https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Jpkloste 2026-04-13T14:52:32Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.43.0 https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7276 2021-05-07T19:32:29Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Basic moss structure.|thumb|150px|]]<br /> : Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients from their roots to their shoots. Since they lack this tissue, they have dissimilar anatomy to more morphologically complex plants. Instead of roots, members of Bryophyta have rhizoids, which hold their vegetative structures onto whatever substrate that they are growing on. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. This is why these plants are so small. The gametophyte is the non-reproductive vegetative structure that photosynthesizes. The sporophyte is the reproductive structure that is essential to the dispersal of the moss's spores. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Moss_31.JPG&diff=7273 2021-05-07T19:26:44Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=File:Moss_10.jpg&diff=7272 2021-05-07T19:25:44Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7260 2021-05-07T19:02:33Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Basic moss structure.|thumb|150px|]]<br /> : Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients from their roots to their shoots. Since they lack this tissue, they have dissimilar anatomy to more morphologically complex plants. Instead of roots, members of Bryophyta have rhizoids, which hold their vegetative structures onto whatever substrate that they are growing on. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. This is why these plants are so small. The gametophyte is the non-reproductive vegetative structure that photosynthesizes. The sporophyte is the reproductive structure that is essential to the dispersal of the moss's spores. <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7252 2021-05-07T18:51:49Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Basic moss structure.|thumb|150px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7251 2021-05-07T18:51:33Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Basic moss structure.|thumb|150px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7250 2021-05-07T18:51:12Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|150px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7249 2021-05-07T18:50:24Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|150px|]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7248 2021-05-07T18:50:08Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7247 2021-05-07T18:50:00Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7246 2021-05-07T18:49:32Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can commonly be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7245 2021-05-07T18:46:21Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7244 2021-05-07T18:46:07Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7243 2021-05-07T18:45:46Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Life Cycle */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|600px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7242 2021-05-07T18:45:28Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|left|400px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7241 2021-05-07T18:44:54Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|left|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7240 2021-05-07T18:44:35Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|left|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7239 2021-05-07T18:44:13Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|left|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7238 2021-05-07T18:43:50Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Environmental Role */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|left|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7237 2021-05-07T18:43:07Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Environmental Role */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|left|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7236 2021-05-07T18:42:47Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Life Cycle */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|left|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7235 2021-05-07T18:42:37Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7234 2021-05-07T18:42:20Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7233 2021-05-07T18:42:06Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|Left]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7232 2021-05-07T18:41:56Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|framed|200px|Left]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7231 2021-05-07T18:41:28Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|framed|200px|right]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7230 2021-05-07T18:39:40Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|framed|200px|right]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7229 2021-05-07T18:39:18Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7228 2021-05-07T18:38:43Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Life Cycle */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|center|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7227 2021-05-07T18:37:48Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Life Cycle */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|middle|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7226 2021-05-07T18:37:32Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Life Cycle */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb|middle|500px]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7225 2021-05-07T18:36:43Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb|200px|right]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7223 2021-05-07T18:35:08Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* References */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==References==<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7222 2021-05-07T18:34:47Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Structure */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7220 2021-05-07T18:34:35Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:mossstructure.png|right|Basic moss structure.|thumb]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Structure of Moss [2]|thumb]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7219 2021-05-07T18:33:43Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Moss_1.JPG|right|Ceratodon purpureus (Redshank) in WNY.|thumb]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Structure of Moss [2]|thumb]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> : Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhizoids grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy soil substrates. Moss is resilient and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater run-off or already present in the soil. Toxic elements like mercury, iron, and lead can be filtered through moss, making mosses a useful component in the bioremediation of areas. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to create humid microhabitats, where plant seeds can easily germinate and soil arthropods can flourish. [10] <br /> <br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-herbivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> <br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7218 2021-05-07T18:27:25Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Moss_1.JPG|right|Ceratodon purpureus (Redshank) in WNY.|thumb]]<br /> <br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Structure of Moss [2]|thumb]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> :Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhiziods grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy substrates. Moss is very tough, and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater. Undesirable elements like mercury, iron, and lead are filtered our through moss, which means that moss can be used to restore land that has been abandoned due to bad soil conditions. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants picked up in run off, like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to retain a lot of water, which means it creates humid environments, where other plants can flourish more easily. It also aids in the [[decomposition]] of organic material, such as fallen trees.<br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-hebivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7217 2021-05-07T18:27:04Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Moss_1.JPG|right|Ceratodon purpureus (Redshank) in WNY.|thumb]]<br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | phylum = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Structure of Moss [2]|thumb]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> :Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhiziods grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy substrates. Moss is very tough, and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater. Undesirable elements like mercury, iron, and lead are filtered our through moss, which means that moss can be used to restore land that has been abandoned due to bad soil conditions. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants picked up in run off, like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to retain a lot of water, which means it creates humid environments, where other plants can flourish more easily. It also aids in the [[decomposition]] of organic material, such as fallen trees.<br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-hebivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Moss&diff=7216 2021-05-07T18:26:34Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:Moss_1.JPG|right|Ceratodon purpureus (Redshank) in WNY.|thumb]]<br /> {{Taxonomy<br /> | common_name = Moss<br /> | kingdom = Plantae<br /> | Division = Bryophyta <br /> }}<br /> <br /> : Mosses are a group of small, non-vascular, plants with a cosmopolitan distribution belonging to the taxonomical division Bryophyta. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, and have a waxy cuticle to prevent water loss. Mosses can typically be found forming dense mats in wet/shady habitats. Some species can be extremely resilient and tolerate many toxins, which is why they can also be found in urban brownfields, growing in the cracks of roadways, or on the sides of buildings. Moss offers a food source and habitat for macro and micro invertebrates. They create microhabitats that are essential to some species of soil [[arthropods]]. [10]<br /> <br /> ==Structure==<br /> [[File:mossstructure.png|left|Structure of Moss [2]|thumb]]<br /> :Moss lacks vascular tissue, which is what other plants use to transport water and nutrients throughout them. Because they lack this tissue, they do not have flowers, roots, or stems. Instead, it has rhizoids, which act like roots holding the cluster in place. Without vascular tissue, water is transported from cell to cell by diffusion. The capsules are the sex organs, and where the spores come out. The stemlike structure supports the leaflike structures, called ''phyllids''. These are the part of the plant that photosynthesize.<br /> <br /> ==Life Cycle==<br /> [[File:Moss_3.png|500px|Moss Life Cycle|thumb]]<br /> :Moss have two parts to their life cycle. The first part, called ''sporophyte'', is the stage where spores are produced. The spores are carried by wind to populate other areas. The second stage, called ''gametophyte'', is after the spores found a place to grow. They develop male and female sex organs, which allow for reproduction. The male sex organ is an antheridial head, which contains sperm. The female sex organ is called an archegonial head, and each finger contains one egg. When it rains, the water splashes the sperm out of the antheridial head, and they swim to the eggs through water droplets. Water is essential in the reproduction of moss, which is why it can only grow in moist environments.<br /> <br /> ==Environmental Role==<br /> :Mosses play an important part in stabilizing [[soil]], and reducing erosion. Their rhiziods grip the ground and can hold on to [[clay]], gravel, and sandy substrates. Moss is very tough, and can withstand many toxins and heavy metals that might be in rainwater. Undesirable elements like mercury, iron, and lead are filtered our through moss, which means that moss can be used to restore land that has been abandoned due to bad soil conditions. In addition to heavy metals, moss can filter other pollutants picked up in run off, like excess sediment and salt used on roadways. Moss has the ability to retain a lot of water, which means it creates humid environments, where other plants can flourish more easily. It also aids in the [[decomposition]] of organic material, such as fallen trees.<br /> :In the garden, moss can be used as a natural pesticide. Moss has internal anti-hebivory compounds, which cause it to taste bad, especially to deer. <br /> <br /> =References=<br /> :[1] Asher, Beth. “Describe the Structure of a Moss Plant.” Hunker, [[https://www.hunker.com/12000232/describe-the-structure-of-a-moss-plant]].<br /> :[2] “Bryophytes.” Prentice Hall Biology, [[https://www.jayreimer.com/TEXTBOOK/iText/products/0-13-115516-4/ch22/ch22_s2_1.html]].<br /> :[3] Lizarazo, Andres. “Moss to Ferns.” SlideShare, 23 Apr. 2014, [[https://www.slideshare.net/andresfgomezl/moss-to-ferns]].<br /> :[4] Martin, Annie. “5 Environmental Benefits of Moss Gardening.” Timber Press, 9 Sept. 2015, [[https://www.timberpress.com/blog/2015/09/5-environmental-benefits-of-moss-gardening/]].<br /> :[5] McLintock, A. H. “Polytrichum, Showing Both Male and Female Gametophytes as Separate Plants.” An Encylcopedia of New Zealand, 1966, [[https://teara.govt.nz/en/1966/24024/polytrichum-showing-both-male-and-female-gametophytes-as-separate-plants]].<br /> :[6] “Moss.” Basic Biology, 23 May 2015, [[https://basicbiology.net/plants/non-vascular/mosses]].<br /> :[7] “Moss Facts.” Soft Schools, [[https://www.softschools.com/facts/plants/moss_facts/504/]].<br /> :[8] “Moss.” Wikipedia, 21 Mar. 2019, [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moss]].<br /> :[9] Stein Carter, J. “Primitive Plants: Mosses, Ferns, and Allies.” Biology Clermont, 11 July 2017, [[https://biologyclermont.info/wwwroot/courses/lab2/mosses%20intro.htm]].<br /> :[10] Gerson, U. 1969. Moss-[[Arthropod]] Associations. The Bryologist 72:495–500.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7215 2021-05-07T18:21:04Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]<br /> <br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Fires deliberately set by Native Americans were responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in the serpentine barrens of the piedmont plateau. Post european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. [1]<br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [[[5]]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7214 2021-05-07T18:20:32Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]<br /> <br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Fires deliberately set by Native Americans were responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in the serpentine barrens of the piedmont plateau. Post european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. <br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [[[5]]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7213 2021-05-07T18:15:17Z

<p>Jpkloste: </p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]<br /> <br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Marye (1955) concluded that fire deliberately set by Native Americans was responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in these serpentine habitats of the Northeast. [1] Post-european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. <br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [[[5]]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7212 2021-05-07T18:09:25Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[[5]]]<br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Marye (1955) concluded that fire deliberately set by Native Americans was responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in these serpentine habitats of the Northeast. [1] Post-european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. <br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [[[5]]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7211 2021-05-07T18:09:06Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Citations: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[5]]<br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Marye (1955) concluded that fire deliberately set by Native Americans was responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in these serpentine habitats of the Northeast. [1] Post-european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. <br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [[[5]]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7210 2021-05-07T18:08:50Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Citations: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[5]]<br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Marye (1955) concluded that fire deliberately set by Native Americans was responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in these serpentine habitats of the Northeast. [1] Post-european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. <br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [[5]] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7209 2021-05-07T18:08:33Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[5]]<br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Marye (1955) concluded that fire deliberately set by Native Americans was responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in these serpentine habitats of the Northeast. [1] Post-european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. <br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [5] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7208 2021-05-07T18:05:33Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [[[5]<br /> ]]<br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy soils, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic soils, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Marye (1955) concluded that fire deliberately set by Native Americans was responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in these serpentine habitats of the Northeast. [1] Post-european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. <br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [5] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Serpentine_Barrens&diff=7205 2021-05-07T18:01:03Z

<p>Jpkloste: /* Edaphic endemism: */</p> <hr /> <div>[[File:SBW-1.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Goat Hill Serpentine Barrens in SE Pennsylvania. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine Barrens are unique ecoregions that can be found globally, in small patchy pockets of land with serpentine [[bedrock]] and [[soil]]. The term &quot;serpentine barren&quot; generally refers to a serpentine outcrop and its associated vegetation. These habitats are notable for their distinct flora with high rates of endemism. The difference in vegetative communities is the product of chemical, physical, and biotic edaphic factors but is primarily driven by the toxic chemical composition of the serpentine bedrock and soil. These systems are used to study edaphic endemism and plant speciation. [2] They are also used as an analog to brownfields in restoration [[ecology]] because of the high heavy metal content in the soil.<br /> <br /> ==Rock formation:==<br /> [[File:SBW-16.jpg|right|thumb|400px|Serpentine talus. Photo by Josh Klostermann]]<br /> <br /> Serpentine is not the name of a single mineral. Instead, it is a name used for a large group of minerals that fit this generalized formula:<br /> (X)2-3(Y)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> In this formula, X will be one of the following metals: magnesium, iron, nickel, aluminum, zinc, or manganese; and, Y will be silicon, aluminum, or iron. The appropriate generalized formula is therefore as follows:<br /> (Mg,Fe,Ni, Mn,Zn)2-3(Si,Al,Fe)2O5(OH)4.<br /> <br /> Chrysotile, antigorite, and lizardite are three of the primary serpentine minerals. There are many other serpentine minerals, most of which are rare.<br /> <br /> Serpentine minerals form where peridotite, dunite, and other ultramafic rocks undergo hydrothermal metamorphism. Ultramafic rocks are rare at Earth's surface but are abundant at the oceanic moho, the boundary between the base of the oceanic crust and the upper mantle.<br /> <br /> They are metamorphosed at convergent plate boundaries where an oceanic plate is pushed down into the mantle. This is where they are subjected to hydrothermal metamorphism. The source of water for this process is seawater entrained in the rocks and sediments of the oceanic slab.<br /> <br /> During hydrothermal metamorphism, olivine and pyroxene minerals are transformed into or are replaced by serpentine minerals. Some of the metamorphic rocks produced here are composed almost entirely of serpentine minerals. These serpentine-rich rocks are known as &quot;serpentinites.&quot;<br /> <br /> Extensive areas of Earth's surface are underlain by serpentinites. These areas occur near present or ancient convergent plate boundaries. They are locations where remnants of an oceanic plate are exposed at the surface. The remnant portion of the plate was either thrust up onto land, accreted onto the edge of a landmass, or exposed by uplift and deep weathering.<br /> <br /> These areas of exposed oceanic plate are known as ophiolites. They are often the source of valuable minerals that might include magnetite, chromite, chrysoprase, jade, and serpentine. <br /> <br /> Article by: Hobart M. King, PhD, RPG [6]<br /> <br /> ==Edaphic endemism:==<br /> <br /> &quot;Although speciation has been a central focus in evolutionary biology for more than a century, there are very few case studies where we have a good understanding of the exact forces that may have acted in the diversification of a group of [[organisms]]. In order to examine such forces, botanists have often focused on closely related plants that are found under contrasting soil conditions. The study of such edaphically differentiated plants has provided valuable insight to the role of natural selection in evolution. &quot; - Nishanta Rajakaruna, The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species [5]<br /> <br /> Together the chemical, physical, and biological factors that characterize serpentine soils culminate in the term coined by (our lord and savior) Hans Jenny in 1980, known as the &quot;Serpentine Syndrome&quot;. This term is an expression used to indicate the cumulative effect that these 3 factors have on the development of vegetative communities growing in serpentine soil. [2] The &quot;Serpentine syndrome&quot; is a classic and well-studied case of edaphic plant endemism. <br /> <br /> Edaphic endemics are plants or [[animals]] that are endemic (or restricted) to a certain type of soil. Some examples of edaphic endemics include; [[sand]] wasps (Bembix sp.) on sandy substrates, the serpentine aster (Symphyotrichum depauperatum) on ultramafic substrates, and many others on various different soil substrates. <br /> <br /> Serpentine soils are characterized by their harsh chemical composition. They contain metals such as iron, nickel, chromium, and cobalt which are toxic to most plants. They are also deficient in essential plant nutrients such as N, P, K, have low Mg:Ca ratios, and steep ph gradients. [1] Their physical conditions also make it tough for plants to adapt. Outcrops are often found on steep rocky slopes, with high rates of erosion and therefore shallow topsoils. These physical conditions create an environment that holds little moisture and low nutrient levels. The biota found using these soils is generally sparse and the little plant life leads to further erosion, which also increases soil temperatures. [2]<br /> <br /> From a birds-eye view, serpentine areas look like islands with steep vegetative gradients as boundaries. They are like archipelagoes of specialized habitat for species with disjunct or endemic distributions. This makes them a textbook example for the study of plant speciation and island biogeography. Vegetative communities growing in serpentine barrens differ from surrounding areas by having a notably distinct physiognomy and community structure, low species richness, a dominance of specific taxa, a predominance of xerophytic species, low productivity, and the co-existence of high and low ph-tolerant species. [1]<br /> <br /> ==Pennsylvannia and Maryland Serpentine Barrens:==<br /> [[File:SBW-2.png|right|thumb|200px|Taken from Brooks, R. R. 1987. Serpentine and its Vegetation: a Multi-disciplinary Approach. Dioscorides Press, Portland]]<br /> <br /> The serpentine barrens of Eastern North America are found in thin, patchy, sinusoidal-bands, that work their way down the coast. Historically, the barrens of Pennsylvania and Maryland were maintained as grasslands for hunting grounds by the Susquehannock and other unknown Native American Tribes. Marye (1955) concluded that fire deliberately set by Native Americans was responsible for maintaining the grassland/savannah communities found in these serpentine habitats of the Northeast. [1] Post-european invasion and settlement, these areas were used for grazing due to their &quot;barrenness&quot;. Barrens that were not grazed by livestock transitioned into a forest habitat. By 1930 almost all grazing in this area had ceased and conifer invasion and expansion began. Presently, afforestation has occurred in more than 90% of undeveloped serpentine barrens due to fire suppression. <br /> ===Flora:===<br /> <br /> Below are compiled lists of the flora found at Soldiers Delight Serpentine Barrens. These species are typical of the Eastern Serpentine Region of SE Pennsylvania and Maryland. <br /> <br /> List of Wildflowers of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wildflowers_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Woody Plants of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_woody_plants_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Ferns of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ferns_and_fern_allies_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> List of Lichens of Soldiers Delight [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lichens_of_Soldiers_Delight]<br /> <br /> ===Threats and Conservation:===<br /> <br /> Major threats to the eastern serpentine barrens are afforestation, invasive species, and development. Current restoration efforts such as prescribed burns and tree removals are being used to improve the health and quality of these globally important habitats. [7]<br /> <br /> ===Gallery:===<br /> <br /> &lt;gallery mode=&quot;slideshow&quot;&gt;<br /> SBW-3.jpg<br /> SBW-4.jpg<br /> SBW-5.jpg<br /> SBW-6.jpg<br /> SBW-7.jpg<br /> SBW-8.jpg<br /> SBW-9.jpg<br /> SBW-10.jpg<br /> SBW-11.jpg<br /> SBW-12.jpg<br /> SBW-13.jpg<br /> SBW-14.jpg<br /> SBW-15.jpg<br /> SBW-17.jpg<br /> &lt;/gallery&gt;<br /> <br /> ==Citations:==<br /> <br /> [1] Anderson, R. C., J. S. Fralish, and J. M. Baskin, editors. 1999. Savannas, barrens, and rock outcrop plant communities of North America. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK ; New York, NY, USA.<br /> <br /> [2] Brady, K. U., A. R. Kruckeberg, and H. D. Bradshaw Jr. 2005. Evolutionary Ecology of Plant Adaptation to Serpentine Soils. Annual Review <br /> of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 36:243–266.<br /> <br /> [3] Jenny, H. 1980. The Soil Resource. Springer New York, New York, NY.<br /> <br /> [4] Nottingham_Evaluation_Review.pdf. (n.d.). .<br /> <br /> [5] Rajakaruna, N. 2004. The Edaphic Factor in the Origin of Plant Species. International Geology Review 46:471–478.<br /> <br /> [6]Serpentine: mineral, gem, ornamental stone, asbestos source. (n.d.). . https://geology.com/minerals/serpentine.shtml.<br /> <br /> [7] Latham, R. E. 1993. The Serpentine Barrens of Temperate Eastern North America: Critical Issues in the Management of Rare Species and Communities. Bartonia:61–74.</div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Template:Blockquote&diff=7204 2021-05-07T17:59:57Z

<p>Jpkloste: Blanked the page</p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jpkloste https://soil.evs.buffalo.edu/index.php?title=Template:Blockquote&diff=7203 2021-05-07T17:59:20Z

<p>Jpkloste: Created page with &quot;{{Blockquote |text=Quoted material. }}&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>{{Blockquote<br /> |text=Quoted material.<br /> }}</div>

Jpkloste