https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=JsebestaSoil Ecology Wiki - User contributions [en]2026-04-15T07:12:41ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.43.0https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Anostraca&diff=9264Anostraca2022-05-11T16:41:00Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>[[File: California Fairy Shrimp.jpg|thumb| The California Fairy Shrimp, one of the main drivers in the nature protection plan for vernal ponds in California.]] '''Anostraca''' is one of the four orders of crustaceans that compose the class ''Branchiopoda'', the members of this order are more commonly referred to as "fairy shrimp". They swim upside-down and feed by filtering organic particles from the water or by scraping algae from surfaces. They are typically found in [[vernal ponds]] and hypersaline lakes (landlocked lakes that contain high levels of sodium chloride and other salts, these saline levels are higher than the saline levels of ocean water) as well as deserts and colder regions such as ice covered mountains. They are an important food source for many birds and fish, and some are cultured and harvested for fish food in many regions. There are 300 species spread across 8 families. <br />
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==Taxonomy==<br />
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:80%;"<br />
|+ Fairy Shrimp Taxonomy<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! scope="row" | Kingdom<br />
! scope="row" | Phylum <br />
! scope="row" | Subphylum <br />
! scope="row" | Class<br />
! scope="row" | Subclass<br />
! scope="row" | Order <br />
|-<br />
! scope="col" | Classification<br />
| Animalia<br />
| Arthropoda <br />
| Crustacea<br />
| Branchiopoda <br />
| Sarsostraca<br />
| Anostraca<br />
|}<br />
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==Description== <br />
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A fairy shrimp's body is typically elongated and divided into three distinct parts: head, abdomen, and thorax. The whole animal can measure anywhere from .25 - 1 inch long (6-25 millimeters), however some species may not reach sexual maturity until they are 2 inches (50mm) long with the ability to grow up to almost 7 inches (170 mm)[1]. Fairy shrimp possess a thin but flexible exoskeleton that unlike other [[arthropods]] does not have a carapace (an upper section of exoskeleton found in many groups of [[animals]]) [1].<br />
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[[File: Fairy Shrimp Model.gif|thumb|A model showing the separate sections of a fairy shrimp; e sections denote the head, while h and i sections represent the thorax and abdomen.]] <br />
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===Head===<br />
The head of fairy shrimp are distinct from the thorax in that the head possesses two compound eyes and then two separate pairs of antennae. The shape of the second pair of antennae differ between males and females of the species; the males second pair of antennae are enlarged and specialized (instead of long and cylindrical) in order to be able to better hold females during mating [7]. <br />
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===Thorax and Abdomen===<br />
Most members of this order have a thorax with 13 segments with the exception of ''Polyartemiella'' and ''Polyartemia'' which possess 19 and 21 segments respectively. All segments but the last two are similar in that they have a pair of flattened leaf-like appendages [1]. The last two segments of the body are fused together and the appendages are then specialized for sexual reproduction. Most fairy shrimp reproduce sexually, however a few reproduce by parthenogenesis. The abdomen is comprised of 6 segments without appendages, and a telson, which bears two flattened cercopods.<br />
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==Ecology==<br />
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Fairy shrimp inhabit inland waters including: vernal ponds, salt lakes, and lakes at high altitudes or latitudes. Due to their relatively large size and slow means of locomotion, Anostracans are easy prey for predatory fish and waterfowl [2]. This susceptibility to predation is the reason why they are restricted to areas with a lower quantity of predators. <br />
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[[File: Upside Down Fairy Shrimp.jpg|thumb| A Fairy Shrimp displaying its prominent "upside-down" swimming method.]]<br />
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Anostracans swim gracefully by moving their phyllopodia which are connected to their body segments. When swimming, fairy shrimp will have their ventral side facing upward, which is why it is said that they are "swimming upside-down" [3]. While swimming they filter food indiscriminately from the water, and also scrape algae and other organic materials from solid surfaces. To do this, they turn to have their ventral side against the food surface [5].<br />
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Fairy shrimp have the ability to enter diapause, which is a state of biological dormancy where growth and metabolism are arrested, as an egg (or cyst) [4]. This is an especially important biological trait because it assists in both species' dispersal and overcoming adverse environmental conditions. Once a Fairy shrimp becomes dormant, these cysts can withstand conditions as harsh and diverse as droughts, frosts, hypersalinity, complete desiccation, exposure to UV radiation and even the vacuum of space. Diapause is also the best way for the fairy shrimp to colonize new habitats—facilitated by a variety of conditions including wind, predators, and currents as the adults are unable to leave the freshwater system [4]. <br />
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==Environmental Impact==<br />
[[File: Fairy Shrimp Food.jpg|thumb| Fairy shrimp are often sold as a food product for marine life and aquaculture.]] <br />
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Members of this order, most notably brine shrimp, are used as food for fish and other [[organisms]] in aquaria and aquaculture. Their drought-resistant eggs are collected from lakeshores and then stored and transported dry, after transportation they hatch readily when submerged in salt water. This is a multimillion-dollar industry centered in the Great Salt Lake in Utah and San Francisco Bay in California; adults are collected from Mono Lake and transported frozen [6].<br />
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==References==<br />
[1] Peter H. H. Weekers; Gopal Murugan; Jacques R. Vanfleteren; Denton Belk; Henri J. Dumont (2002). "Phylogenetic analysis of anostracans (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) inferred from nuclear 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences" Pg. 535–544. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(02)00289-0. PMID 12450757.<br />
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[2] Vernal Pool Fairy Shrimp. National Wildlife Federation. (n.d.). Retrieved May 10, 2022, from https://www.nwf.org/Educational-Resources/Wildlife-Guide/Invertebrates/Vernal-Pool-Fairy-Shrimp<br />
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[3] “Fairy Shrimp.” 2022. Fairy Shrimp | Merced [[Vernal Pools]] &amp; Grassland Reserve. Accessed May 10. https://vernalpools.ucmerced.edu/ecosystem/reserve-fairy-shrimp. <br />
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[4] Fryer, Geoffrey (1996-03-01). "Diapause, a potent force in the evolution of freshwater crustaceans". Hydrobiologia. 320 (1–3): 1–14. doi:10.1007/bf00016800<br />
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[5] Denton Belk (2007). "Branchiopoda". In Sol Felty Light; James T. Carlton (eds.). The Light and Smith Manual: Intertidal [[Invertebrates]] from Central California to Oregon (4th ed.). University of California Press. pp. 414–417. ISBN 978-0-520-23939-5.<br />
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[6] J. M. Melack (2009). "Saline and soda lakes". In Sven Erik Jørgensen (ed.). Ecosystem [[Ecology]]. Academic Press. pp. 380–384. ISBN 978-0-444-53466-8. <br />
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[7] William David Williams (1980). "Arachnids and Crustaceans". Australian Freshwater Life: the Invertebrates of Australian Inland Waters (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan Australia. pp. 118–184. ISBN 978-0-333-29894-7</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Permafrost&diff=9254Permafrost2022-05-11T16:32:46Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>Permafrost is a permanently frozen layer of the Earth’s surface. It consists of [[soil]], gravel, and [[sand]], usually bound together by ice and can be found on land and below the ocean floor. Permafrost usually remains at or below 0°C (32ºF) for two or more years and is found in areas where temperatures rarely rise above freezing [2]. Permafrost occurs in many different forms with various amounts of ice and is mainly found in areas near the Arctic. In Alaska about 80 percent of the ground has permafrost underneath it. In the Northern Hemisphere, regions in which permafrost occurs occupy approximately 25% of the land. The upper surface of permafrost is called the permafrost table. The surface layer of ground that freezes in the winter and thaws in summer is called the active layer [4].<br />
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[[File:Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions.png|thumb|Circum-Arctic_Map_of_Permafrost_and_Ground_Ice_Conditions]]<br />
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==Permafrost Zones==<br />
Permafrost is widespread in the northern part of the Northern Hemisphere, where it occurs in 85% of Alaska and 55% of Russia and Canada, and covers almost all of Antarctica. In addition to its widespread occurrence in the Arctic and subarctic regions of Earth, permafrost also exists at lower latitudes in areas of high elevation. This type of perennial frozen ground is called alpine permafrost. The largest area of alpine permafrost is in western China, where 1,500,000 square km (580,000 square miles) of permafrost are known to exist [4].<br />
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==Continuity of Coverage==<br />
Permafrost ranges in size and thickness; the average thickness can range from one meter to over 1500 meters [4], and the thickness of the active layer depends mainly on the moisture content, varying from less than a foot in thickness in wet, organic sediments to several feet in well-drained gravels. Permafrost is more widespread and extends to greater depths in the north than in the south, where it is 1,500 meters (5,000 feet) thick in northern Siberia and 740 meters (about 2,430 feet) thick in northern Alaska, and it thins progressively toward the south [4].<br />
[[File:Permafrost in Herschel Island 007.jpg|thumb|Permafrost_in_Herschel_Island_007]]<br />
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===Continuous Permafrost===<br />
Continuous permafrost is a continuous sheet of frozen material, usually underlying 90-100% of the landscape. Continuous permafrost extends under all surfaces except large bodies of water in the area. Siberia has continuous permafrost [2].<br />
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===Discontinuous Permafrost===<br />
Discontinuous permafrost is broken up into separate areas, usually covering 50-90% of the landscape. This includes numerous permafrost-free areas that increase in size and number from north to south. Near the southern boundary only rare patches of permafrost have been found to exist [4]. Some permafrost, in the shadow of a mountain or thick vegetation, stays all year, whereas in other areas of discontinuous permafrost the summer sun thaws the permafrost for several weeks or months. The land near the southern shore of Hudson Bay, Canada, has discontinuous permafrost [2]. <br />
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==Effects of Climate Change==<br />
Warming since the late 1960s has been observed in permafrost temperature profiles from many locations. Over the past several decades, permafrost temperatures have generally warmed in lowlands and mountains. While the impacts of climate change on permafrost vary at regional and local scales, permafrost thawing has been observed in many locations around the world [1]. Thawing is an effect of climate change caused by the positive feedback loop from the overall warming. Erosion occurs when permafrost thaws because soil and sediment are easily washed away without ice binding them together. When the temperature of permafrost rises above 0ºC, it starts to thaw. Generally, the mineral and organic components of the former permafrost will remain solid. Therefore, in regions with more ground ice, thawing permafrost may result in more of a change to the land surface [2]. As the permafrost thaws, it can turn into a mud slurry that cannot support the weight of the soil and vegetation above it. This leads to infrastructure such as roads, buildings, and pipes being damaged. Additionally, [[Organic Matter|organic matter]] currently frozen in the permafrost will start to decompose when the ground thaws, resulting in many years worth of methane and carbon dioxide being emitted into the atmosphere [1].<br />
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==References==<br />
[1] Climate Change Indicators: Permafrost. 2022, March 31. . Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/climate-indicators/climate-change-indicators-permafrost.<br />
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[2] National Geographic Society. 2012, October 9. Permafrost. https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/permafrost/.<br />
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[3] Pewe, T. L. (n.d.). Climatic change. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc. https://www.britannica.com/science/permafrost/Climatic-change. <br />
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[4] What is permafrost? 2021, June 4. . https://www.permafrost.org/what-is-permafrost/.</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9249Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T16:26:03Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:ash_borer_1.jpg|200px|thumb]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|}<br />
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==Background==<br />
EAB are native to Asia and were first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in June 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species [4]. <br />
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[[File:native_range.gif|300px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of Emerald Ash Borers.]]<br />
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==Life Cycle==<br />
EAB go through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them [7]. <br />
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[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|400px|thumb|left|Photo from the Nebraska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of EAB.]]<br />
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Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature [7].<br />
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== Effect of the EAB and Remediation Strategies==<br />
EAB are devastating [[white ash tree|ash]] populations across North America and currently there have been no remediation strategies that have shown any promise of fully eradicating EAB. These [[insects]] do the most damage to their hosts trees as larvae, at this stage of its life EAB will consume much of the cambium, inner phloem, and outer xylem layers while it matures and as a result the trees cannot effectively move water and nutrients around the tree. The adults also damage the ash trees by eating the leaves in late spring, but they do not have the same effect that the larvae do. Signs of infested trees include: large plates of bark falling off, long narrow galleries left behind under the bark from the larvae feeding, small D-shaped exit holes, and a thinning crown [1]. <br />
[[File:eab_gallery.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo showing an example of the larval galleries created by the Emerald Ash Borer.]]<br />
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[[File:eab_holes.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Photo showing an example of the D-shaped exit holes created by the Emerald Ash Borer as adults.]]<br />
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There are a combination of strategies that are currently being used to try and keep EAB population in check, however most of them are focused on treating the trees after they are infested and showing signs of decline in an attempt to prolong their lives. The four main treatments being used in an attempt to remove the EAB are: trunk injections, bark sprays, [[soil]] drenches, and ash tree removal and replacement [6]. Once a tree is infested there is a 50/50 chance that the treatments will be successful, however even if these chemical treatments are successful the trees will still have to be treated every 1-2 years to prevent EAB from returning. These treatments are extremely expensive and due to their relatively low success rate many private land owners typically select to have the trees removed and replaced before they die [1]. <br />
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[[File:trunk_injection.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo showing a common treatment for Emerald Ash Borers called a trunk injection.]]<br />
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There are studies being done that are looking at the potential that native woodpeckers and parasitoid wasps may have in combating EAB. Within its native range the main predators of EAB are different species of parasitoid wasps, so many places including Purdue University, Colorado State, Michigan State, and Ohio State are studying whether or not native North American wasps would have any effect on EAB compared to their native predator wasps [5]. Additionally, one of the only animals in North America that will consistently eat EAB larvae are woodpeckers and an increased amount of woodpeckers can often be used as a sign that an ash tree has become infested with EAB. There are additional studies that are examining how woodpeckers may be used in the remediation of EAB—specifically the downy, hairy, and red-bellied woodpeckers are known the feed on EAB regularly [2]. <br />
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[[File:wasp_1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Photo of ''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', one of the non-native parasitoid wasps being studied.]]<br />
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Currently both of these strategies are not currently being employed on a large scale but there are studies that show that specifically using wasps to help curb EAB populations may be a useful and effective method. Currently there are four species of parasitoid wasps being used as biocontrols in an attempt to decrease EAB populations: ''Oobius agrili'', ''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', ''Spathius agrili'', and ''Spathius galinae'' [4]. All four of these are non-native wasps from Asia that are specifically targetting EAB, and the USDA remains optimistic that the combined effects of woodpeckers, native and introduced parasitoid wasps, intraspecific competition, disease, tree defensive mechanisms, and overall reduced ash populations may help contribute to the collapse of EAB populations in the United States[3].<br />
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==References==<br />
[1] Denver Parks and Recreation. 2016. Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Options. https://beasmartash.org/what-can-i-do/emerald-ash-borer-treatment/.<br />
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[2] Dickinson, J., and W. Hochakcha. 2013, August 8. Increase in Woodpecker Populations Linked to Feasting on Emerald Ash Borer. <br />
https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/news/release/woodpeckers-and-eab.<br />
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[3] Duan, J. J., L. S. Bauer, and R. G. Van Driesche. 2017. Emerald ash borer biocontrol in ash saplings: The potential for early stage recovery of North American ash trees. Forest [[Ecology]] and Management 394:64–72.<br />
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[4] Duan, J. J., R. G. V. Driesche, L. S. Bauer, R. Reardon, J. Gould, and J. S. Elkinton. 2019, June. The Role of Biocontrol of Emerald Ash Borer in Protecting Ash Regeneration After Invasion. USDA Forest Service.<br />
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[5] Farmer, S. 2015, September 22. Emerald Ash Borer and its Enemy Wasps. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/compass/2015/09/22/emerald-ash-borer-and-its-enemy-wasps/.<br />
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[6] Liesch, P., and R. C. Williamson. 2022, April 8. Homeowner Guide to Emerald Ash Borer Insecticide Treatments. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/homeowner-guide-emerald-ash-borer-insecticide-treatments/.<br />
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[7] USDA Forest Service. 2010, October 18. Invasive Species - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service. https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/eab/pubs/maps/.</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9246Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T16:21:30Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:ash_borer_1.jpg|200px|thumb]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|}<br />
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==Background==<br />
EAB are native to Asia and were first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in June 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
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[[File:native_range.gif|300px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of Emerald Ash Borers.]]<br />
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==Life Cycle==<br />
EAB go through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them. <br />
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[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|400px|thumb|left|Photo from the Nebraska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of EAB.]]<br />
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Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature.<br />
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== Effect of the EAB and Remediation Strategies==<br />
EAB are devastating [[white ash tree|ash]] populations across North America and currently there have been no remediation strategies that have shown any promise of fully eradicating EAB. These [[insects]] do the most damage to their hosts trees as larvae, at this stage of its life EAB will consume much of the cambium, inner phloem, and outer xylem layers while it matures and as a result the trees cannot effectively move water and nutrients around the tree. The adults also damage the ash trees by eating the leaves in late spring, but they do not have the same effect that the larvae do. Signs of infested trees include: large plates of bark falling off, long narrow galleries left behind under the bark from the larvae feeding, small D-shaped exit holes, and a thinning crown. <br />
[[File:eab_gallery.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo showing an example of the larval galleries created by the Emerald Ash Borer.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:eab_holes.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Photo showing an example of the D-shaped exit holes created by the Emerald Ash Borer as adults.]]<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
There are a combination of strategies that are currently being used to try and keep EAB population in check, however most of them are focused on treating the trees after they are infested and showing signs of decline in an attempt to prolong their lives. The four main treatments being used in an attempt to remove the EAB are: trunk injections, bark sprays, [[soil]] drenches, and ash tree removal and replacement. Once a tree is infested there is a 50/50 chance that the treatments will be successful, however even if these chemical treatments are successful the trees will still have to be treated every 1-2 years to prevent EAB from returning. These treatments are extremely expensive and due to their relatively low success rate many private land owners typically select to have the trees removed and replaced before they die. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:trunk_injection.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo showing a common treatment for Emerald Ash Borers called a trunk injection.]]<br />
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<br />
<br />
There are studies being done that are looking at the potential that native woodpeckers and parasitoid wasps may have in combating EAB. Within its native range the main predators of EAB are different species of parasitoid wasps, so many places including Purdue University, Colorado State, Michigan State, and Ohio State are studying whether or not native North American wasps would have any effect on EAB compared to their native predator wasps. Additionally, one of the only animals in North America that will consistently eat EAB larvae are woodpeckers and an increased amount of woodpeckers can often be used as a sign that an ash tree has become infested with EAB. There are additional studies that are examining how woodpeckers may be used in the remediation of EAB—specifically the downy, hairy, and red-bellied woodpeckers are known the feed on EAB regularly. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:wasp_1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Photo of ''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', one of the non-native parasitoid wasps being studied.]]<br />
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<br />
<br />
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<br />
Currently both of these strategies are not currently being employed on a large scale but there are studies that show that specifically using wasps to help curb EAB populations may be a useful and effective method. Currently there are four species of parasitoid wasps being used as biocontrols in an attempt to decrease EAB populations: ''Oobius agrili'', ''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', ''Spathius agrili'', and ''Spathius galinae''. All four of these are non-native wasps from Asia that are specifically targetting EAB, and the USDA remains optimistic that the combined effects of woodpeckers, native and introduced parasitoid wasps, intraspecific competition, disease, tree defensive mechanisms, and overall reduced ash populations may help contribute to the collapse of EAB populations in the United States.<br />
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<br />
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==References==<br />
[1] Denver Parks and Recreation. 2016. Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Options. https://beasmartash.org/what-can-i-do/emerald-ash-borer-treatment/.<br />
<br />
<br />
[2] Dickinson, J., and W. Hochakcha. 2013, August 8. Increase in Woodpecker Populations Linked to Feasting on Emerald Ash Borer. <br />
https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/news/release/woodpeckers-and-eab.<br />
<br />
<br />
[3] Duan, J., L. Bauer, R. van Driesche, and J. Gould. 2018. Progress and Challenges of Protecting North American Ash Trees from the Emerald Ash Borer Using Biological Control. Forests 9:142.<br />
<br />
<br />
[4] Duan, J. J., L. S. Bauer, and R. G. Van Driesche. 2017. Emerald ash borer biocontrol in ash saplings: The potential for early stage recovery of North American ash trees. Forest [[Ecology]] and Management 394:64–72.<br />
<br />
<br />
[5] Duan, J. J., R. G. V. Driesche, L. S. Bauer, R. Reardon, J. Gould, and J. S. Elkinton. 2019, June. The Role of Biocontrol of Emerald Ash Borer in Protecting Ash Regeneration After Invasion. USDA Forest Service.<br />
<br />
<br />
[6] Farmer, S. 2015, September 22. Emerald Ash Borer and its Enemy Wasps. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/compass/2015/09/22/emerald-ash-borer-and-its-enemy-wasps/.<br />
<br />
<br />
[7] Liesch, P., and R. C. Williamson. 2022, April 8. Homeowner Guide to Emerald Ash Borer Insecticide Treatments. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/homeowner-guide-emerald-ash-borer-insecticide-treatments/.<br />
<br />
<br />
[8] USDA APHIS | Emerald Ash Borer Beetle. (n.d.). . https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/pests-diseases/hungry-pests/the-threat/emerald-ash-borer/emerald-ash-borer-beetle.<br />
<br />
<br />
[9] USDA Forest Service. 2010, October 18. Invasive Species - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service. https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/eab/pubs/maps/.</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9242Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T16:17:10Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:ash_borer_1.jpg|200px|thumb]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|}<br />
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<br />
==Background==<br />
EAB are native to Asia and were first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in June 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
<br />
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<br />
[[File:native_range.gif|300px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of Emerald Ash Borers.]]<br />
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==Life Cycle==<br />
EAB go through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them. <br />
<br />
[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|400px|thumb|left|Photo from the Nebraska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of EAB.]]<br />
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Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature.<br />
<br />
== Effect of the EAB and Remediation Strategies==<br />
EAB are devastating [[white ash tree|ash]] populations across North America and currently there have been no remediation strategies that have shown any promise of fully eradicating EAB. These [[insects]] do the most damage to their hosts trees as larvae, at this stage of its life EAB will consume much of the cambium, inner phloem, and outer xylem layers while it matures and as a result the trees cannot effectively move water and nutrients around the tree. The adults also damage the ash trees by eating the leaves in late spring, but they do not have the same effect that the larvae do. Signs of infested trees include: large plates of bark falling off, long narrow galleries left behind under the bark from the larvae feeding, small D-shaped exit holes, and a thinning crown. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:eab_gallery.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo showing an example of the larval galleries created by the Emerald Ash Borer.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:eab_holes.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Photo showing an example of the D-shaped exit holes created by the Emerald Ash Borer as adults.]]<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
There are a combination of strategies that are currently being used to try and keep EAB population in check, however most of them are focused on treating the trees after they are infested and showing signs of decline in an attempt to prolong their lives. The four main treatments being used in an attempt to remove the EAB are: trunk injections, bark sprays, [[soil]] drenches, and ash tree removal and replacement. Once a tree is infested there is a 50/50 chance that the treatments will be successful, however even if these chemical treatments are successful the trees will still have to be treated every 1-2 years to prevent EAB from returning. These treatments are extremely expensive and due to their relatively low success rate many private land owners typically select to have the trees removed and replaced before they die. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:trunk_injection.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo showing a common treatment for Emerald Ash Borers called a trunk injection.]]<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
There are studies being done that are looking at the potential that native woodpeckers and parasitoid wasps may have in combating EAB. Within its native range the main predators of EAB are different species of parasitoid wasps, so many places including Purdue University, Colorado State, Michigan State, and Ohio State are studying whether or not native North American wasps would have any effect on EAB compared to their native predator wasps. Additionally, one of the only animals in North America that will consistently eat EAB larvae are woodpeckers and an increased amount of woodpeckers can often be used as a sign that an ash tree has become infested with EAB. There are additional studies that are examining how woodpeckers may be used in the remediation of EAB—specifically the downy, hairy, and red-bellied woodpeckers are known the feed on EAB regularly. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:wasp_1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Photo of ''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', one of the non-native parasitoid wasps being studied.]]<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Currently both of these strategies are not currently being employed on a large scale but there are studies that show that specifically using wasps to help curb EAB populations may be a useful and effective method. Currently there are four species of parasitoid wasps being used as biocontrols in an attempt to decrease EAB populations: ''Oobius agrili'', ''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', ''Spathius agrili'', and ''Spathius galinae''. All four of these are non-native wasps from Asia that are specifically targetting EAB, and the USDA remains optimistic that the combined effects of woodpeckers, native and introduced parasitoid wasps, intraspecific competition, disease, tree defensive mechanisms, and overall reduced ash populations may help contribute to the collapse of EAB populations in the United States.<br />
<br />
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<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Denver Parks and Recreation. 2016. Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Options. https://beasmartash.org/what-can-i-do/emerald-ash-borer-treatment/.<br />
<br />
<br />
[2] Dickinson, J., and W. Hochakcha. 2013, August 8. Increase in Woodpecker Populations Linked to Feasting on Emerald Ash Borer. <br />
https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/news/release/woodpeckers-and-eab.<br />
<br />
<br />
[3] Duan, J., L. Bauer, R. van Driesche, and J. Gould. 2018. Progress and Challenges of Protecting North American Ash Trees from the Emerald Ash Borer Using Biological Control. Forests 9:142.<br />
<br />
<br />
[4] Duan, J. J., L. S. Bauer, and R. G. Van Driesche. 2017. Emerald ash borer biocontrol in ash saplings: The potential for early stage recovery of North American ash trees. Forest [[Ecology]] and Management 394:64–72.<br />
<br />
<br />
[5] Duan, J. J., R. G. V. Driesche, L. S. Bauer, R. Reardon, J. Gould, and J. S. Elkinton. 2019, June. The Role of Biocontrol of Emerald Ash Borer in Protecting Ash Regeneration After Invasion. USDA Forest Service.<br />
<br />
<br />
[6] Farmer, S. 2015, September 22. Emerald Ash Borer and its Enemy Wasps. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/compass/2015/09/22/emerald-ash-borer-and-its-enemy-wasps/.<br />
<br />
<br />
[7] Liesch, P., and R. C. Williamson. 2022, April 8. Homeowner Guide to Emerald Ash Borer Insecticide Treatments. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/homeowner-guide-emerald-ash-borer-insecticide-treatments/.<br />
<br />
<br />
[8] USDA APHIS | Emerald Ash Borer Beetle. (n.d.). . https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/pests-diseases/hungry-pests/the-threat/emerald-ash-borer/emerald-ash-borer-beetle.<br />
<br />
<br />
[9] USDA Forest Service. 2010, October 18. Invasive Species - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service. https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/eab/pubs/maps/.</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Wasp_1.jpg&diff=9240File:Wasp 1.jpg2022-05-11T16:15:49Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Trunk_injection.jpg&diff=9238File:Trunk injection.jpg2022-05-11T16:15:14Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Eab_holes.jpg&diff=9237File:Eab holes.jpg2022-05-11T16:14:55Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Eab_gallery.jpg&diff=9236File:Eab gallery.jpg2022-05-11T16:14:40Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Ash_borer_1.jpg&diff=9235File:Ash borer 1.jpg2022-05-11T16:14:20Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9233Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T16:13:59Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:ash_borer_1.jpg|200px|thumb]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|}<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
EAB are native to Asia and were first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in June 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:native_range.gif|300px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of Emerald Ash Borers.]]<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
EAB go through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them. <br />
<br />
[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|400px|thumb|left|Photo from the Nebraska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of EAB.]]<br />
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<br />
Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature.<br />
<br />
== Effect of the EAB and Remediation Strategies==<br />
[[File:eab_gallery.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo showing an example of the larval galleries created by the Emerald Ash Borer.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
EAB are devastating [[white ash tree|ash]] populations across North America and currently there have been no remediation strategies that have shown any promise of fully eradicating EAB. These [[insects]] do the most damage to their hosts trees as larvae, at this stage of its life EAB will consume much of the cambium, inner phloem, and outer xylem layers while it matures and as a result the trees cannot effectively move water and nutrients around the tree. The adults also damage the ash trees by eating the leaves in late spring, but they do not have the same effect that the larvae do. Signs of infested trees include: large plates of bark falling off, long narrow galleries left behind under the bark from the larvae feeding, small D-shaped exit holes, and a thinning crown. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:eab_holes.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Photo showing an example of the D-shaped exit holes created by the Emerald Ash Borer as adults.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
There are a combination of strategies that are currently being used to try and keep EAB population in check, however most of them are focused on treating the trees after they are infested and showing signs of decline in an attempt to prolong their lives. The four main treatments being used in an attempt to remove the EAB are: trunk injections, bark sprays, [[soil]] drenches, and ash tree removal and replacement. Once a tree is infested there is a 50/50 chance that the treatments will be successful, however even if these chemical treatments are successful the trees will still have to be treated every 1-2 years to prevent EAB from returning. These treatments are extremely expensive and due to their relatively low success rate many private land owners typically select to have the trees removed and replaced before they die. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:trunk_injection.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Photo showing a common treatment for Emerald Ash Borers called a trunk injection.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
There are studies being done that are looking at the potential that native woodpeckers and parasitoid wasps may have in combating EAB. Within its native range the main predators of EAB are different species of parasitoid wasps, so many places including Purdue University, Colorado State, Michigan State, and Ohio State are studying whether or not native North American wasps would have any effect on EAB compared to their native predator wasps. Additionally, one of the only animals in North America that will consistently eat EAB larvae are woodpeckers and an increased amount of woodpeckers can often be used as a sign that an ash tree has become infested with EAB. There are additional studies that are examining how woodpeckers may be used in the remediation of EAB—specifically the downy, hairy, and red-bellied woodpeckers are known the feed on EAB regularly. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:wasp_1.jpg|300px|thumb|left|Photo of ''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', one of the non-native parasitoid wasps being studied.]]<br />
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Currently both of these strategies are not currently being employed on a large scale but there are studies that show that specifically using wasps to help curb EAB populations may be a useful and effective method. Currently there are four species of parasitoid wasps being used as biocontrols in an attempt to decrease EAB populations: ''Oobius agrili'', ''Tetrastichus planipennisi'', ''Spathius agrili'', and ''Spathius galinae''. All four of these are non-native wasps from Asia that are specifically targetting EAB, and the USDA remains optimistic that the combined effects of woodpeckers, native and introduced parasitoid wasps, intraspecific competition, disease, tree defensive mechanisms, and overall reduced ash populations may help contribute to the collapse of EAB populations in the United States.<br />
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==References==<br />
[1] Denver Parks and Recreation. 2016. Emerald Ash Borer Treatment Options. https://beasmartash.org/what-can-i-do/emerald-ash-borer-treatment/.<br />
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<br />
[2] Dickinson, J., and W. Hochakcha. 2013, August 8. Increase in Woodpecker Populations Linked to Feasting on Emerald Ash Borer. <br />
https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/news/release/woodpeckers-and-eab.<br />
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<br />
[3] Duan, J., L. Bauer, R. van Driesche, and J. Gould. 2018. Progress and Challenges of Protecting North American Ash Trees from the Emerald Ash Borer Using Biological Control. Forests 9:142.<br />
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<br />
[4] Duan, J. J., L. S. Bauer, and R. G. Van Driesche. 2017. Emerald ash borer biocontrol in ash saplings: The potential for early stage recovery of North American ash trees. Forest [[Ecology]] and Management 394:64–72.<br />
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[5] Duan, J. J., R. G. V. Driesche, L. S. Bauer, R. Reardon, J. Gould, and J. S. Elkinton. 2019, June. The Role of Biocontrol of Emerald Ash Borer in Protecting Ash Regeneration After Invasion. USDA Forest Service.<br />
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<br />
[6] Farmer, S. 2015, September 22. Emerald Ash Borer and its Enemy Wasps. https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/compass/2015/09/22/emerald-ash-borer-and-its-enemy-wasps/.<br />
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<br />
[7] Liesch, P., and R. C. Williamson. 2022, April 8. Homeowner Guide to Emerald Ash Borer Insecticide Treatments. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/homeowner-guide-emerald-ash-borer-insecticide-treatments/.<br />
<br />
<br />
[8] USDA APHIS | Emerald Ash Borer Beetle. (n.d.). . https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/resources/pests-diseases/hungry-pests/the-threat/emerald-ash-borer/emerald-ash-borer-beetle.<br />
<br />
<br />
[9] USDA Forest Service. 2010, October 18. Invasive Species - Forest Disturbance Processes - Northern Research Station - USDA Forest Service. https://www.nrs.fs.fed.us/disturbance/invasive_species/eab/pubs/maps/.</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9161Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T03:45:14Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
|[[File:ash_borer_1.jpg|200px|thumb]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |Source: <br />
|}<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The EAB is native to Asia and was first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
[[File:native_range.gif|200px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of the EAB.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The EAB goes through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when the EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once the EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them. <br />
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[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|400px|thumb|left|Photo from the Alaska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of the EAB.]]<br />
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Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature. <br />
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<br />
<br />
==Effects==<br />
The EAB has decimated the Whi<br />
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<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
==Remediation Strategies==<br />
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==References==</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9156Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T03:35:29Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
| image = ash_borer_1.jpg<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |Source: <br />
|}<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The EAB is native to Asia and was first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
[[File:native_range.gif|200px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of the EAB.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
The EAB goes through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when the EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once the EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|400px|thumb|left|Photo from the Alaska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of the EAB.]]<br />
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<br />
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Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature. <br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Effects==<br />
The EAB has decimated the Whi<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Remediation Strategies==<br />
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<br />
==References==</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:EAB_lifecycle.png&diff=9149File:EAB lifecycle.png2022-05-11T03:31:50Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Native_range.gif&diff=9148File:Native range.gif2022-05-11T03:31:29Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9147Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T03:29:37Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
| image = ash_borer_1.jpg<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Insects|Insecta]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Coleoptera]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |Source: <br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The EAB is native to Asia and was first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
[[File:native_range.gif|200px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of the EAB.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Photo from the Alaska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of the EAB.]]<br />
The EAB goes through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when the EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once the EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them. <br />
<br />
Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature. <br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Effects==<br />
The EAB has decimated the Whi<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Remediation Strategies==<br />
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<br />
==References==</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9143Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T03:23:15Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:right; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
| image = ash_borer_1.jpg<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |Source: Integrated Taxonomic Information System<ref name="ITIS">[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=977384#null "Integrated Taxonomic Information System - Report"], ''ITIS'' USGS Open-File Report 2006-1195: Nomenclature", ''USGS'', n.d.. Retrieved 5/1/2022.</ref><br />
|}<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Background==<br />
The EAB is native to Asia and was first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
[[File:native_range.gif|200px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of the EAB.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Life Cycle==<br />
[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Photo from the Alaska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of the EAB.]]<br />
The EAB goes through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when the EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once the EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them. <br />
<br />
Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature. <br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Effects==<br />
<br />
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<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Remediation Strategies==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
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<br />
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<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9142Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T03:22:48Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. The adults are dark green with a metallic appearance and a bright red upper abdomen when its wings are extended; the larvae are white, segmented, flat-headed borers that will go through four larval instars before emerging as adults. <br />
<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
| image = ash_borer_1.jpg<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |Source: Integrated Taxonomic Information System<ref name="ITIS">[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=977384#null "Integrated Taxonomic Information System - Report"], ''ITIS'' USGS Open-File Report 2006-1195: Nomenclature", ''USGS'', n.d.. Retrieved 5/1/2022.</ref><br />
|}<br />
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<br />
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==Background==<br />
The EAB is native to Asia and was first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
[[File:native_range.gif|200px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of the EAB.]]<br />
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==Life Cycle==<br />
[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Photo from the Alaska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of the EAB.]]<br />
The EAB goes through three major life stages: the larvae, the pupae, and the adult. White eggs are laid with cracks and gaps in the ash tree bark and will turn a red-brown later on. Larvae eat through the bark and begin to develop within the cambium and inner phloem layers of the tree. They will feed on the tree creating long narrow channels within the sapwood, this is the stage when the EAB do the most harm to the trees. After the larvae have fully matured they create a hollow in the outer bark where they fold into a J shape and develop into pupae and eventually adults. Once the EAB have fully matured they eat through the bark leaving a characteristic D shaped hole behind them. <br />
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Adults will only emerge after there have been between 400 and 500 consecutive days above 50°F (10°C), and after they have emerged they will eat the leaves from the ash trees for a week prior to mating. On average adults can live for around six weeks and females will lay between 40 and 70 eggs, however some females that live longer can produce up to 200 eggs in their life time. This process can take one or two years, the developing larvae can overwinter inside the trees however this will result in that individual taking an extra year to fully mature. <br />
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==Effects==<br />
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==Remediation Strategies==<br />
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==References==</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9129Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T02:48:51Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>Also known as ''Agrilus planipennis'' or simply EAB the Emerald Ash Borer is a highly invasive species that is devastating [[White Ash Tree|Ash]] populations across North America. <br />
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; float:left; margin-left: 10px;<br />
|+ !colspan="2" style="min-width:12em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)|'''Scientific Classification'''<br />
|-<br />
| image = ash_borer_1.jpg<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Kingdom:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |[[Animals|Animalia]]<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Phylum:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Arthropoda<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Class:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Insecta<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Order:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Coleoptera<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Family:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |Buprestidae<br />
|-<br />
!style="min-width:6em; |Genus:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''Agrilus''<br />
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!style="min-width:6em; |Species:<br />
|style="min-width:6em; |''planipennis''<br />
|-<br />
|colspan="2" |Source: Integrated Taxonomic Information System<ref name="ITIS">[https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=977384#null "Integrated Taxonomic Information System - Report"], ''ITIS'' USGS Open-File Report 2006-1195: Nomenclature", ''USGS'', n.d.. Retrieved 5/1/2022.</ref><br />
|}<br />
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==Background==<br />
The EAB is native to Asia and was first documented in the United States in Southeast Michigan in 2002. It is believed that it was brought here in wooden shipping pallets and other untreated wood products. In its native habitat EAB has several natural predators including multiple species of parasitoid wasps, however in North America there are currently no [[animals]] that eat it, however there are studies being done examining the potential role that woodpeckers may have on the species. <br />
[[File:native_range.gif|200px|thumb|right|Photo from the USDA showing the native range of the EAB.]]<br />
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[[File:EAB_lifecycle.png|200px|thumb|left|Photo from the Alaska Department of Agriculture outlining the different life stages of the EAB.]]</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Emerald_Ash_Borer&diff=9112Emerald Ash Borer2022-05-11T02:26:04Z<p>Jsebesta: Created page with "coming soon"</p>
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<div>coming soon</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Armadillidium_vulgare&diff=8506Armadillidium vulgare2022-05-04T21:37:55Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>''Armadillidium vulgare'', also commonly referred to as the Common Pill bug, Sowbugs (even though this is an incorrect classification), Roly-Polies, Potato bugs and even Wood Lice. They are members of the [[Isopods]], not to be confused with an insect[1]. They belong to the family Armadillidiidae and are found almost everywhere and are [[soil]]/ground dwelling isopods. These isopods can easily be spotted, as they roll into a ball to protect themselves. Pill bugs can reach densities of over 10,000 individuals per square meter which converts to 900 individuals per square foot [2]. There are 4,000 different species of Armadillidium vulgare and are none are considered dangerous—pill bugs do not bite, sting, or carry any diseases. They also do not lay their eggs indoors however, they may damage the roots of plants while feeding [3].<br />
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==Taxonomy==<br />
'''Kingdom:''' Animalia <br />
'''Subphylum:''' Crustacea<br />
'''Class:''' Malacostraca <br />
'''Order:''' Isopoda<br />
'''Family:''' Armadillidiidae<br />
'''Genus:''' Armadillidium<br />
'''Species:''' vulgaris<br />
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[[File:Pillbug1.jpg|thumb|Armadillidium vulgare with a zoom up close]]<br />
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==Description==<br />
Pill bugs have a type of hard armor/shell, which is similar to that of an armadillo. This hard armor is used to protect the isopod from any danger. It is plate like and allows for a quick and full protection when they roll into a ball. These little guys are between 1/4 and 5/8 inches long and have seven pairs of legs and 2 pairs of antennae. They are most commonly found to be a light grey, but have been seen in many colors, including brown, black, yellow, and on rare occasions a deep red color [4]. They are special in the fact they exhibit extreme patience when they are threatened, spending hours inside of their ball until they feel it is safe to emerge [1]. In terms of speed they are considered slow movers, which is why they are so defensive with their outer shell. Their main source of food is decaying leaves and roots of some plants.<br />
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==Habitat==<br />
Found all over the world, Pill bugs are quite lenient with this habitat choice. Usually found within the ground and leaf litter, they can find their homes below any type of forest or grass soil. They feed on roots while underground, which is the only time they are considered harmful. Flip over any type of rock or fallen tree and you'll more than likely find tens to hundreds of Pill bugs. They require a humid and dark habitat and are mainly nocturnal [[animals]] [5].<br />
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==Ecosystem Importance==<br />
A study was conducted on the effects of the behavior of Pill bugs on [[decomposing]] dead plant material in a hardwood forest in Florida. The Pill bugs’ [[foraging]] had a positive impact on the ecosystem, shown by nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium being increased inside of the soil. Increased pH, and higher amounts of carbon eliminated from fallen leaves was also reported from the presence of these isopods [7].<br />
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[[File:Pillbug2.jpg|thumb|Comparison of ''Armadillidium vulgare'' in its Adult and as Larva stages]]<br />
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==Life Cycle==<br />
'''Eggs:''' Eggs are carried in a pouch by the mother on the underside of her body. The eggs can reach a diameter of 0.7 mm and after three to four weeks the eggs will start to hatch. Females may produce up to three broods every year and each brood is composed of 100-200 eggs.<br />
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'''Larva:''' The newborns continue living in the pouch on their mother for an additional one to two weeks and grow up to 2 mm in length before they are left on their own. While in the pouch, they feed on a fluid generated from the mother called marsupial fluid [6]. Once on their own the very next day the larva undergo their first molt. A few weeks later the second molt takes place, this allows for the seventh pair of legs to be created. Once the second molt take place, Pill bugs repeat the molting every two weeks for the next 18-20 weeks [6].<br />
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'''Adult:''' Once all molting is finished, the Pill bug is now an adult. This is when it will reach its maximum length and develop one pair of antennae and a pair of antennules which are used to help sense their surroundings and environment. As an adult they have compound eyes on both sides of their head and their body is usually made up of seven different segments with an abdomen. Seven pairs of legs are on an adult, one pair for each segment. You can tell the difference between the males and females once they reach adulthood. Females have a pouch on the underside, whereas males have copulatory organs in that same location. The expected lifespan for ''Armadillidium vulgare'' is anywhere from two to five years [6].<br />
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==References==<br />
[1] (“Common Pillbug (Armadillidium vulgaris)” n.d.). . https://www.insectidentification.org/insect-description.php?identification=Common-Pillbug<br />
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[2] (Jan Frouza; Richard Lobinske; Jirí Kalcík; Arshad Ali (2008). . https://doi.org/10.1653/0015-4040(2008)91[328:EOTECA]2.0.CO;2<br />
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[3] (“How many species of pill bugs are there?” n.d.). . https://findanyanswer.com/how-many-species-of-pill-bugs-are-there<br />
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[4] (“Get Rid of Pill Bugs (Rollie Pollies) - Pill bug Pest Info” n.d.). . https://www.pestworld.org/pest-guide/occasional-invaders/pillbugs/<br />
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[5] (“pillbug - Armadillidium vulgare” n.d.). . https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/MISC/Armadillidium_vulgare.htm<br />
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[6] Capinera JL. 2001. Handbook of vegetable pests. Academic Press, San Diego. .<br />
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[7] Frouz J, Lobinske R, Kalcik J, Ali A. 2008. Effects of the exotic crustacean, Armadillidium vulgare (Isopoda), and other macrofauna on [[Organic Matter|organic matter]] dynamics in soil microcosms in a hardwood forest in central Florida. Florida Entomological Society 91: 328-331. .</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Garden_snail&diff=8504Garden snail2022-05-04T21:27:22Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>''Cornu Aspersum'', otherwise known as the garden snail, is likely the most widely known species of all terrestrial mollusks. It is in the family Helicidae which includes many of the most common land snails. It used to be under the classification ''Helix Aspersa'', however the newer classification groups it into the genus ''Cornu''.<br />
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It is widely regarded as a garden pest due to the accidental introduction of the organism into many areas, however in some parts of the world it is also desired as a food item. <br />
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[[File:Garden Snail Pic.jpg|thumb| A common garden snail crawling on vegetation]]<br />
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==Taxonomy==<br />
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'''Kingdom:''' Animalia <br />
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'''Phylum:''' Mollusca<br />
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'''Class:''' [[Gastropoda]]<br />
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'''Order:''' Stylommatophora <br />
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'''Family:''' Helicidae<br />
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'''Genus:''' Cornu<br />
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'''Species:''' Cornu Aspersum <br />
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==Description==<br />
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Adults have a thin but hard calcareous shell that can be 1-1.5 inches in diameter and 1-1.375 inches high [1]. Their shells vary in color and shade but are typically a reticulated pattern of dark brown, brownish-golden, or chestnut with yellow stripes, flecks, or streaks. The body of the garden snail is soft, slimy, and brownish-gray in color. Its soft body is able to be fully retracted into its shell which it does whenever it is resting or feels threatened. Another mechanism the garden snail uses when threatened, injured, or irritated is a defensive froth of mucus that might repel some enemies or overwhelm aggressive small ants and other [[insects]] [4].<br />
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[[File: Garden Snail Shell.jpg|thumb| Picture showing the appearance and differences among Garden Snail shells]] <br />
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Unlike other species within the class [[Gastropoda]], garden snails do not have a operculum which is a type of seal certain mollusks use in order to keep in moisture and for defense against small predators. Instead, during dry or cold weather garden snails seal the aperture of the shell with a thin membrane of dried mucus, called an epiphragm.<br />
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[[File: Garden Snail Anatomy.png]]<br />
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== Life Cycle and Reproduction ==<br />
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Members of ''Cornu aspersum'' are [hermaphrodites], meaning they produce both male and female gametes [2]. Because of this reproduction is usually sexual, however self-fertilization can sometimes occur. Mating sessions often taken several hours in which sperm is shared between each snail; garden snails are also one of the species that use "Love Darts" in mating.<br />
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Two weeks after fertilization, garden snails lay around 80 spherical white eggs into small spaces in topsoil or even in spaces under rocks. Within the span of a year a garden snail can lay around six batches of eggs, with the eggs being about 4mm in diameter. Upon hatching young garden snails take one to two years to reach maturity and begin the reproductive cycle all over. <br />
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[[File: Garden Snail Eggs.jpg|thumb| This picture depicts the spherical white Garden Snail eggs shown in the spaces in the topsoil in order to protect eggs from outside harm]] <br />
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==Habitat==<br />
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''Cornu aspersum'' is native to the Mediterranean region and its present range stretches from northwest Africa and Iberia, eastwards to Asia Minor and Egypt and northwards to the British Isles. However there is an increasing non-native distribution to other regions of the world including Australia, North America, Costa Rica, and South America [3]. Due to their deliberate or accidental introduction into various regions it is now cosmopolitan in temperate zones, and has become naturalized in regions with climates that differ from the Mediterranean climate in which it evolved. <br />
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==Human Importance==<br />
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The common garden snail is a species most notably known to humans as an agriculture and garden pest, an edible delicacy, and also occasionally a household pet. When it comes to being used as a food source garden snails are used as the main ingredient when making escargot which is most commonly known for being a special French cuisine enjoyed worldwide. In attempts to reduce damage to crops and other plants, pesticides and other control options such as caffeine and copper are used in order to prevent garden snails from reaching foliage and fruit to consume. Even other species of snail such as the decollate snail are used as predators to prevent garden snails from infesting areas. Additionally, garden snails are used for their secretions as many of the compounds and chemicals are used in gels and moisturizers for human skin care [5]. <br />
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==References==<br />
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[1] Garden Snail (cornu aspersum) n.d. iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/taxa/480298-Cornu-aspersum#Description <br />
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[2] Brown garden snail - cornu asperum (Müller). https://entnemdept.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/gastro/brown_garden_snail.htm <br />
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[3] CABI, 2015. Cornu aspersum (common garden snail). https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/26821 <br />
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[4] Ansart, A.; Vernon, P.; Daguzan, J. (2002). "Elements of cold hardiness in a littoral population of the land snail Cornu aspersum (Gastropoda: Pulmonata)". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 172 (7): 619–625.<br />
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[5] Liu, Lucy; Sood, Anshum; Steinweg, Stephanie (2017). "Snails and Skin Care—An Uncovered Combination". JAMA Dermatol. 153 (7): 650. doi:10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.1383. PMID 28700796.<br />
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[6] Welter-Schultes, F. "Genus taxon summary for Cornu. version 12-01-2014". AnimalBase.</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Wolf_Spider&diff=8503Wolf Spider2022-05-04T21:19:19Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>Wolf spiders are members of the family Lycosidae. This family belongs to the order Araneae, which includes all known spiders. There are more than 100 genera and about 2,300 species of wolf spiders with 200 of those species living in the United States [1]. The wolf spider mainly feeds on [[insects]], has a lifespan of up to a year (making them annuals), and ranges in size from 0.24 to 1.2 inches [2].<br />
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[[File:Wolf spider white bg.jpg|thumb|Wolf Spider Full Body View]]<br />
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== Taxonomy ==<br />
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; width:85%;"|<br />
|-<br />
|<br />
! scope="col" | Kingdom<br />
! scope="col" | Phylum<br />
! scope="col" | Class<br />
! scope="col" | Order<br />
! scope="col" | Family<br />
|-<br />
! scope="row" | Classification<br />
| Animalia<br />
| Arthropoda<br />
| Arachnida<br />
| Araneae<br />
| Lycosidae<br />
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==Description==<br />
The size of the wolf spider can be as small as 1/4 inch but can grow as large as 2 inches, with females being much larger than males. Their eyes are separated into 3 rows with the bottom row containing 4 small eyes, the middle row containing 2 large eyes, and then the top row containing 2 medium-sized eyes. This gives them the powerful vision to detect their prey, even at night. Their bodies are also covered in hairs that help them detect their surroundings with touch. Wolf spiders have a wide range of colorations including black, orange, brown, and grey [3]. <br />
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==Habitats==<br />
Wolf spiders are found all throughout the United States. Their common habitats include woods, grasslands, and shrubbery (any area that has a close source of running water). Since there is such a variety in species and size, their range of habitats is broad. Instead of living on spun webs, the wolf spiders create shallow burrows in the dirt for resting and overwintering [4].<br />
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==Mating and Reproduction==<br />
Male wolf spiders only come in contact with female wolf spiders during their mating season. Mating takes place outside of the female's burrow at night. The male is attracted to the female through the pheromones from the silk they produce. Males perform a complex mating dance that includes complex leg movements and palp signaling to the female. After mating is completed, the female constructs an egg sac that she carries around and protects. Females are very defensive over their egg sacs and show aggressive behaviors when they are lost or to protect them [1].<br />
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[[File:Wolf Spider with egg sac (31663965492).jpg|thumb|Wolf spider with egg sac]]<br />
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==Hunting Habits==<br />
Wolf spiders get their name from the way that they hunt and stalk their prey. They are usually lone hunters, which does not hinder their chances of catching prey. Just like actual wolves, the wolf spider leaps at its prey after stalking them and uses its strong jaws to bite and consume them. Common prey of this species includes: crickets, earwigs, grasshoppers, flies, and ants [3]. They have even been found to prey upon small reptiles or amphibians in some cases. Unlike other arachnid species, wolf spiders will hunt in a set territory and return prey to their nest to consume it [1].<br />
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==References==<br />
[1] Wolf Spiders - Great Facts, Venom & Habitat Information. (n.d.). .<br />
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[2] Wolf Spider Facts. 2018, December 14. . https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/invertebrates/facts/wolf-spider.<br />
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[3]Wolf Spider - Size, Appearance, Bite, Facts and Pictures. 2018, November 15. . https://badpests.com/wolf-spider/.<br />
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[4] Wolf Spider Habitat | Terminix. (n.d.). . https://www.terminix.com/spiders/wolf/where-do-wolf-spiders-live/.</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8445Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T04:18:16Z<p>Jsebesta: /* References */</p>
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<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
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==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
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Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
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A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
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==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [2]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [5]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
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[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
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==Ecological Importance==<br />
[[File:miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a trout lily miner bee (''Andrena erythronii'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
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Spring Ephemerals are extremely important to forest ecosystems, especially to insect pollinators. There are a variety of insect pollinators that rely on these wildflowers for food in the early spring, and some are specialist pollinators that primarily feed on these flowers. Beeflies, mining bees, bumblebees, and syrphid flies are some examples of early pollinators who rely on these early blooming wildflowers to sustain themselves [3]. Additionally, small [[animals]] also rely on these plants for food; there is a documented relationship between Mayapple and box turtles that suggests that box turtles are one of the main seed dispersers of Mayapples because many animals do not eat the fruits that are produced due to the leaves and roots being toxic [4].<br />
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[[File:spring_miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a spring beauty miner bee (''Andrena erigeniae'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
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==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
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==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
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[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
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[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
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[4] Holcomb, A. 2021, April 29. Nature In The Natural State: The Symbiotic Relationship Of Mayapples And Boxturtles. https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/2021-04-29/nature-in-the-natural-state-the-symbiotic-relationship-of-mayapples-and-boxturtles.<br />
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[5] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
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[6] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[7] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8444Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T04:17:59Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [2]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [5]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
[[File:miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a trout lily miner bee (''Andrena erythronii'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
<br />
Spring Ephemerals are extremely important to forest ecosystems, especially to insect pollinators. There are a variety of insect pollinators that rely on these wildflowers for food in the early spring, and some are specialist pollinators that primarily feed on these flowers. Beeflies, mining bees, bumblebees, and syrphid flies are some examples of early pollinators who rely on these early blooming wildflowers to sustain themselves [3]. Additionally, small [[animals]] also rely on these plants for food; there is a documented relationship between Mayapple and box turtles that suggests that box turtles are one of the main seed dispersers of Mayapples because many animals do not eat the fruits that are produced due to the leaves and roots being toxic [4].<br />
<br />
[[File:spring_miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a spring beauty miner bee (''Andrena erigeniae'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Holcomb, A. 2021, April 29. Nature In The Natural State: The Symbiotic Relationship Of Mayapples And Boxturtles. https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/2021-04-29/nature-in-the-natural-state-the-symbiotic-relationship-of-mayapples-and-boxturtles.<br />
<br />
[5] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[6] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[7] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8443Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T04:17:34Z<p>Jsebesta: /* Cultural Importance */</p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [2]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [5]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
[[File:miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a trout lily miner bee (''Andrena erythronii'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
<br />
Spring Ephemerals are extremely important to forest ecosystems, especially to insect pollinators. There are a variety of insect pollinators that rely on these wildflowers for food in the early spring, and some are specialist pollinators that primarily feed on these flowers. Beeflies, mining bees, bumblebees, and syrphid flies are some examples of early pollinators who rely on these early blooming wildflowers to sustain themselves [3]. Additionally, small [[animals]] also rely on these plants for food; there is a documented relationship between Mayapple and box turtles that suggests that box turtles are one of the main seed dispersers of Mayapples because many animals do not eat the fruits that are produced due to the leaves and roots being toxic [4].<br />
<br />
[[File:spring_miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a spring beauty miner bee (''Andrena erigeniae'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Holcomb, A. 2021, April 29. Nature In The Natural State: The Symbiotic Relationship Of Mayapples And Boxturtles. https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/2021-04-29/nature-in-the-natural-state-the-symbiotic-relationship-of-mayapples-and-boxturtles.<br />
<br />
[5] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[6] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[7] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8442Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T04:17:09Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [2]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [5]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
[[File:miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a trout lily miner bee (''Andrena erythronii'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
<br />
Spring Ephemerals are extremely important to forest ecosystems, especially to insect pollinators. There are a variety of insect pollinators that rely on these wildflowers for food in the early spring, and some are specialist pollinators that primarily feed on these flowers. Beeflies, mining bees, bumblebees, and syrphid flies are some examples of early pollinators who rely on these early blooming wildflowers to sustain themselves [3]. Additionally, small [[animals]] also rely on these plants for food; there is a documented relationship between Mayapple and box turtles that suggests that box turtles are one of the main seed dispersers of Mayapples because many animals do not eat the fruits that are produced due to the leaves and roots being toxic [4].<br />
<br />
[[File:spring_miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a spring beauty miner bee (''Andrena erigeniae'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Holcomb, A. 2021, April 29. Nature In The Natural State: The Symbiotic Relationship Of Mayapples And Boxturtles. https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/2021-04-29/nature-in-the-natural-state-the-symbiotic-relationship-of-mayapples-and-boxturtles.<br />
<br />
[5] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[6] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[7] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Spring_miner_bee.jpg&diff=8441File:Spring miner bee.jpg2022-05-03T04:16:34Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Miner_bee.jpg&diff=8440File:Miner bee.jpg2022-05-03T04:16:14Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8439Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T04:16:01Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [2]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [5]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
[[File:miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a trout lily miner bee (''Andrena erythronii'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
<br />
Spring Ephemerals are extremely important to forest ecosystems, especially to insect pollinators. There are a variety of insect pollinators that rely on these wildflowers for food in the early spring, and some are specialist pollinators that primarily feed on these flowers. Beeflies, mining bees, bumblebees, and syrphid flies are some examples of early pollinators who rely on these early blooming wildflowers to sustain themselves [3]. Additionally, small [[animals]] also rely on these plants for food; there is a documented relationship between Mayapple and box turtles that suggests that box turtles are one of the main seed dispersers of Mayapples because many animals do not eat the fruits that are produced due to the leaves and roots being toxic [4].<br />
<br />
[[File:spring_miner_bee.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a spring beauty miner bee (''Andrena erigeniae'') a native specialist pollinator .]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Holcomb, A. 2021, April 29. Nature In The Natural State: The Symbiotic Relationship Of Mayapples And Boxturtles. https://www.ualrpublicradio.org/2021-04-29/nature-in-the-natural-state-the-symbiotic-relationship-of-mayapples-and-boxturtles.<br />
<br />
[5] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[6] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[7] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8438Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:51:09Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
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<br />
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<br />
<br />
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<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[5] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[6] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8437Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:50:45Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[5] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[6] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8436Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:50:19Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
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<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[5] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[6] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:BlueCohosh.jpg&diff=8435File:BlueCohosh.jpg2022-05-03T03:49:06Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Mayapple-group.jpg&diff=8434File:Mayapple-group.jpg2022-05-03T03:48:43Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Trout-lily-bulbs.jpg&diff=8433File:Trout-lily-bulbs.jpg2022-05-03T03:48:22Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Spring_beauties.jpg&diff=8432File:Spring beauties.jpg2022-05-03T03:47:53Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Trout_lily.jpg&diff=8431File:Trout lily.jpg2022-05-03T03:46:24Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8430Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:45:55Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproductive Adaptations==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
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----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[5] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[6] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8429Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:39:51Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
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----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
[5] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[6] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8428Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:39:13Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
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----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] Steffen, J. 2018, April 22. The Secrets of Spring Ephemerals in the Woods | Chicago Botanic Garden. https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods.<br />
<br />
[2] Anzelone, M. 2010, April 1. Native Spring Ephemerals. https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[3] Everett, B., and L. Schaefer. 2019, January 28. Thinking of Spring (Part 2): The Ecological Role of Spring Ephemerals. https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals.<br />
<br />
[4] Lobstein, M. 2022. Mayapple Plant Profile. https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/.<br />
<br />
<br />
[5] Weldy, T., D. Werier, and A. Nelson. 2022. Erythronium americanum ssp. americanum - Species Page - NYFA: New York Flora Atlas. https://newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1797.<br />
<br />
[6] Tiles, K. 2012, May 11. Spring Wildflowers and Edibles. https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8427Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:19:02Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
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----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods <br />
<br />
[2] https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals<br />
<br />
[3] https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals <br />
<br />
[4] https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/<br />
<br />
[5] https://budburst.org/plants/24<br />
<br />
[6] https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erythronium-americanum/<br />
<br />
[7] https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8426Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:18:22Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
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----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods <br />
[2] https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals<br />
[3] https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals <br />
[4] https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/<br />
[5] https://budburst.org/plants/24<br />
[6] https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erythronium-americanum/<br />
[7] https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8425Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:18:00Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
----<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods <br />
[2] https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals<br />
[3] https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals <br />
[4] https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/<br />
[5] https://budburst.org/plants/24<br />
[6] https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erythronium-americanum/<br />
[7] https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8424Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:17:18Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods <br />
[2] https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals<br />
[3] https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals <br />
[4] https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/<br />
[5] https://budburst.org/plants/24<br />
[6] https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erythronium-americanum/<br />
[7] https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8423Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T03:16:34Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). There are other types of ephemeral plants (including desert ephemerals, which bloom quickly after a heavy rainfall in desert ecosystems) however this page discusses spring ephemerals which take advantage of the sunlight available in temperate deciduous forests in the early spring [1]. <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|220px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous, low growing, perennial wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves [2]. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the corms of a trout lily, which grow throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
Since ephemerals are spread out across many different plant families there is not one shared method of reproduction, but rather many different reproduction methods that allow these plants to reproduce quickly and efficiently. The main reproductive attribute that most ephemerals share is that they are perennials which flower and produce seeds within 40-60 days of sprouting [5]. Some ephemerals, like Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum''), can partially avoid the energetic costs of seed production by reproducing asexually and creating clonal patches across the forest floor, only producing seeds and fruit after reaching maturity after about 4 years [4]. Meanwhile other spring ephemerals will wait up to 7 years before producing any flowers or seeds, the Trout lily is an example of this strategy [6].<br />
<br />
[[File:mayapple-group.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of a patch of Mayapple (''Podophyllum peltatum'') that has reproduced clonally.]]<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
Most native spring ephemerals in our area are edible and/or used for medicinal treatments. As some of the first herbaceous plants people have collect the plants to supplement their food and medicinal stores from the winter for thousands of years. Today the knowledge of how to forage native plants is once again becoming more widespread, and as a result the importance and acknowledgement of spring ephemerals is increasing as well. However, there are still many people today who simply view these plants as a sign that spring has arrived [7]. <br />
[[File:BlueCohosh.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of Blue Cohosh (''Caulophyllum thalictroides''). This plant has been used medicinally to induce labor and relieve menstrual pain for thousands of years.]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
[1] https://www.chicagobotanic.org/blog/plant_science_conservation/secrets_spring_ephemerals_woods <br />
[2] https://www.bbg.org/gardening/article/native_spring_ephemerals<br />
[3] https://edgeofthewoodsnursery.com/the-ecological-role-of-spring-ephemerals <br />
[4] https://vnps.org/princewilliamwildflowersociety/botanizing-with-marion/mayapple-plant-profile/<br />
[5] https://budburst.org/plants/24<br />
[6] https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/erythronium-americanum/<br />
[7] https://woodlandinfo.org/spring-wildflowers-and-edibles/</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8414Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T02:29:32Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). <br />
[[Image:spring_beauties.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[Image:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous low growing wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[Image:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the bulbs of a trout lily which grows throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8413Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T02:23:47Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). <br />
[[File:spring_beauties.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of Eastern Spring Beauty (''Claytonia virginica'').]]<br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous low growing wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the bulbs of a trout lily which grows throughout the season.]]<br />
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==Reproduction==<br />
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==Ecological Importance==<br />
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==Cultural Importance==<br />
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==References==</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8412Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T02:20:24Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
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<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). <br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
[[File:trout_lily.jpg|200px|thumb|left|Photo of a yellow trout lily (''Erythronium americanum''), a common spring ephemeral in our area.]]<br />
<br />
Typically spring ephemerals are herbaceous low growing wildflowers with short lifecycles and belowground storage organs which store excess sugars and carbohydrates that the plants live off of for the remainder of the year once they go dormant again. These plants are often the earliest sprouting plants within the forest—since they have to take advantage of the sunlight before the trees grow their leaves and shade out the plants on the forest floor—and will have produced flowers, released seeds, and reentered dormancy before most other plants have begun to produce leaves. <br />
<br />
A major advantage that many spring ephemerals share is the possession of an underground storage organ of some sort, like a bulb, corm, or rhizome. These organs allow ephemerals to store the excess quantities of sugars and carbohydrates they made during the early spring and summer in order to draw on those stores after they no longer have access to the sunlight. <br />
[[File:trout-lily-bulbs.jpg|200px|thumb|right|Photo of the bulbs of a trout lily which grows throughout the season.]]<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Jsebestahttps://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Spring_Ephemerals&diff=8409Spring Ephemerals2022-05-03T00:42:41Z<p>Jsebesta: </p>
<hr />
<div>Spring Ephemerals are a subcategory of wildflowers which can be found on the forest floor in temperate areas and go through the entirety of their life cycle before the forest canopy closes in early summer. These flowers are found across a variety of plant families including: Berberidaceae (Barberry), Liliaceae (Lily), Portulacaceae (Purslane), and Geraniaceae (Geranium). <br />
<br />
==Description==<br />
<br />
==Reproduction==<br />
<br />
==Ecological Importance==<br />
<br />
==Cultural Importance==<br />
<br />
==References==</div>Jsebesta