorded to reach 25 millimeters, and are silver, gray, brown, or black in color. Two long antennae and 11 segments with fish-like scales cover their carrot-shaped bodies. Three filaments make up the "tail" of the body and they have six legs <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal [[Diversity]] Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
Silverfish, or ''Lepisma saccharinum'', are found worldwide but they are commonly found in North America, Europe, Japan, and China. Their origin is still unknown because their distribution is so vast but they are likely from a tropical region originally <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

''Lepisma saccharinum'' prefer moist dark habitats, often living under rocks and in the leaf litter. Silverfish have adapted to living in manmade structures such as basements, kitchens, attics, and bathrooms. Typically residing in cracks, walls, shingles or between floorboards <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

=='''Diet and Behavior'''==
''Lepisma saccharinum'' are omnivores and tend to eat food scraps, glue on book bindings and wallpaper, starch in clothing, dead insects including other silverfish, plants, cellulose, and if there is no food, they have been recorded to go 307 days without any food <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

Silverfish are often predated by [[chilopoda|centipedes]], [[earwigs]], and spiders. If they get attacked, they can remove their scales in an attempt to escape a web or predator <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>. They are fast, but cannot jump <ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>. They evolved to be nocturnal to avoid predators and humans, they are extremely skittish. While silverfish are considered solitary, if there is a big enough food source, they will congregate. Silverfish are also [[decomposers]], breaking down dead leaves and wood <ref name= "bug guide"/>.

With other [[insects]], silverfish have symbiotic relationships. They can be found in [[termites|termite]] and ant nests, demonstrating "nest commensalism" <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

=='''References'''==
<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.
<ref name= ""silverfish_closeuppic">2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silverfish_(Lepisma_saccharina).jpg" AJC ajcann.wordpress.com from UK, href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons. </ref>.
<ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.
<ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>.

Silverfish

2025-04-18T21:08:51Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Silverfish.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Silverfish, Fig 1.<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Zygentoma
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lepismatidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Lepisma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''saccharinum''
|}

=='''Description'''==
[[File:Silverfish_closeup.jpg|300px|thumb|center|Silverfish closeup, Fig 2.<ref name= ""silverfish_closeuppic">2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silverfish_(Lepisma_saccharina).jpg" AJC ajcann.wordpress.com from UK, href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons. </ref>.]]
Silverfish have a body length from 10 to 12 millimeters, but have been recorded to reach 25 millimeters, and are silver, gray, brown, or black in color. Two long antennae and 11 segments with fish-like scales cover their carrot-shaped bodies. Three filaments make up the "tail" of the body and they have six legs <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal [[Diversity]] Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
Silverfish, or ''Lepisma saccharinum'', are found worldwide but they are commonly found in North America, Europe, Japan, and China. Their origin is still unknown because their distribution is so vast but they are likely from a tropical region originally <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

''Lepisma saccharinum'' prefer moist dark habitats, often living under rocks and in the leaf litter. Silverfish have adapted to living in manmade structures such as basements, kitchens, attics, and bathrooms. Typically residing in cracks, walls, shingles or between floorboards <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

=='''Diet and Behavior'''==
''Lepisma saccharinum'' are omnivores and tend to eat food scraps, glue on book bindings and wallpaper, starch in clothing, dead insects including other silverfish, plants, cellulose, and if there is no food, they have been recorded to go 307 days without any food <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

Silverfish are often predated by [[chilopoda|centipedes]], [[earwigs]], and spiders. If they get attacked, they can remove their scales in an attempt to escape a web or predator <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>. They are fast, but cannot jump <ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>. They evolved to be nocturnal to avoid predators and humans, they are extremely skittish. While silverfish are considered solitary, if there is a big enough food source, they will congregate. Silverfish are also [[decomposers]], breaking down dead leaves and wood <ref name= "bug guide"/>.

With other [[insects]], silverfish have symbiotic relationships. They can be found in [[termites|termite]] and ant nests, demonstrating "nest commensalism" <ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

=='''References'''==
<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.
<ref name= ""silverfish_closeuppic">2006. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Silverfish_(Lepisma_saccharina).jpg" AJC ajcann.wordpress.com from UK, href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0">CC BY-SA 2.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons. </ref>.
<ref name= "Silverfish_AnimalDiversityWeb">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.
<ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>.

File:Silverfish closeup.jpg

2025-04-18T20:58:35Z

Juliakal:

Silverfish

2025-04-18T20:47:33Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Silverfish.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Silverfish, Fig 1.<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Zygentoma
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lepismatidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Lepisma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''saccharinum''
|}

=='''Description'''==
Silverfish have a body length from 10 to 12 millimeters, but have been recorded to reach 25 millimeters, and are silver, gray, brown, or black in color. Two long antennae and 11 segments with fish-like scales cover their carrot-shaped bodies. Three filaments make up the "tail" of the body and they have six legs <ref name= "AnimalDiversityWeb">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal [[Diversity]] Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
Silverfish, or ''Lepisma saccharinum'', are found worldwide but they are commonly found in North America, Europe, Japan, and China. Their origin is still unknown because their distribution is so vast but they are likely from a tropical region originally <ref name= "AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

''Lepisma saccharinum'' prefer moist dark habitats, often living under rocks and in the leaf litter. Silverfish have adapted to living in manmade structures such as basements, kitchens, attics, and bathrooms. Typically residing in cracks, walls, shingles or between floorboards <ref name= "AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

=='''Diet and Behavior'''==
''Lepisma saccharinum'' are omnivores and tend to eat food scraps, glue on book bindings and wallpaper, starch in clothing, dead insects including other silverfish, plants, cellulose, and if there is no food, they have been recorded to go 307 days without any food <ref name= "AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

Silverfish are often predated by [[chilopoda|centipedes]], [[earwigs]], and spiders. If they get attacked, they can remove their scales in an attempt to escape a web or predator <ref name= "AnimalDiversityWeb"/>. They are fast, but cannot jump <ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>. They evolved to be nocturnal to avoid predators and humans, they are extremely skittish. While silverfish are considered solitary, if there is a big enough food source, they will congregate. Silverfish are also [[decomposers]], breaking down dead leaves and wood <ref name= "AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

With other [[insects]], silverfish have symbiotic relationships. They can be found in [[termites|termite]] and ant nests, demonstrating "nest commensalism"<ref name= "AnimalDiversityWeb"/>.

=='''References'''==
<ref name= "silverfish_pic">Christian Fischer. 2013. https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:LepismaSaccharina.jpg. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0">CC BY-SA 3.0</a>, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>.
<ref name= "AnimalDiversityWeb">Claire Labuda. 2025. University of Michigan. Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lepisma_saccharina/. </ref>.
<ref name= "bug guide"> Robin McLeod. 2006. Bug Guide. https://bugguide.net/node/view/40366. </ref>.

Silverfish

2025-04-18T18:39:30Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Silverfish.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Silverfish, Fig 1.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Zygentoma
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lepismatidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Lepisma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''saccharinum''
|}

=='''Description'''==
Silverfish have a body length from 10 to 12 millimeters, but have been recorded to reach 25 millimeters, and are silver, gray, brown, or black in color. Two long antennae and 11 segments with fish-like scales cover their carrot-shaped bodies. Three filaments make up the "tail" of the body and they have six legs.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
Silverfish, or ''Lepisma saccharinum'', are found worldwide but they are commonly found in North America, Europe, Japan, and China. Their origin is still unknown because their distribution is so vast but they are likely from a tropical region originally.

''Lepisma saccharinum'' prefer moist dark habitats, often living under rocks and in the leaf litter. Silverfish have adapted to living in manmade structures such as basements, kitchens, attics, and bathrooms. Typically residing in cracks, walls, shingles or between floorboards.

=='''Diet and Behavior'''==
''Lepisma saccharinum'' are omnivores and tend to eat food scraps, glue on book bindings and wallpaper, starch in clothing, dead insects including other silverfish, plants, cellulose, and if there is no food, they have been recorded to go 307 days without any food.

Silverfish are often predated by [[chilopoda|centipedes]], [[earwigs]], and spiders. If they get attacked, they can remove their scales in an attempt to escape a web or predator. They are fast, but cannot jump. They evolved to be nocturnal to avoid predators and humans, they are extremely skittish. While silverfish are considered solitary, if there is a big enough food source, they will congregate. Silverfish are also [[decomposers]], breaking down dead leaves and wood.

With other [[insects]], silverfish have symbiotic relationships. They can be found in [[termites|termite]] and ant nests, demonstrating "nest commensalism".

Silverfish

2025-04-18T16:23:54Z

Juliakal:

File:Silverfish.jpg

2025-04-18T16:23:20Z

Juliakal:

File:Silverfish pic.png

2025-04-18T16:12:38Z

Juliakal:

Silverfish

2025-04-18T16:04:35Z

Juliakal: Created page with "=='''Classification'''== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px; |+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification''' |- !style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom: |style="min-width:6em; |Animalia |- !style="min-width:6em; |Phylum: |style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda |- !style="min-width:6em; |Class: |style="min-width:6em; |Insecta |- !style="min-width:6em; |O..."

=='''Classification'''==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Zygentoma
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Lepismatidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Lepisma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''saccharinum''
|}

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:45:08Z

Juliakal: /* Behavior */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref name= "pic">" Public domain. 2019. via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref name= "wiki"> 2023. Wikimedia Foundation. Calosoma calidum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars <ref name= "wiki" />.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref name= "bugguide"> 2004. Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. 2009. Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range. Fig 2 <ref name= "Map">Kalinsky. 2025. Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref name= "bugguide" />. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref name= "wiki" /> <ref name= "wildlife" />.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the [[soil]] until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those [[soil]] cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. 1987. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">" Public domain. 2019. via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.
<ref name= "wiki"> 2023. Wikimedia Foundation. Calosoma calidum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>.
<ref name= "bugguide"> 2004. Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>.
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. 2009. Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.
<ref name= "Map">Kalinsky. 2025. Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. 1987. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:44:33Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref name= "pic">" Public domain. 2019. via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref name= "wiki"> 2023. Wikimedia Foundation. Calosoma calidum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars <ref name= "wiki" />.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref name= "bugguide"> 2004. Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. 2009. Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range. Fig 2 <ref name= "Map">Kalinsky. 2025. Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref name= "bugguide" />. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref name= "wiki" /> <ref name= "wildlife" />.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the [[soil]] until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. 1987. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">" Public domain. 2019. via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park, https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.
<ref name= "wiki"> 2023. Wikimedia Foundation. Calosoma calidum. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>.
<ref name= "bugguide"> 2004. Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>.
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. 2009. Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.
<ref name= "Map">Kalinsky. 2025. Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. 1987. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:36:24Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref name= "pic">" Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park,(2019) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum, (2023) Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars <ref name= "wiki" />.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (2004). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (2009). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range. Fig 2 <ref name= "Map">Kalinsky, (2025) Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>.]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref name= "bugguide" />. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref name= "wiki" /> <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (2009). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the [[soil]] until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist,(1987). Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">" Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons, Yellowstone National Park,(2019) https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg</ref>.
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum, (2023) Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (2004). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (2009). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Kalinsky, (2025) Create your own custom map. https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist,(1987). Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:26:55Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars <ref name= "wiki" />.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (2004). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref name= "bugguide" />. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref name= "wiki" /> <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the [[soil]] until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (2004). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:26:04Z

Juliakal: /* References */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars <ref name= "wiki" />.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref name= "bugguide" />. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref name= "wiki" /> <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the [[soil]] until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (2004). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:25:31Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars <ref name= "wiki" />.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref name= "bugguide" />. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref name= "wiki" /> <ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the [[soil]] until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:10:53Z

Juliakal: /* Overview */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the invasive moth caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the soil until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:09:48Z

Juliakal: /* Behavior */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the soil until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:09:31Z

Juliakal: /* References */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the soil until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (n.d.). Great Lakes Entomologist. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Great Lakes Entomologist. Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (1987). https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:05:17Z

Juliakal: /* Behavior */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the soil until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells <ref name= "GreatLakes">Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (n.d.). Great Lakes Entomologist. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (n.d.). Great Lakes Entomologist. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:04:56Z

Juliakal: /* Behavior */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the soil until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells.<ref name= "GreatLakes">Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (n.d.). Great Lakes Entomologist. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (n.d.). Great Lakes Entomologist. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T17:04:39Z

Juliakal: /* References */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the soil until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells.

=='''References'''==

<ref name= "pic">https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref name= "wiki">Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref name= "bugguide">Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref name= "wildlife">Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref name= "Map">Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<ref name= "GreatLakes">Effect of Prey Density on Diurnal Activity and Ovarian Development in Calosoma Calidum (Coleoptera: Carabidae): Implications for Biological Control of the Gypsy Moth, Lymantria Dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) in the Midwest. (n.d.). Great Lakes Entomologist. https://doi.org/10.22543/0090-0222.1603. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T16:59:59Z

Juliakal: /* Behavior */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism. Adults live anywhere from one to two years and they live in cells in the soil until they emerge in May into the late summer. Then, they overwinter back in those soil cells.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T16:51:08Z

Juliakal: /* Classification */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T16:50:03Z

Juliakal: /* Classification */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T16:49:20Z

Juliakal: /* Behavior */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground Beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T16:49:12Z

Juliakal: /* Behavior */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[Ground beetle| ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T16:48:54Z

Juliakal: /* Overview */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[Ground Beetle| ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T16:46:03Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of [[ground beetle]] that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for [[ground beetles]]. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T16:41:32Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of ground beetle that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Behavior'''==
''Calosoma calidum'' will climb trees to hunt its prey, which is out of the ordinary for ground beetles. When handled, this fiery hunter can also bite as a defense mechanism.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T02:21:19Z

Juliakal: /* Overview */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of ground beetle that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars. <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T02:18:43Z

Juliakal: /* References */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of ground beetle that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>
<references />

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T02:15:28Z

Juliakal: /* Overview */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of ground beetle that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>. ''Calosoma'' were introduced in New England to control the spongy moth, an invasive species, so these beetles are beneficial since they target the caterpillars.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-31T02:08:57Z

Juliakal: /* Range and Habitat */

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of ground beetle that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitat consists of open spaces which include: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>

Fiery Hunter Beetle

2025-03-30T23:23:13Z

Juliakal: Created page with "=='''Classification'''== Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px; |+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color:..."

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of ground beetle that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitats consist of open spaces which includes: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>

User:Juliakal

2025-03-30T23:22:58Z

Juliakal: Blanked the page

User:Juliakal

2025-03-30T23:20:03Z

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:Fiery_Bettle.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Fiery Hunter Beetle (top view) Fig 1. ''Calosoma calidum'' <ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Carabidae
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Calosoma''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''calidum''
|}

=='''Overview'''==
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is a species of ground beetle that hunts and eats moth caterpillars as both larvae and adults. They are just one of 167 species of the genus Calosoma and first described by Johan Christian Fabricius in 1775, yet there is still little information on this species <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>.

=='''Identification'''==
The fiery hunter beetle's size can range from 19mm to 30mm. It has a black body, black elytra, and red/gold spots on the elytra as well <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. A similar species, ''C. frigidum'', has the rounded spots that resemble the fiery hunter in figure 1 <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''Range and Habitat'''==
[[File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png|321px|thumb|left|Fiery Hunter Beetle range Fig 2. <ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>]]
The ''Calosoma calidum'' is prominent in southern Canada and the northern United States, showing up in states from Montana to Maine <ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>. Their habitats consist of open spaces which includes: vacant lots, fields, roadsides, and other disturbed habitats <ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref> <ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>.

=='''References'''==
<references />
<ref>https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Fiery_Hunter_Beetle_(Top_View)_-_Calosoma_tepidium_(48756614111).jpg">Yellowstone National Park</a>, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons.</ref>
<ref>Calosoma calidum. 2023, March 17. . Wikimedia Foundation. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calosoma_calidum. </ref>
<ref>Species calosoma calidum - fiery hunter. (n.d.). . https://bugguide.net/node/view/3012#cited. </ref>
<ref>Contributors to Wildlife of Alberta Wiki. (n.d.). Fiery hunter. Fandom, Inc. https://wildlifeofalberta.fandom.com/wiki/Fiery_hunter.</ref>
<ref>Create your own custom map. (n.d.). . https://www.mapchart.net/. </ref>

File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png

2025-03-30T22:34:58Z

Juliakal: Juliakal uploaded a new version of File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png

File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png

2025-03-30T22:34:00Z

Juliakal: Juliakal uploaded a new version of File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png

File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png

2025-03-30T22:32:09Z

Juliakal: Juliakal uploaded a new version of File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png

File:RangeMapFieryHunter.png

2025-03-30T22:00:48Z

Juliakal:

File:Fiery Bettle.jpg

2025-03-30T21:15:55Z

Juliakal:

Dolichovespula

2025-03-30T20:55:49Z

Juliakal:

=='''Classification'''==

[[File:hornet.jpeg|right|300px| Fig 1. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' [7]|
thumb]]

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:center; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |[http://soil.geology.buffalo.edu/index.php/Insects Arthropoda]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Hymenoptera]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Vespidae''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Dolichovespula''

|}

=='''Overview'''==

[[File:map.png|right|150px| Fig 2. Distribution of ''Dolichovespula maculate'' across North America. [2]
|thumb]]

''Dolichovespla'' are a genus of social wasps, in the family ''Vespidae''. Its common names include the yellow jacket, bald-faced hornet, white-faced hornet, bald hornet, black jacket, and bull wasp. They can be found in most of the lower 48 states and throughout Canada and Alaska. Habitats vary between species, but they can be found mostly in forested areas or in vegetation in urban areas. Nests are generally located in trees and bushes, but can occasionally be found under rock overhangs and on the sides of buildings. There are 24 recognized species of ''Dolichovespla''[10][11][12]:

{| class="wikitable" width="50%"
|valign=top|
- ''Dolichovespula adulterina''

- ''Dolichovespula albida''

- ''Dolichovespula alpicola''

- ''Dolichovespula arenaria''

- ''Dolichovespula arctica''

- ''Dolichovespula asiatica''

- ''Dolichovespula baileyi''

- ''Dolichovespula carolina''

- ''Dolichovespula flora''

- ''Dolichovespula kuami''

- ''Dolichovespula lama''

- ''Dolichovespula loekenae''

|valign=top|
- ''Dolichovespula maculata''

- ''Dolichovespula media''

- ''Dolichovespula norvegicoides''

- ''Dolichovespula norwegica''

- ''Dolichovespula omissa''

- ''Dolichovespula pacifica''

- ''Dolichovespula pacifica xanthicincta''

- ''Dolichovespula panda''

- ''Dolichovespula saxonica''

- ''Dolichovespula sinensis''

- ''Dolichovespula stigma''

- ''Dolichovespula sylvestris''

|}

==''' Dolichovespula maculata '''==

''Dolichovespula maculata'', or bald-faced hornets, get their name from the white markings on the face, legs, thorax, and abdomen. Aside from these markings, the body is dark black. They have brown wings and brown eyes. They are the largest species in the ''Dolichovespula'' genus. Workers can grow to be up to 12-14 mm long, while the queen is 18-20 mm long.[13]

== Behavior and Colonization ==
[[File:nest.jpeg|left|200px|Fig 3. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' nest with woman for scale. [8]|thumb]] These hornets are omnivorous and will feed on a wide variety of live prey and plant materials. Live meals will be returned to the nest where they are chewed up and fed to young hornets. [3] Workers will feed on nectar, tree sap and fruit pulp, their favorite being the flesh of apples. [6] They are generally considered useful by humans due to their predation of pests such as flies, spiders, caterpillars, etc. In the spring, fertilized queens that have overwintered in sheltered areas such as in hollow trees, rock piles, under logs, and in buildings, will become active and begin to build a nest. [1] Once a nest is formed, the queen will lay an initial brood of eggs which hatch and take over the role of growing the nest and feeding future generations. Colonies will average a count of 400 individuals but can range from 100 – 700. In the fall , October and early November, newly created and fertilized queens will find a spot to overwinter and the rest of the colony will die off.

==Defense Mechanisms==

''Dolichovespula maculata'', or bald-faced hornets, defend their nests aggressively against all threats. Specifically, they can shoot venom from the stinger directly into the eyes of the threat. This venom causes temporary blindness or watering of the eyes. The sting itself can be painful, itchy or burning as well as causing swelling at the site of the sting. [4] While these hornets can be helpful in pest control for humans, some humans are allergic to the venom, and with nests in close proximity to human development, it can be accidental that humans are perceived as a threat. When this happens, different methods of control are applied that mainly involve treating the nest. [4]

==Importance In Soil==

[[File:queen.jpg|right|200px| Fig 4. ''Dolichovespula maculate'' nest being made by a queen hornet. [9]|thumb]] The nest that the hornets build is made from cellulose from rotting and weathered wood and starch from the hornet’s saliva to form a water resistant papery substance. This action of scouring for degraded wood makes them part of the [[soil]] [[decomposition]] cycle. They also play a role in moving energy up the food chain through feeding and providing energy for other life when all of the colony, besides the fertilized queen, die off in the fall. These nests also provide a nutrition for parasites that require the nest as a food source. Female Bee Moths ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphomia_sociella ''Aphomia sociella'']) have been known to lay eggs in hornet nests. The hatched larvae will then proceed to feed on the eggs, larvae, and pupae left unprotected by the wasps, sometimes destroying large sections as they tunnel throughout the nest looking for food. [5]

==References==
[1] Jacobs, Steve. “Baldfaced Hornet (Department of Entomology).” Department of Entomology (Penn State University), 2015, ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/baldfaced-hornet.
https://ento.psu.edu/extension/factsheets/baldfaced-hornet

[2] “Dolichovespula Maculata, Distribution.” Dolichovespula Maculata, Distribution Image, www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SD4398&res=640.
https://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20p?see=I_SD4398&res=640

[3] Heinrich, B. J. J. o. C. P. B. 1984. Strategies of thermoregulation and [[foraging]] in two vespid wasps, Dolichovespula maculata andVespula vulgaris. 154:175-180.
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00684142

[4] Oswalt, Donald A, and Patricia A Zungoli. “Baldfaced Hornets.” Home & Garden Information Center | Clemson University, South Carolina, hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/baldfaced-hornets/.
https://hgic.clemson.edu/factsheet/baldfaced-hornets/

[5] Gambino, P. J. J. o. t. N. Y. E. S. 1995. Dolichovespula (Hymenoptera: Vespidae), hosts of Aphomia sociella (L.)(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).165-169.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/25010152?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents

[6] “Dolichovespula Maculata.” Bio 210 Vespula Maculata, bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/s2012/bollinge_seth/nutrition.htm.
http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio210/s2012/bollinge_seth/nutrition.htm

[7] “Georgia Department of [[Agriculture]].” Baldfaced Hornets - Ga Dept of Agriculture, agr.georgia.gov/baldfaced-hornets.aspx.
http://agr.georgia.gov/baldfaced-hornets.aspx

[8] Holland, Mary. “Bald-Faced Hornet Nests No Longer Inhabited (If You Live Where There Has Been a Hard Frost).” Naturally Curious with Mary Holland, 3 Nov. 2015, naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2015/11/03/bald-faced-hornet-nests-no-longer-inhabited-if-you-live-where-there-has-been-a-hard-frost/.
https://naturallycuriouswithmaryholland.wordpress.com/2015/11/03/bald-faced-hornet-nests-no-longer-inhabited-if-you-live-where-there-has-been-a-hard-frost/

[9] “Bald-Faced Hornet, Queen - Dolichovespula Maculata - a Photo on Flickriver.” Flickriver, www.flickriver.com/photos/maximillian_millipede/3558361392/.
https://www.flickriver.com/photos/maximillian_millipede/3558361392/

[10] ADW: Dolichovespula: CLASSIFICATION. (n.d.). . https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dolichovespula/classification/.

[11] Dolichovespula. (n.d.). . http://www.nic.funet.fi/pub/sci/bio/life/insecta/hymenoptera/apocrita/vespidae/dolichovespula/index.html.

[12] Kimsey, L., and J. Carpenter. 2012. The Vespinae of North America (Vespidae, Hymenoptera). Journal of Hymenoptera Research 28:37–65.

[13] Hauze, D. (n.d.). Dolichovespula maculata. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Dolichovespula_maculata/.

Hymenoptera

2025-03-30T20:46:10Z

Juliakal:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Taxonomic Classification'''
|-
|colspan="2" |[[File:Hymenoptera.jpg|400px|caption]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Domain:
|style="min-width:6em; |Eukarya
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Animalia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Superorder:
|style="min-width:6em; |Hymenopterida
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Hymenoptera
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Suborder:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Apocrita'' - Ants, Bees, Wasps
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Suborder:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Symphyta'' - Sawflies, some wasps
|-
|}

== Definition ==

The Hymenoptera is a large order of [[organisms]] within the phylum [[Arthropoda]], which contains [[insects]] like, bees, wasps, sawflies, and ants. The name is derived from the greek words "Hymen" or "membrane" and "Ptera" or "wings", which is perfectly describing the fact that their wings are connected into one point called the "Hamuli", and the membraneous tissue it is formed. Like most insects, these appeared at an early stage of earth's history, which according to a study done by D.A. Grimaldi, M.S. Engel et al [11], have been around since 281 million years ago (Triassic Period).
The Hymenopteran who have evolved into a societal way of living(Cretaceous Period), similar to pre-historical humans, created a very well adapted form of resilience for the succession of its offspring. However, many different species still live solitarily, requiring others only for mating. The organisms, who have a social life, live in a nest (ants) or a hive (bees, wasps), which are all descendants of one queen. When the hive or nest is established by a queen in early spring, it begins producing its offspring that will work in their pre-assigned roles, depending on their gender. 

[[File:Bee-anatomy-worker.jpeg|200px|thumb|left|Bee's anatomy]]
[[File:ANATOMY-OF-A-WASP-min.png|200px|left|thumb|Wasp's anatomy]]
== Anatomy ==

The anatomy of hymenopterans are very similar to other insects. The ones who fly, usually have two pairs of wings. Their mouths can have two forms, just mandibles used for chewing, or with the addition of the proboscis used for drinking liquids, such as nectar. They have two larger compound eyes, used to differentiate brightness and color, and also three smaller eyes called "ocelli" that are much simpler. Flying insects have their hind wings with hooked bristles called "hamuli" that holds both the fore wings and hind wings together. The number of hamuli vary between species and their sizes, with wasps having more than the usual two to three hamuli present in smaller species. Like most insects, their bodies are divided into three sections, head, thorax and abdomen.

The hymenoptera have an ovipositor, that in older species evolved into a blade-like structure used for slicing plant tissues. However, many today use them for piercing. In some species, we see today an ovipositor that evolved into a stinger in which the tip is used to inject venom and their eggs are laid from the base of the structure. The stinger is usually used to immobilize prey, that could be used to insert their eggs inside, but we see many bees and wasps using for self defense.

The larvae of the hymenoptera have a head region, three thoracic segments, and nine or ten abdominal segments. The hymenoptera, is further divided into the Symphyta and Apocrita. The former includes sawflies, whose larvae feed on leaves, have large mandibles for chewing; six thoracic limbs, and six to eight abdominal prolegs. However, their prolegs do not have spines, and their antennae are reduced to just stubs. Furthermore, the larvae that lives on wood or stem borers have no abdominal prolegs and the thoracic legs are smaller than the non-borers.

The Apocrita, whose species are wasps and bees, however, cannot live freely. The lack of legs, and their shape resembling a maggot, requires them to be taken care either by the solitary wasp who laid them, or by the workers and queen in a beehive. If the larvae was laid by a wasp, it will most likely be living inside of the immobilized insect it captured, where the offspring can feed off of the prey. The larvae laid in the insect have some morphological differences, the head is reduced into the prothorax, the compound eyes are poorly developed, with no ocelli; very small or absent antennae and toothlike mandibles. It also lacks the ability to defecate, since their digestive system is not completed, to avoid contamination in the environment they live. The larvae that has a stinger, generally has ten spiracles, for breathing, while the parasitic form usually has nine. 

== Reproduction ==
'''Haplodiploid sex-determination system'''
In the order Hymenoptera, reproduction uses the Haplodiploid sex-determination system, in which the number of chromosomes determines their gender. If the eggs are fertilized by both parent's gametes, the individual is diploid and develops into a female. [[File:1920px-Haplodiploid Sex Determination in Honey Bees.svg.png|200px|thumb|right|Haplodiploid system diagram]] However, if the egg is not fertilized by two sets of gametes, the zygote is haploid, and develops into a male. The important factor in this system is that the female is under total control of which gender her offspring will be, depending on what the nest or hive needs in the moment.

Although this system seems very simple to understand, it actually is much more complex than only the number of chromosomes present. In many hymenopterans, the gender is determined in a single gene locus with many alleles. In these organisms, males are haploid and females are diploid heterozygous at the sex locus. However, a diploid organism could be homozygous which develops into a male. This is more likely to happen when we have parents who were siblings reproducing. Diploid males are known for being produced by inbreeding, in many ant, bee, and wasp species. These males organisms, usually are infertile but you can find some species with fertile diploid males.

A problem that appears due to this reproduction system is that females on average have more genes in common with their sisters than with their daughters. Therefore, cooperation among kindred females may be unusually advantageous, which contributed to the multiple origins of eusociality within this order. In many colonies, we see the removal of eggs laid by other workers due to the increase in relatedness to direct siblings, a behavior called worker policing.

'''Thelytoky''' [[File:Central fusion and terminal fusion automixis.svg.png|200px|thumb|right|Thelitoky Diagram]]

Some hymenopterans also use a type of parthenogenesis, which is the production of an embryo without fertilization, to produce other females. Through the process of thelytoky, a female is produced from the fusion of two haploid proto-eggs in the same meiosis, producing a diploid zygote. This method of reproduction tends to maintain heterozygosity of the genome of the mother to the daughter. Many ant species use this method, some of them are: desert ant ''Cataglyphis cursor'', the clonal raider ant ''Cerapachys biroi'', the predaceous ant ''Platythyrea punctata'', and the electric ant (little fire ant) ''Wasmannia auropunctata''. It also occurs in the Cape honey bee ''Apis mellifera capensis''.

== Major Families ==

According to the NCSU Department of Entomology [4]

'''Sawflies''': Larvae feed on leaves, or burrow into plant tissues

1)''Diprionidae'': Conifer sawflies

2)''Tenthredinidae'': Common sawflies

3)''Cephidae'': Stem sawflies

'''Horntails''': Larvae are wood borers

1)''Siricidae'': Wood or Horntail wasp

'''Parasitic Wasps''': Larvae are parasitoid of other insects

1)''Ichneumonidae'': Largest family, parasitoids of spiders

2)''Braconidae'': mostly parasitoid of ''lepidopterous'' larvae

3)''Encyrtidae'': mostly parasitoid of ''aphids'' and scale insects

4)''Eulophidae'': parasitoid of beetles, moths, and other insects

5)''Trichogrammatidae'': egg parasites

'''Gall Wasps''': Larvae are herbivores which induce the formation of plant galls and live in or on these tissues

1)''Cynipidae'': most species live on oak trees

'''Predatory Wasps''': Adults provision nest sites with prey that they catch and paralyze by stinging

1)''Sphecidae'': prey on caterpillars and spiders

2)''Pompilidae'': prey on spiders

3)''Tiphiidae'': prey on beetle larvae

4)''Scoliidae'': prey on beetle larvae

5)''Vespidae'': prey on caterpillars

'''Social Wasps''': The nests are tended by sterile female workers

1)''Vespidae'': yellowjackets, hornets, paper wasps

'''Ants''': True social insects. Wingless workers forage for resources

1)''[[Formicidae]]'': Ants

'''Solitary Bees''': Adults build their individual nests and provision them with plant material (nectar or pollen)

1)''Halictidae'': Sweat bees

2)''Megachilidae'': Leafcutting bees

3)''Anthophoridae'': Carpenter bees

'''Social Bees''': True social insects. Communities are found in nests in the [[soil]] (Bumble Bees) or in cavities (Honey Bees). Sterile female workers forage for resources such as nectar or pollen

1)''Apidae'': Bumble bees and Honey bees

== Ecology ==

'''Eusociality''':[[File:Melissodes desponsa, f, face, Maine, Du Clos 2015-12-01-17.37 (24469964305).jpg|200px|thumb|right|Melissodes desponsa bee body covered in pollen]]

According to C.J.A. Bradshaw, C.R. McMahon [1], is an advanced social system where colonies of organisms are created for the succession of its offspring. This system exists when the adults belong to two or more overlapping generations, they take care cooperatively for the offspring, and are divided into reproductive and non-reproductive castes. This division of labor means that some females give up the ability to have offspring to facilitate reproduction by other individuals in the same colony.

According to Norman F. Johnson [9], the beginning of such society is after a virgin queen from a colony mates with one or several males. Then, the queen builds her nest, which could be in the soil, a natural cavity, or out in the open. The colony founding can be sometimes cooperative, and determining which individual will become the primary reproducer is established through behavioral interactions among the founders. Males are only needed for insemination of the new queens, which soon after will die. The eggs produced by the new queen, will develop into the first female worker generation, which usually cannot reproduce. These workers have many functions, they take care of the offspring, forage for resources, defend the nest and the queen. These functions are sometimes divided by workers, and sometimes by morphological differences in their bodies. Once well established, more males and females are produced to continue the growth of the colony.

'''Pollination''':[[File:Pollen grains observed in aeroplankton of South Europe.png|200px|thumb|right|Pollen Particles]][[File:European honey bee extracts nectar.jpg|200px|thumb|right|European honey bee drinking nectar of a flower]]

Pollination is the transfer of pollen, which can be via wind, water, insects, from the male structure (Anthers) of a flower to the female structure (Stigma) of either the same flower (Monoecious) or another (Dioecious) of the same species. This phenomena is what makes hymenopterans so important for the ecosystem they are present, since most plants rely on them for fertilization. Therefore, plants have evolved a symbiotic relationship with them, in which the plants produce the sweet nectar these insects require in their diet, and the hymenopterans while in search of the nectar carry particles of pollen in their bodies and pollinate other flowers. One of the reasons to why this is very important, is because without the help of pollinators, plants would have an even smaller chance for fertilization, since wind and water are not the best option. 


== References ==

[1]Bradshaw, C. J. A., and C. R. McMahon. 2008. Fecundity. Encyclopedia of [[Ecology]]:1535–1543.

[2]Contributors, W. 2021, April 22. Wasp. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp.

[3]Contributors, W. 2021, March 12. Hymenoptera. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera.

[4]Department of Entomology. 2015. Hymenoptera. NC State [[Agriculture]] and Life Sciences. https://genent.cals.ncsu.edu/insect-identification/hymenoptera/.

[5]The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1999. Wasp. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/animal/wasp.

[6]Greenwood, D. 2019, May 30. Bee Larvae. https://beehivehero.com/bee-larvae/.

[7]Institution Archives, S. (n.d.). Wasps, Ants, and Bees (Hymenoptera). Department of Systematic Biology, Entomology Section, National Museum of Natural History, in cooperation with Public Inquiry Services, Smithsonian Institution. https://www.si.edu/spotlight/buginfo/hymenoptera.

[8]Jernigan, C. M. 2017, June 13. Bee Anatomy. Arizona State University School of Life Sciences Ask A Biologist. https://askabiologist.asu.edu/honey-bee-anatomy.

[9]Johnson, N. F. 2001. Hymenoptera. Encyclopedia of Biodiversity:417–426.

[10]Lindauer, M. 1999. Hymenopteran. Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/animal/hymenopteran/Natural-history#ref39798.

[11]Peters, R. S., L. Krogmann, C. Mayer, A. Donath, S. Gunkel, K. Meusemann, A. Kozlov, L. Podsiadlowski, M. Petersen, R. Lanfear, P. A. Diez, J. Heraty, K. M. Kjer, S. Klopfstein, R. Meier, C. Polidori, T. Schmitt, S. Liu, X. Zhou, T. Wappler, J. Rust, B. Misof, and O. Niehuis. 2017. Evolutionary History of the Hymenoptera. Current Biology 27:1013–1018.

American Bullfrog

2025-03-30T20:39:19Z

Juliakal:

''Lithobates catesbeianus'', or the American Bullfrog as it is more commonly known, is a member of the true frog family native to Eastern North America. With its large size compared to other frog species, the species is able to inhabit a wide variety of aquatic environments with relative success. The American Bullfrog gets its name from the male call during breeding season resembling a bull's bellow.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''
|-
| [[File:American bullfrog adult male.jpg| 300px]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Subkingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Bilateria
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Infrakingdom:
|style="min-width:6em; |Deuterostomia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Chordata
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Subphylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Vertebrata
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Infraphylum:
|style="min-width:6em; |Gnathostomata
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Superclass:
|style="min-width:6em; |Tetrapoda
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:
|style="min-width:6em; |Amphibia
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:
|style="min-width:6em; |Anura
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:
|style="min-width:6em; |Ranidea
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:
|style="min-width:6em; |''Lithobates''
|-
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:
|style="min-width:6em; |''L. catesbeianus''
|-
|colspan="2" |Source: Integrated Taxonomic Information System <ref name="ITIS">[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=977384#null "Integrated Taxonomic Information System - Report"], ''ITIS'' USGS Open-File Report 2006-1195: Nomenclature", ''USGS'', n.d.. Retrieved 3/10/2023.</ref>
|}

== '''Description''' ==
The American Bullfrog has an olive-green coloring on the dorsal surface (backside) which may also include dull brown mottling or banding patterns ending at the top lip. The ventral surface (belly) typically appears as an off-white color with gray or yellow blotchy patches that end at the bottom lip. They can grow up to 0.5 kg (1.1 lbs.) in weight and between 90-152 mm (3.5-6 in) in length.<ref>Bruening, S. 2002. "Lithobates catesbeianus" (On-line), Animal [[Diversity]] Web. Accessed March 10, 2023 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Lithobates_catesbeianus/</ref> American Bullfrogs possess extremely small teeth that only function to grasp objects. The eyes notably have horizontal pupils and a brownish iris. The tympanum (external eardrum) is right behind the eyes and is enclosed with thin skin to pick up sound and vibrations. The hind legs are long and possess webbing between the toes while the frontal legs are shorter and are un-webbed.

The American Bullfrog displays sexual dimorphism, physical differences between sexes. Female bullfrogs have a smaller tympanum than males. Males typically have a tympanum that is larger than the eye and female tympanum are about the same size as the eye. You can also tell the differences between sexes from the color of the throat. Males tend to have bright, yellow-colored throats while females usually have cream or pale white colored throats.<ref>Asahara, Masakazu et al. “Sexual dimorphism in external morphology of the American bullfrog Rana (Aquarana) catesbeiana and the possibility of sex determination based on tympanic membrane/eye size ratio.” The Journal of veterinary medical science vol. 82,8 (2020): 1160-1164. doi:10.1292/jvms.20-0039</ref>

== '''Range and Habitat''' ==

[[File:American bullfrog range.PNG| 400px | border | Native and Introduced Range |]]

=== Range ===
The American Bullfrog is native to the eastern part of North America. Its range extends as far north as Nova Scotia to as south as Florida, from the Atlantic coast to as far west as Kansas. They have been introduced to western parts of North America like Colorado, Nebraska, Nevada, California, Oregon, Arizona, Utah, and Washington. They have also been introduced to Mexico, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands. They have also been introduced into Europe (Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, France), Asia (India, China, South Korea, Japan), and other countries such as the Dominican Republic, Jamaica, and Cuba. <ref>Liz McKercher, and Denise R. Gregoire, 2023, Lithobates catesbeianus (Shaw, 1802): U.S. Geological Survey, Nonindigenous Aquatic Species Database, Gainesville, FL, https://nas.er.usgs.gov/queries/FactSheet.aspx?SpeciesID=71, Revision Date: 12/2/2022, Access Date: 3/10/2023</ref> Possible reasons for introduction include intentionally using them as biological control agents or as a source of food. People who own them as pets may also release them intentionally.

=== Habitat ===
American Bullfrogs live in or near areas of water like lakes, ponds, swamps, marshes, streams, and rivers. They prefer warm, still, and shallow freshwater with lots of vegetation. Bullfrogs are somewhat tolerant of colder temperatures and can hibernate in mud and the bottom layer underwater during freezing temperatures.

== '''Reproduction''' ==
The American Bullfrog breeding season takes place only once a year during the end of spring into summer, from May to July. Males arrive at the breeding sites first before the females arrive. Male bullfrogs group together in clusters called choruses. <ref>Emlen, Stephen T. “Lek Organization and Mating Strategies in the Bullfrog.” Behavioral [[Ecology]] and Sociobiology, vol. 1, no. 3, 1976, pp. 283–313, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00300069.</ref> Female bullfrogs find choruses to be more attractive. Males have more than one mate, so choruses are constantly breaking apart and reforming, with different male individuals. Male bullfrogs have three different calls during this time. A territorial call that warns other males, a confrontational call that usually happens right before a fight, and a mating call to attract females. <ref>Wiewandt, Thomas A. “Vocalization, Aggressive Behavior, and Territoriality in the Bullfrog, Rana Catesbeiana.” Copeia, vol. 1969, no. 2, 1969, pp. 276–85, https://doi.org/10.2307/1442074.</ref> When a female picks a male, she moves into his territory to lay her eggs. The male will simultaneously release sperm while the female lays a clutch of about 20,000 eggs. This is a form of external fertilization, <ref>LANNOO, MICHAEL, et al. “Introduction.” Amphibian Declines: The Conservation Status of United States Species, edited by MICHAEL LANNOO, 1st ed., University of California Press, 2005, pp. 351–80. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pp5xd.59. Accessed 11 Mar. 2023.</ref> where the eggs are fertilized outside of the female body.

== '''Growth and Development''' ==
American Bullfrog tadpoles hatch four to five days after fertilization. Adults do not have parental investment once they hatch, and the tadpoles must survive on their own. Hatched in fresh water, tadpoles remain in the shallows and as they develop, move to deeper water. Tadpoles have three pairs of external gills and multiple rows of teeth on the lips. As they develop, they grow downward-facing mouths and tails with broad dorsal and ventral fins. <ref>Stebbins, Robert C., and Nathan W. Cohen. “Reproduction.” A Natural History of Amphibians, Princeton University Press, 1995, pp. 140–94. JSTOR, https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv1nxcv5j.21. Accessed 11 Mar. 2023.</ref> They start using their teeth to eat bigger particles of food. It can take approximately three years for a tadpole to develop into an adult frog. Female and male frogs reach sexual maturity at three to five years of age. A bullfrog can live up to seven to ten years in the wild.

[[File:American bullfrog tadpole.jpg| 250px ]]

== '''Diet''' ==
The American Bullfrog is a carnivore and is known to eat a variety of [[organisms]] including [[invertebrates]] such as snails, crustaceans, worms, mollusks, and [[insects]]. However, due to the opportunistic behavior of the American Bullfrog, they have been found to eat species of rodents, small snakes, and birds. They can be cannibalistic and eat frogs, tadpoles, and the eggs of fish or [[salamanders]]. Tadpoles mostly eat aquatic plants and algae and will eat larger portions as they grow.

=== '''Feeding''' ===
American Bullfrogs are observed to be ambush and opportunistic predators, feeding on a variety of [[animals]] unsuspecting of their presence. Once the prey has been spotted, the bullfrog will move towards the prey using a series of hops to sneak up on its prey. The bullfrog uses its tongue to catch the prey and takes a bite from its strong jaw. Smaller prey is then consumed and engulfed using its mouth. American Bullfrogs have been observed to use their front legs as hands to assist in eating larger prey that are not able to fit inside the mouth. Bullfrogs are observed to asphyxiate larger prey after a successful catch as a defense mechanism. This behavior mimics other forms of feeding from other frogs, most notably
a [[wood frog]].<ref>Cardini, F. (1974). Specializations of the Feeding Response of the Bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, for the Capture of Prey Submerged in Water. M.S. Thesis, U. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA</ref>

== '''Predators''' ==
American Bullfrogs are an essential prey item for many birds, predatory fish, otters, and other amphibians. Herons like the Great Blue Heron and Great Egrets, smaller birds like the common and belted kingfisher, turtles, water snakes and raccoons are also predators. American Bullfrog eggs are famously bad tasting to many predators that typically consume frog and fish eggs as part of their diet. Tadpoles are not eaten by predators because they have an undesirable taste. However, predators that aren't deterred by the taste tend to have an easier time spotting out Bullfrog tadpoles due to their activity. Bullfrogs tend to be loud when attacked by a predator, warning other bullfrogs in the area to the potential danger and many will retreat to deeper water.

== '''Invasion ''' ==

The American Bullfrog is an invasive species that was brought up into the Western United States in the early 1900s. The American Bullfrog was introduced via escapes from aquaculture, intentional releases from research facilities and pets being rereleased into the wild. As bullfrogs began to invade these new ecosystems they began to spread diseases, create more competition for native species, cause damage to ecosystems and farm crops, and potentially hurting the quality of our drinking water. <ref>"American Bullfrog"https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/fish-and-other-vertebrates/american-bullfrog</ref>

== '''Management ''' ==

=== Problem ===

Introduced bullfrogs in non-native ranges are now a concern for the native species in that range. They are highly adaptable and have a high reproductive rate. The Bullfrog has both a direct and indirect effect on native species, like native birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, through competition, predation, habitat alteration and displacement. They also have negative effects on some aquatic snakes and waterfowl. There is also a concern that the bullfrog is a possible carrier for a chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis, which is fatal for some amphibians. <ref>Adams, Michael J., and Christopher A. Pearl. “Problems and Opportunities Managing Invasive Bullfrogs: Is There Any Hope?” Biological Invaders in Inland Waters: Profiles, Distribution, and Threats, Springer Netherlands, pp. 679–93, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-6029-8_38.</ref>
=== Solution ===
Some management options for Bullfrogs are direct removal, adults being caught in traps or hand captures, and tadpoles by draining ponds or chemical treatment. The use of funnel traps, gigs, guns, and fencing off a pond are some other methods that are used. A third management option is habitat manipulation. The use of chemical control and toxicants as a management option is a possibility but needs more experiments and testing to not affect the entire aquatic ecosystem. <ref>Snow, N. P, & Witmer, G. (2010). American Bullfrogs as Invasive Species: A Review of the Introduction, Subsequent Problems, Management Options, and Future Directions. Proceedings of the Vertebrate Pest Conference, 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5070/V424110490 Retrieved from https://escholarship.org/uc/item/5j46t7f2</ref>

== '''References''' ==

<ref>Emlen, Stephen T. “Territoriality in the Bullfrog, Rana Catesbeiana.” Copeia, vol. 1968, no. 2, 1968, pp. 240–43, https://doi.org/10.2307/1441748.</ref>
<ref>Ryan, Michael J. “The Reproductive Behavior of the Bullfrog (Rana Catesbeiana).” Copeia, vol. 1980, no. 1, 1980, pp. 108–14, https://doi.org/10.2307/1444139.</ref>
<ref>Korschgen, Leroy J., and Thomas S. Baskett. “Foods of Impoundment- and Stream-Dwelling Bullfrogs in Missouri.” Herpetologica, vol. 19, no. 2, 1963, pp. 89–99. JSTOR, http://www.jstor.org/stable/3890543. Accessed 11 Mar. 2023.</ref>
<ref>HIRAI, Toshiaki. “Diet Composition of Introduced Bullfrog, Rana Catesbeiana, in the Mizorogaike Pond of Kyoto, Japan.” Ecological Research, vol. 19, no. 4, 2004, pp. 375–80, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1703.2004.00647.x.</ref>
<ref>“American Bullfrog.” NatureMapping, http://naturemappingfoundation.org/natmap/facts/american_bullfrog_k6.html#:~:text=The%20male%20and%20female%20bullfrogs,much%20larger%20than%20the%20eye.</ref>
<ref>“California's Invaders: American Bullfrog.” California Department of Fish and Wildlife, https://wildlife.ca.gov/Conservation/Invasives/Species/Bullfrog#:~:text=American%20bullfrogs%20occupy%20a%20wide,lakes%20and%20banks%20of%20streams.</ref>
<ref>“American Bullfrog.” National Aquarium, https://aqua.org/explore/animals/american-bullfrog#:~:text=During%20the%20cold%20winter%20season,portions%20of%20streams%20and%20rivers.</ref>
<ref>“Eggs, Tadpoles and Development of American Bullfrog - Lithobates Catesbeianus.” Californiaherps.com, Reptiles and Amphibians of California, https://californiaherps.com/frogs/pages/l.catesbeianus.tadpoles.html.</ref>
<ref>"American Bullfrog"https://www.invasivespeciesinfo.gov/aquatic/fish-and-other-vertebrates/american-bullfrog</ref>